the first two years: psychosocial development charles a. guigno, m.a. [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
Emotional Development: Infant Emotions
Early emotions•High emotional responsiveness•Reactive pain and pleasure to complex social awareness
Smiling and laughing•Social smile (6 weeks): Evoked by viewing human faces•Laughter (3 to 4 months): Often associated with curiosity (familiarity and surprise)
Smiles All Around Joy is universal when an infant
smiles at her beaming grandparents—a smile made even better when the tongue joins in.
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Infant Emotional DevelopmentAnger•First expressed at around 6 months•Is healthy response to frustration (hate to be strapped in, caged, closed in or even held when they want to explore)
Sadness•Appears in first months•Indicates withdrawal and is accompanied by increased production of cortisol (stress hormone)•Anger releases stress and sadness is repressed anger
Infant Emotional DevelopmentFear: Emerges at about 9 months in response
to people, things, or situationsSeparation anxiety: clinging and crying
when a familiar caregiver is about to leave. tears, dismay, or anger occur Normal at 1, Intensifies by 2, but if it remains strong
after age 3, it may be considered an emotional disorder
Stranger wariness: fear of unfamiliar people, especially when they move too close, too quickly. Infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or
looks frightened Means that infant’s memories are working
Toddler Emotional DevelopmentToddlers emotions• Anger and fear become less frequent and more
focused (towards infuriating or terrifying experiences)
• Laughing and crying become louder and more discriminating
• Temper tantrums may appear (they are without logic, so adults react accordingly)• Sadness comes after tantrums and then comfort is
helpful. New emotions: require social awareness • Pride• Shame• Embarrassment• Disgust• Guilt
Emotional DevelopmentMirror Recognition•Classic experiment (M. Lewis & Brooks, 1978)
•Babies aged 9–24 months looked into a mirror after a dot of rouge had been put on their noses.
•None of the babies younger than 12 months old reacted as if they knew the mark was on them.
•15- to 24-month-olds showed self-awareness by touching their own noses with curiosity.
Glad to Meet You She enjoys meeting another baby, even if that baby is herself in the mirror. Later, at about 18 months, she will realize that the mirror image is herself.
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Emotional DevelopmentSelf-awareness•Person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.
First 4 months•Infants have no sense of self and may see themselves as part of their mothers.
5 months•Infants begin to develop an awareness of themselves as separate from their mothers.
15-18 months•Emergence of the me-self•Using first-person pronouns (I, me, mine, myself, my)
Hush Now
Babies cry and parents soothe them the world over, while contexts shape both crying and soothing. The little girl (left) will probably quiet soon, as she is held snuggly next to her father’s body. The boy (right) is less likely to settle down, as he is surrounded by strangers in a Ukrainian contest to see which baby can crawl fastest.
Emotional Development: TemperamentTemperament•Inborn (nature not nurture) differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation
New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) Thomas & Chess
•Started in the 1960s•By 3 months they found four categories of temperament1) Easy 2) Difficult 3) slow-to-warm up 4) hard to classify
Emotional Development: TemperamentNYLS overall conclusions: Apparent dimensions1) Effortful control (able to regulate attention and emotion, self-soothe)2) Negative mood (fearful, angry, unhappy)3) Exuberant (active, social, not shy)
Each of these dimensions is associated with distinctive brain patterns as well as behavior, and each affects later personality.
Emotional Development: TemperamentLongitudinal study of infant temperament (Fox et al., 2001) Grouped 4-month-olds into three distinct types based on responses to fearful stimulation
Positive (exuberant)NegativeInhibited (fearful)
Less than half altered their responses as they grew older
Fearful infants were most likely to changeExuberant infants were least likely to changeMaturation and child rearing has effect on
inborn temperament
Development of Social BondsAttachment •Involves lasting emotional bond that one person has with another•Begins to form in early infancy and influence a person's close relationships throughout life•Overtakes synchrony •Demonstrated through proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining
Signs of AttachmentInfants show their attachment in several ways• Proximity-seeking: Approaching and following their
caregivers• Contact-maintaining: Touching, snuggling, and
holdingAttachment• Universal part of inborn social nature of the human
species• Specific manifestations vary depending on the
culture and age of the people who are attached to each other
Development of Social Bonds: Measuring AttachmentStrange SituationLaboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults' comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom
Key observed behaviorsExploration of the toys. A secure toddler plays happily.Reaction to the caregiver's departure. A secure toddler misses the caregiver.Reaction to the caregiver's return. A secure toddler welcomes the caregiver's reappearance.
Development of Social Bonds: Attachment TypesSecure attachmentRelationship (type B) in which infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
Insecure-avoidant attachmentPattern of attachment (type A) in which infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return
Development of Social Bonds: Attachment TypesInsecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment•Pattern of attachment (type C) in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion
Disorganized attachment•Type of attachment (type D) that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return
Theories of Infant Psychosocial Development
Psychoanalytic TheoryFREUD: Oral and anal stages• Oral stage (first year)• Anal stage (second year)
Potential conflicts• Oral fixation• Anal personality (disputed by current developmentalists)
Theories of Infant Psychosocial Development
Psychosocial TheoryERIKSON: Trust and autonomy stagesTrust versus mistrust• Infants learn basic trust if the world is a
secure place where their basic needs are met
Autonomy versus shame and doubt• Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense
of self-rule over their actions and their bodies
Theories of Infant Psychosocial Development
BehaviorismBANDURA: Social learning theoryParents mold an infant's emotions and
personality through reinforcement and punishmentBehavior patterns acquired by observing the behavior of
othersDemonstrated in the classic Bobo Doll study