The First World The First World WarWar

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Why do we study WWI? Why do we study WWI?

What are the benefits of belonging to an What are the benefits of belonging to an international alliance? international alliance?

What are the draw backs of belonging to an What are the draw backs of belonging to an international alliance? international alliance?

Is it right for America to intervene in foreign Is it right for America to intervene in foreign conflicts?conflicts?

Where American lives are threatened how Where American lives are threatened how should the government respond?should the government respond?

Should America go to war to make the world Should America go to war to make the world “safe for democracy? “safe for democracy?

Objectives for The First World WarObjectives for The First World Warsection 1: World War I Beginssection 1: World War I Begins

1.1. Identify the long term causes and the Identify the long term causes and the immediate circumstances that led to WW Iimmediate circumstances that led to WW I

2.2. Describe the first two years of the warDescribe the first two years of the war

3.3. Summarize U.S. public opinion about the warSummarize U.S. public opinion about the war

4.4. Explain why the U.S. entered the warExplain why the U.S. entered the war

Bell Ringer:Bell Ringer:Historians generally cite 4 long-term Historians generally cite 4 long-term causes of World War I. causes of World War I.

In groups of four, discuss within in your In groups of four, discuss within in your group and come up with what you group and come up with what you

think the causes were.think the causes were.

Take 5 minutes to come up with your Take 5 minutes to come up with your answers on paper provided and create a T-answers on paper provided and create a T-chart chart

The answers are:The answers are:

1.1. NationalismNationalism

2.2. ImperialismImperialism

3.3. MilitarismMilitarism

4.4. Alliance SystemAlliance System

World War I BeginsWorld War I Beginssection 1section 1

Causes of World War ICauses of World War I1. 1. Nationalism-Nationalism- a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation

--led to a competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nationsled to a competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nations (Germany growing power in Europe) (Germany growing power in Europe)

--numerous ethnic groups resenting dominationnumerous ethnic groups resenting domination

-ethnic groups wanted their nations to be independent-ethnic groups wanted their nations to be independent

-ethnic groups looking to larger nations for protection-ethnic groups looking to larger nations for protection

--Russia protector of European Slavic people Russia protector of European Slavic people

--Serbia (located in the Balkan’s) is an independent countrySerbia (located in the Balkan’s) is an independent country

-Serbian’s are Slavic but many living under rule of Austria-Hungary-Serbian’s are Slavic but many living under rule of Austria-Hungary

--Russia and Austria-Hungary rivals for influence over SerbiaRussia and Austria-Hungary rivals for influence over Serbia

Examine the map (p. 375) and look at the Examine the map (p. 375) and look at the borders of the European countries and borders of the European countries and explain why France and Russia might have explain why France and Russia might have felt threatened by the nations known as felt threatened by the nations known as the central powers (central powers the central powers (central powers Germany, Austria-Hungry, Bulgaria, Germany, Austria-Hungry, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire)Ottoman Empire)

Discuss within your groups .Discuss within your groups .

Russia and France shared their Russia and France shared their borders with the Central Powers borders with the Central Powers

and are cut off and divided from one and are cut off and divided from one another.another.

Causes of World War I (cont)Causes of World War I (cont)2. 2. Imperialism-Imperialism- policy in which a stronger nation extends policy in which a stronger nation extends

their economic, political, or military control over a weaker their economic, political, or military control over a weaker nationnation

-For centuries European nations had been building -For centuries European nations had been building empiresempires

--Extended economic and political controlExtended economic and political control

--These colonies supplied raw materials and provided These colonies supplied raw materials and provided markets for manufactured goodsmarkets for manufactured goods

--Germany’s growing influence and becoming Germany’s growing influence and becoming industrialized lead to competition with France and industrialized lead to competition with France and Britain Britain

How did nationalism and imperialism lead How did nationalism and imperialism lead to conflict in Europe?to conflict in Europe?

