the fossil record
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THE FOSSIL RECORD. The Rank and Order of Life Latin binomial nomenclature A system of binomial nomenclature is used to name organisms. The first of the two names is the genus and the second name is the species. The genus and species names are underlined or italicized. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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THE FOSSIL RECORDThe Rank and Order of Life
Latin binomial nomenclatureA system of binomial nomenclature is used to name organisms. The first of the two names is the genus and the second name is the
species. The genus and species names are underlined or italicized. The name of the genus is capitalized, but the name of the species is not.
Examples: Felis domesticus, the house cat
Felis leo, the African lionFelis onca, the jaguar
Canis familiaris, the dogHomo sapiens, the human
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THE FOSSIL RECORDThe Rank and Order of Life
The Species
Fundamental unit of biological classification
A species is a group of organisms that have structural, functional,and developmental similarities, and that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Doesn’t include sexual dimorphism, differences in developmentalstages and individual variation.
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THE FOSSIL RECORDTaxonomy
Organisms are grouped based on similarities intotaxonomic groups or taxa (sn. taxon)
KingdomPhylum (pl. Phyla)
ClassOrder
FamilyGenus
Species
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THE FOSSIL RECORDTaxonomy
Five kingdoms of organisms
Animalia (animals)Plantae (plants)Monera (blue-green algae and bacteria)Fungi (mushrooms, fungus)Protoctista (single celled organisms)
Organisms from all five Kingdoms found as fossils
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THE FOSSIL RECORDTaxonomy
More recent classifications recognize threesuperkingdoms or domains based on evolutionary relationships.
Bacteria – bacteria and blue-green algae
Archaea – primitive bacteria, live underextreme conditions
Eucarya – animals, plants, fungi, protists
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THE FOSSIL RECORDTaxonomy
Domain Eucarya Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia
Order Primates Family Hominidae
Genus Homo Species sapiens
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THE FOSSIL RECORDCells
All organisms are composed of cells
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles
Prokaryotic cells lack anucleus or organelles
Kingdom Monera only
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THE FOSSIL RECORDOrganic Evolution
Evolution is change over timeOrganic evolution refers to changes in populations
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THE FOSSIL RECORDLamarck’s Theory of EvolutionJean-Baptiste Lamarck 1744-1829
Organisms changed form or traits due to inner “want”Later inherited by future generationsInheritance of Acquired Traits
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THE FOSSIL RECORDDarwin’s Theory of EvolutionCharles Darwin
Competition for food, shelter,living space, and sexualpartners among specieswith individual variationsand surplus reproductivecapacity will inevitablyresult in the elimination ofless well-fitted and “survivalof the fittest”, or best suitedto the environment
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THE FOSSIL RECORDDarwin’s Theory of Evolution
Published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859
Jointly proposed by Alfred R. Wallace
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THE FOSSIL RECORDMendelian Principles of InheritanceGregor Mendel 1822-1884
Demonstrated how traits are passed parents to offspring
Experimented with garden peas
Led to science of genetics
Mechanism of evolution
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THE FOSSIL RECORDMendelian Principles of Inheritance
Chromosomes present in nucleus of cells
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THE FOSSIL RECORDMendelian Principles of Inheritance
Chromosomes composed of long molecules of DNADNA = deoxyribonucleic acidDouble helix
Discovered by Watson and Crick, 1953
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THE FOSSIL RECORDMendelian Principles of Inheritance
DNA carries chemically coded information fromgeneration to generation
Provides instructions for growth, development,and functioning.
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THE FOSSIL RECORDReproduction and Cell Division
Reproduction in organisms may be:
Sexual
Asexual
Alternation of sexual and asexual generations
All involve division of cells
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THE FOSSIL RECORDAsexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction can occur by:
Binary fission – cells split in two (single celled)
Budding – parent sprouts an appendage that maylater separate from the parent or remainattached (colonial)
Spores – alternation of generations
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Binary fission
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Hydra budding
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AlternationOf
Generations
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THE FOSSIL RECORDCell Division - Mitosis
Division of cells of sexual organisms.
Produces new diploid cellsCells have identical chromosomes
to the parent cells
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THE FOSSIL RECORDSexual Reproduction and Cell Division
Sexual reproduction allows new combination ofchromosomes to result
One member of each pair of chromosomes is inherited from each parent
Allows variability within the species
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Sexual Reproduction
One diploid "parent" cell divides to produce four genetically unique "daughter" cells which will then be processed into gametes (the sex cells we usually know as "ova" and "sperm")
Requires the halving of the genetic material (DNA) in preparation for recombination with an equal amount of DNA from the same species
THE FOSSIL RECORD
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Sexual Reproduction - MeiosisTHE FOSSIL RECORD
Chromosome number goes from diploid to haploid
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Sexual Reproduction - MutationsTHE FOSSIL RECORD
Produce alterations in genes and DNAChanges to DNA moleculeInduced chemically or by radiation
Mutations in sex cells are passed to succeeding generations
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EVOLUTION -POPULATIONS, SPECIATION AND ADAPTIVE RADIATION
Population – a group of interbreeding organisms
Gene pool – the sum of all of the genetic componentsin a population
Speciation – the origin of new species
Species – a collection of populations within which thereis free flow of genes