the floodscape
DESCRIPTION
Report on a GIS Project on Flooding in Parkistan for a Fall 2014 course at Parsons The New School for Design.TRANSCRIPT
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THE FLOOD-SCAPEPROJECT REPORT
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ABSTRACTThe Floodscape - Flooding & Camp Suitability in North-Western Sindh, Pakistan is a GIS project that explores the impact of major floods, in 2010 and 2012, on five selected districts of the country, and determines suitable sites for refugee camps in the region. The project is also a design project, one that builds a visual language that is publicly accessible, in contrast to similar work done by multilateral disaster-related organizations over the past. The project aims to answer three questions: Given three years of data and information on floods, what does the countrys floodscape look like? Where should future refugee campsites be? Can design and cartogrophy make publicly available but inaccessible data accessible?
QAMBAR SHAHDADKOT
0 105 KM
THE FLOODSCAPEFLOODING AND CAMP SUITABILITY IN NORTH-WESTERN SINDH, PAKISTAN
1 INCH = 10 KM
SUITABLE CAMP SITES WITH FLOODING FOOTPRINT
POSSIBLE CAMP SITESRIVERS & STREAMSWATER BODIESDISTRICT ROADSREC FLOOD MAX FLOOD
CLASSIFIED DEMELEVATION (M)
1 - 344345 - 858859 - 1,5451,546 - 2,3342,335 - 3,1583,159 - 3,9133,914 - 4,4964,497 - 4,9424,943 - 5,4235,424 - 8,752
SOURCE: WEBGIC.COM TERRAIN DATA, EARTHEXPLORER (USGS, NAGA); UNOCHA PAKISTAN
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INTRODUCTIONUnprecedented floods in the summer of 2010 killed about 2,000 people in Pakistan, affected more than 20 million, left a fifth of the countrys land area under water, and cost about $43 billion in economic impact. Unfortu-nately, that was not a one-off occurrence. Massive floods have become an annually recurring phenomenon in the country and continue to displace hundreds of thousands of people every year. In the summer of 2014, 280 people were killed in Pakistan alone, by floods that hit both, Pakistan and India.
After the 2010 floods, there was an opportunity to conduct a risk assess-ment based on flood plains, and use that assessment towards future di-saster preparedness and infrastructture rehabilitation. While the UN and other global relief organizations conducted detailed risk assessment and disaster preparedness work, the opportunity to incorporate that into fu-ture preparedness strategy by the national and provincial governments was largely squandered. The result was massive displacement, in the sub-sequent years, for tens of thousands of people.
This project stems from my experience (and frustrations of) working as a journalist in a Pakistani newspaper between 2010 and 2012. While we covered the unfolding human tragedy of floods year after year, there was little consolidation of the data related to floods that could inform future preparedness, and build public consciousness of the recurring disaster. Lack of GIS expertise amongst the newspaper staff was probably the key reason for this failure.
This project therefore, attemps to answer the following questions: Given three years of data and information on floods, what does the countrys floodscape look like? Can design and cartogrophy make publicly avail-able but inaccessible data accessible? The project narrows its focus down to five districts in north-western Sindh that lie on the west bank of the Indus river, and were some of the worst-inundated districts in the country in 2010, and then again in 2012. The project also uses standard suitability criterion to determine sites for future refugee camps, in the event of re-curring floods.
FLOODS 2010
FLOODS 2011
FLOODS 2012
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DATA SYNOPSISThe project mostly used data from a website set up by UNOCHA Pakistan in the aftermath of the floods, and supplemented it with data from a host of other sources, listed below.
MAIN DATAThe following layers were obtained from UNOCHA Pakistan through their humanitarian relief portal, PakResponse.info:Asia Admin Level 0 (shapefile)Pakistan Admin Level 1 - Provinces (shapefile)Pakistan Admin Level 2 - Districts (shapefile)Pakistan SettlementsPakistan RiversPakistan RoadsHydrologyPakistan - Flood 2012 Extent (UNOSAT-MODIS) - 14/10/2012Pakistan - Flood 2012 Extent (UNOSAT-MODIS) - 09/10/2012Pakistan - Flood 2012 Extent (UNOSAT-MODIS) - 30/09/2012Pakistan - Flood 2012 Extent (UNOSAT-MODIS) - 22/09/2012Pakistan - Flood 2011 Extent (UNOSAT-MODIS) - 15/09/2011Pakistan - Flood 2011 Extent (UNOSAT-ASAR) - 12/09/2011Pakistan - Flood 2011 Extent (UNOSAT-MODIS) - 11/09/2011Pakistan - Flood 2011 Extent (UNOSAT) - 19/09/2011Pakistan - Flood 2010 Extent (UNOSAT) - 6/12/2010Pakistan - Floods 2010 Extent (UNOSAT) - 16/09/2010
TERRAIN DATATerrain data was GTOPO30, a global DEM with a 900 m (30 arc second) resolution from WebGIS.com
SRTM DATAThe SRTMGL3 tiles, DEMs with a resolution of 90 m (3 arc seconds) were downloaded from EarthExplorer.
SATTELITE IMAGERYAll satelite imagery is from Google Earth.
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METHODOLOGY & ANALYSISOVERVIEWThe project is divided into four sections. The first one lays out the region, its assets (physical and built) and the flood zones. The second one uses a low-resolution DEM to chart out the landscape of the region, and its role in the flooding. The third section is a suitability analysis that determines sites for refugee camps that fulfill certain criteria. The last section takes the result, and other layers, to Google Earth for some on-ground verification.
THE REGIONThe first section extracts the five selected districts from the Admin Level 2 (Districts) file, and overlays it with Roads, Settlements and Hydrology. Then, using the flood extent data from 2010 and 2012, it creates a Max-imum Flood Zone, a union of the two flood zones, and a recurring flood zone, an intersection of the two flood zones.
THE LANDSCAPEThe second section uses GTOPO30, a global Digital Elevation Model with a 900 m (30 arc second) resolution from WebGIS.com. The raster is reclas-sified in 10 classes to visually show the elevation. Hillshade tool is then used to add depth to the raster, before placing the hydrology and flood zones on the landscape image.
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