Answer:Answer:Nationalism and imperialism encouraged each Nationalism and imperialism encouraged each

European nation to pursue its own interests and European nation to pursue its own interests and compete for power. Also, it helped nations open compete for power. Also, it helped nations open

new markets and supplied raw materials new markets and supplied raw materials

3.3. Militarism- Militarism- the development of armed forces and their use the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy.as a tool of diplomacy.

--Empires are expensive build and maintainEmpires are expensive build and maintain

--Growth of Nationalism and Imperialism led to an increase in Growth of Nationalism and Imperialism led to an increase in military spendingmilitary spending

--1890’s Germany was the strongest nation in Europe1890’s Germany was the strongest nation in Europe,, set up an army reserve system along with a draft and set up an army reserve system along with a draft and

trainingtraining

-Britain had the strongest navy at the time-Britain had the strongest navy at the time

--Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and the U.S. all Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and the U.S. all competed with one another in a naval arms racecompeted with one another in a naval arms race

4. 4. Alliance System-Alliance System- in 1907 there were 2 major defense in 1907 there were 2 major defense alliances in Europe (alliance:alliances in Europe (alliance: formal agreement or union formal agreement or union between nationsbetween nations))

Allies-Allies- FranceFrance, , BritainBritain, , U.SU.S, , JapanJapan and and RussiaRussia (at the (at the height of the war 18 countries involved with the allies)height of the war 18 countries involved with the allies)

Central Powers-Central Powers- Austria-HungryAustria-Hungry, , BulgariaBulgaria, , GermanyGermany, , Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire (empire of mostly Middle Eastern lands (empire of mostly Middle Eastern lands controlled by the Turks)controlled by the Turks)

ReviewReview

1.1. What where the 4 long-term causes of World What where the 4 long-term causes of World War I?War I?

2.2. Who where the Allies?Who where the Allies?

3.3. Who where the Central Powers?Who where the Central Powers?

1.1. Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Alliance Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Alliance SystemSystem

2.2. France, Britain, Russia, U.S, and Japan (at the France, Britain, Russia, U.S, and Japan (at the height of the war 18 countries involved with the height of the war 18 countries involved with the allies)allies)

3.3. Austria-Hungry, Bulgaria, Germany, Ottoman Austria-Hungry, Bulgaria, Germany, Ottoman EmpireEmpire

1) What was the Balkan Peninsula 1) What was the Balkan Peninsula known as?known as?

2) What leading European countries 2) What leading European countries had interests in the Balkans?had interests in the Balkans?

3) What event ignited the war?3) What event ignited the war?

1. The Balkan Peninsula was known as “the powder 1. The Balkan Peninsula was known as “the powder keg of Europe”.keg of Europe”.

2. -Russia wanted access to the Mediterranean Sea2. -Russia wanted access to the Mediterranean Sea-Germany wanted a rail link to the Ottoman---Germany wanted a rail link to the Ottoman--Empire.Empire.-Austria-Hungry accused Serbia of ignoring its -Austria-Hungry accused Serbia of ignoring its rule over Bosnia (took control of Bosnia in 1878)rule over Bosnia (took control of Bosnia in 1878)

3. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand3. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

An Assassination Leads to WarAn Assassination Leads to War

Archduke Franz Ferdinand-Archduke Franz Ferdinand- heir to the Austrian heir to the Austrian throne is assassinated in Bosnian capital of throne is assassinated in Bosnian capital of SarajevoSarajevo

Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip shot both Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip shot both Ferdinand and his wifeFerdinand and his wife

Princip was a member of the nationalist group the Princip was a member of the nationalist group the “Black Hand”“Black Hand”

The assassination touched off a diplomatic The assassination touched off a diplomatic crisis:crisis:

July 28, 1914 July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungry declares war Austria-Hungry declares war on Serbiaon Serbia (supposed to be a quick little (supposed to be a quick little war)war)

Aug. 1 Aug. 1 GermanyGermany obligated by treaty to obligated by treaty to support Austria-Hungry support Austria-Hungry declares war on declares war on RussiaRussia

Aug. 3 Aug. 3 Germany declared war onGermany declared war on Russia’s Russia’s ally ally FranceFrance

Germany invades Belgium Germany invades Belgium Britain then declares war on Germany and Britain then declares war on Germany and

Austria-HungryAustria-HungryThe Great War BeginsThe Great War Begins

When Germany invaded Belgium in When Germany invaded Belgium in August of 1914 what strategy did August of 1914 what strategy did they use or what plan?they use or what plan?

The Fighting StartsThe Fighting Starts

Germany used the Germany used the Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan

Take the war to RussiaTake the war to Russia

Have a quick drive through Belgium to ParisHave a quick drive through Belgium to Paris

Have France fall and combine the two German Have France fall and combine the two German armies to defeat Russiaarmies to defeat Russia

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Allies fail to save Belgium and retreat to the Allies fail to save Belgium and retreat to the Marne River in FranceMarne River in France

Allies halted the German advance in Allies halted the German advance in September of 1914 (September of 1914 (add to your notesadd to your notes))

By the spring of 1915 both sides (Allies vs By the spring of 1915 both sides (Allies vs Germany) dug inGermany) dug in

Trenches stretched from Belgium to the Swiss Trenches stretched from Belgium to the Swiss AlpsAlps

““no man’s land”-no man’s land”-barren expanse of mud pockmarked with barren expanse of mud pockmarked with shell craters and secured by barbed wire, the area that the shell craters and secured by barbed wire, the area that the soldiers crossed when they charged the other side.soldiers crossed when they charged the other side.

The first battle at Somme, lasted 5 monthsThe first battle at Somme, lasted 5 months

Casualties for the British on the first day were 60,000 Casualties for the British on the first day were 60,000 soldierssoldiers

Final casualties of the trench ware fare totaled 1.2 million, Final casualties of the trench ware fare totaled 1.2 million, and only 7 miles of land changed handsand only 7 miles of land changed hands

Trench Trench Warfare- Warfare- military operations in which opposing forces military operations in which opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than on a open battlefieldrather than on a open battlefield

Americans Question NeutralityAmericans Question Neutrality1914 Americans divided on whether to enter the war1914 Americans divided on whether to enter the war

Divided LoyaltiesDivided Loyalties PacifistsPacifists, such as William Jennings Bryan, , such as William Jennings Bryan, viewed the viewed the

war as a capitalist and imperialist struggle between war as a capitalist and imperialist struggle between Germany and EnglandGermany and England

Naturalized U.S. citizens have ties to other countries Naturalized U.S. citizens have ties to other countries at warat war

America has strong economic ties with Allied countriesAmerica has strong economic ties with Allied countries Allies flooding American manufacturers for war Allies flooding American manufacturers for war

suppliessupplies German Empire thought of as threat to democracyGerman Empire thought of as threat to democracy Germany referred to “as the bully of Europe”Germany referred to “as the bully of Europe”

ConclusionConclusion

The main cause of the war was the assassination ofThe main cause of the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz FerdinandArchduke Franz Ferdinand

Who first declared warWho first declared war July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungry declares war on SerbiaJuly 28, 1914 Austria-Hungry declares war on Serbia

The 4 long term causes of the war whereThe 4 long term causes of the war where Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Alliance SystemNationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Alliance System

What was trench warfare and how many diedWhat was trench warfare and how many died military operations in which opposing forces attack and military operations in which opposing forces attack and

counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than on a open battlefield, 1.2 million died (total deaths 22 on a open battlefield, 1.2 million died (total deaths 22 million)million)

Why did the U.S. begin to favor Why did the U.S. begin to favor Britain and France?Britain and France?

Because the U.S. traded extensively Because the U.S. traded extensively with the two countries and Germany with the two countries and Germany was the aggressor.was the aggressor.

The War Hits HomeThe War Hits Home

1917 American starts to mobilize for war 1917 American starts to mobilize for war

-ensure Allied repayment of debts to the U.S.-ensure Allied repayment of debts to the U.S.

-prevent Germany from threatening U.S. shipping-prevent Germany from threatening U.S. shipping

The British Blockade:The British Blockade: British blockaded the German coastBritish blockaded the German coast

--prevented weapons, military supplies, and foodprevented weapons, military supplies, and food 1917 Famine in Germany 750, 000 died 1917 Famine in Germany 750, 000 died Americans angry because Britain threatened freedom Americans angry because Britain threatened freedom

of the seasof the seas German’s response makes American’s more angry German’s response makes American’s more angry

German U-Boat ResponseGerman U-Boat Response Germany responds to the British blockade by using U-Germany responds to the British blockade by using U-

boatsboats (submarines) (submarines)

British and Allied ships targets, especially in British British and Allied ships targets, especially in British waterwayswaterways

Lusitania- Lusitania- British liner sunk by Germans off the coast British liner sunk by Germans off the coast of Ireland, 1,198 lives lost including 128 Americansof Ireland, 1,198 lives lost including 128 Americans

American public opinion turned sharply against American public opinion turned sharply against Germany and the Central PowersGermany and the Central Powers

Germany agrees not to sink anymore passenger ships, Germany agrees not to sink anymore passenger ships, (does repeatedly)(does repeatedly)

Germany asks for a new agreement to stop as long as Germany asks for a new agreement to stop as long as Britain lifts the blockade of food and fertilizersBritain lifts the blockade of food and fertilizers

How did the German U-boat How did the German U-boat campaign affect American public campaign affect American public opinion?opinion?

They angered American’s because They angered American’s because they killed innocent Americans and they killed innocent Americans and destroyed American propertydestroyed American property

United States Declare WarUnited States Declare WarWilson re-elected and tries to mediate between Wilson re-elected and tries to mediate between warring countrieswarring countries

German ProvocationGerman Provocation Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfareGermany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare Will sink all boats, neutral or hostile, in British water Will sink all boats, neutral or hostile, in British water

ways on siteways on site Wilson says he will wait for “actual overt acts”Wilson says he will wait for “actual overt acts”

Zimmermann Note- Zimmermann Note- message sent in 1917 by German message sent in 1917 by German foreign minister to German ambassador in Mexico, foreign minister to German ambassador in Mexico, proposed a German-Mexican alliance, promises to proposed a German-Mexican alliance, promises to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, if help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, if U.S. enters WW I. (intercepted by British agent) U.S. enters WW I. (intercepted by British agent)

German Provocation (cont)German Provocation (cont)

Sinking of four unarmed American merchant shipsSinking of four unarmed American merchant ships Oppressive Russian monarchy replaced with a Oppressive Russian monarchy replaced with a

representative governmentrepresentative government ““War of democracies against brutal monarchies”War of democracies against brutal monarchies”

America ActsAmerica Acts

April 2, 1917 Wilson delivers his War ResolutionApril 2, 1917 Wilson delivers his War Resolution Congress passes Wilson’s War ResolutionCongress passes Wilson’s War Resolution Pres. Wilson believed U.S. needed to pave the Pres. Wilson believed U.S. needed to pave the

way for a future order of Peace and Freedomway for a future order of Peace and Freedom

Why did the Zimmermann Note Why did the Zimmermann Note alarm the U.S. government?alarm the U.S. government?

There was the possibility that the war There was the possibility that the war would spread to the America’swould spread to the America’s

Jeannette RankinJeannette RankinAnswer the following questions on the article in Answer the following questions on the article in your groups:your groups:

1.1. Rankin said denying women the right to vote Rankin said denying women the right to vote was taxation with out representation. Was this a was taxation with out representation. Was this a valid claim? Why or Why not?valid claim? Why or Why not?

2.2. Which vote-1917 or 1941- do you think was Which vote-1917 or 1941- do you think was more difficult for Rankin? Explain why?more difficult for Rankin? Explain why?

3.3. Review Rankin’s stands against U.S. Review Rankin’s stands against U.S. involvement in war over the decades. Do they involvement in war over the decades. Do they seem responsible or irresponsible? Defend your seem responsible or irresponsible? Defend your choice either way. choice either way.

American Power Tips the BalanceAmerican Power Tips the BalanceSection 2Section 2

America MobilizesAmerica Mobilizes Even with an upcoming entry into WWI, Even with an upcoming entry into WWI, the U.S. is unpreparedthe U.S. is unprepared Severely undermanned and inadequate officers with out fighting Severely undermanned and inadequate officers with out fighting

experienceexperience

Raising an ArmyRaising an Army To raise the numbers in the armed forces Congress passed the To raise the numbers in the armed forces Congress passed the

Selective Service Act of 1917- Selective Service Act of 1917- required men to register with the required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military servicegovernment in order to be randomly selected for military service

By the end of 1918 24 million men had registeredBy the end of 1918 24 million men had registered 3 million were actually called to service3 million were actually called to service 400, 000 African Americans served in segregated units400, 000 African Americans served in segregated units Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts received the “cross of war” Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts received the “cross of war”

the first Americans to receive the award (from the all black 369the first Americans to receive the award (from the all black 369thth infantry regiment)infantry regiment)

Women joined as nurses, but denied army rank, pay, benefitsWomen joined as nurses, but denied army rank, pay, benefits

Mass ProductionMass Production 4 ways steps the U.S. took to expand its naval 4 ways steps the U.S. took to expand its naval

fleetfleet1.1. Gov. exempted shipyard workers from the draftGov. exempted shipyard workers from the draft

2.2. U.S. Chamber of Commerce created a public U.S. Chamber of Commerce created a public relations campaign to emphasize the relations campaign to emphasize the importance of shipyard workimportance of shipyard work

3.3. Shipyards used fabrication techniques (similar Shipyards used fabrication techniques (similar to Ford’s assembly line)to Ford’s assembly line)

4.4. Gov. took over private and commercial ships Gov. took over private and commercial ships and converted them for transatlantic war useand converted them for transatlantic war use

How did the U.S. raise an army so How did the U.S. raise an army so quickly for the war?quickly for the war?

How did the U.S. expand its navy so How did the U.S. expand its navy so quickly?quickly?

Congress passed the Selective Service Act, Congress passed the Selective Service Act, requiring 24 million men to registerrequiring 24 million men to register

Gov. exempted shipyard workers from the draftGov. exempted shipyard workers from the draft

U.S. Chamber of Commerce created a public relations U.S. Chamber of Commerce created a public relations campaign to emphasize the importance of shipyard workcampaign to emphasize the importance of shipyard work

Shipyards used fabrication techniques (similar to Ford’s Shipyards used fabrication techniques (similar to Ford’s assembly line)assembly line)

Gov. took over private and commercial ships and Gov. took over private and commercial ships and converted them for transatlantic war useconverted them for transatlantic war use

America Turns the TideAmerica Turns the Tide

German U-boats still attacking merchant ships in the German U-boats still attacking merchant ships in the Atlantic and a serious threat to the Allied War effortAtlantic and a serious threat to the Allied War effort

To combat this danger, of German U-boats, the U.S. navy To combat this danger, of German U-boats, the U.S. navy used 2 techniquesused 2 techniques

1.1. Convoy System-Convoy System- a heavy guard of destroyers escorted a heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlanticmerchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic

- Cut shipping losses in half- Cut shipping losses in half

2. 2. U.S. Navy laid a 230-mile barrier of mines across the U.S. Navy laid a 230-mile barrier of mines across the North Sea from Scotland to NorwayNorth Sea from Scotland to Norway

- By 1918 German navy taking heavy losses and unable to - By 1918 German navy taking heavy losses and unable to staff submarine fleets with trained officersstaff submarine fleets with trained officers

New WeaponsNew Weapons The use of The use of mechanized warfaremechanized warfare

Refined and redesigned machine gunRefined and redesigned machine gun

The use of tanksThe use of tanks, heavy artillery and helped clear , heavy artillery and helped clear paths for infantry menpaths for infantry men

The The use of airplanes and observation balloonsuse of airplanes and observation balloons

-by 1918 the British had a bomber fleet of 22,000-by 1918 the British had a bomber fleet of 22,000

The use of The use of poisoned gassespoisoned gasses

The War Introduces New HazardsThe War Introduces New Hazards Surrounded by filth, lice, rats, and dysentery-Surrounded by filth, lice, rats, and dysentery-

bacterialbacterial inflammation of the lining of the large inflammation of the lining of the large intestine intestine

Sleep deprivationSleep deprivation

Trench foot and Trench mouthTrench foot and Trench mouth

Battle Fatigue and Shell Shock-Battle Fatigue and Shell Shock- complete complete emotional breakdownemotional breakdown

Severe emotional, physical, and psychological Severe emotional, physical, and psychological traumastraumas

Next slide is graphic, for those with Next slide is graphic, for those with weak stomachs look away weak stomachs look away

Trench FootTrench Foot

American Troops Go on the OffensiveAmerican Troops Go on the Offensive In 1917 Russia pulled out of the WWIIn 1917 Russia pulled out of the WWI The German army shifted their front from the Eastern to The German army shifted their front from the Eastern to

the Western front near Francethe Western front near France U.S. involvement helps to stop the German advance, U.S. involvement helps to stop the German advance, help help

to secure victories at Chateau-Thierry, Bellau Wood, and to secure victories at Chateau-Thierry, Bellau Wood, and the 2the 2ndnd Battle of the Marne Battle of the Marne

The tide had turned against the Central Powers and the The tide had turned against the Central Powers and the U.S. went of the offensiveU.S. went of the offensive

American War HeroAmerican War Hero

Alvin York Alvin York was one of America's great war heroeswas one of America's great war heroesOriginally a Originally a conscientious objector-conscientious objector- a person who opposes a person who opposes

warfare on moral grounds, decided the cause was right warfare on moral grounds, decided the cause was right and just anand just an

Armed with only a rifle and a revolver York killed 25 Armed with only a rifle and a revolver York killed 25 Germans and captured 132 prisonersGermans and captured 132 prisoners

Alvin York in WW IAlvin York in WW I

The Collapse of GermanyThe Collapse of Germany

In November 1918 Austria-Hungary surrendered to the AlliesIn November 1918 Austria-Hungary surrendered to the Allies

There was a mutiny in Germany and gained support by There was a mutiny in Germany and gained support by German citizens, soldiers and workers and turned into a German citizens, soldiers and workers and turned into a revolutionrevolution

Socialist leaders established a German republicSocialist leaders established a German republic

Germany in turmoil, exhausted and beaten agreed to a Germany in turmoil, exhausted and beaten agreed to a cease-fire and signed an armistice (a truce) that ended the cease-fire and signed an armistice (a truce) that ended the warwar

What do you think with the numbers What do you think with the numbers of people lost in WW I?of people lost in WW I?

The Final TollThe Final Toll WW I up to that point in HistoryWW I up to that point in History was the deadliest was the deadliest

and bloodiest warand bloodiest war

Deaths numbered 22 million with half being Deaths numbered 22 million with half being innocent civiliansinnocent civilians

20 million were wounded and 10 million displaced 20 million were wounded and 10 million displaced or became refugeesor became refugees

The U.S. lost 48,000 men in battle, 62,000 died of The U.S. lost 48,000 men in battle, 62,000 died of disease, and 200,000 were woundeddisease, and 200,000 were wounded