the fourth amendment and search & seizure · the fourth amendment and search & seizure an...
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© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
i
The Fourth Amendment and
Search & Seizure An Update
Table of Contents
A Publication of The California Legal Update
Sixteenth Edition
January, 2016
Robert C. Phillips Deputy District Attorney (Ret.)
San Diego District Attorney’s Office 858-395-0302 (C) [email protected]
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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© 2015 by Robert C. Phillips All rights reserved. No part of this Outline may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or through any information storage or retrieval system, when done for commercial purposes or for any form of a monetary return or profit, except as expressly permitted by federal copyright law and as indicated below. This Outline has been prepared and published for the purpose of aiding law enforcement officers, police and private investigators, law enforcement administrators, prosecutors, the judiciary, other attorneys including but not limited to those engaged in the practice of criminal law, students, and legal educators and scholars, in accessing, using and understanding the field of Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure Law. As such, permission is expressly granted by the author to the above listed persons, or any other person, to use, reproduce, cite, and/or employ in the field of law enforcement, education or instruction any or all of this Outline, provided the source is properly and correctly identified, and except when done for commercial purposes or profit as described above. The information provided in this Outline is a summary of various aspects of Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure Law, and in many respects represents no more than the author’s opinions, interpretation and conclusions concerning the various topics discussed. Readers are advised not to rely upon the information provided in this publication without first researching and verifying the legal rules and issues intended to be used. This Outline is not intended to be a substitute for the reader’s own professional judgment and legal research. The author accepts no legal responsibility or liability for a user’s failure to properly research and verify the continued validity or correctness of any of the cases, rules, conclusions, or opinions contained in this Outline. In other words, your use of this Outline is at your own personal risk. Comments concerning errors, misinterpretations, and/or other suggestions for correcting, expanding, or improving the information provided in this Outline are respectfully solicited, and should be directed to the author. Robert C. Phillips Deputy District Attorney (Retired) San Diego District Attorney’s Office [email protected] 858-395-0302 How To Use This Manual: To locate the law on any particular subject of interest to you, it is suggested that you first note the general description of the subject under “Chapter Summary,” on page iii, below. This will guide you to the correct page of the Table of Contents under “Topics,” beginning on page iv. There you will find a more detailed description of the various legal issues. This in turn will note for you the specific page in the expanded Outline where you will find the relevant cases and rules on that topic.
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
Page Chapter Summary: Chapter 1: The Fourth Amendment, United States Constitution 1 Chapter 2: Consensual Encounters 25 Chapter 3: Detentions 42 Chapter 4: Arrests 148 Chapter 5: Searches and Seizures 317 Chapter 6: Searches with a Search Warrant 365 Chapter 7: Warrantless Searches 568 Chapter 8: Searches of Persons 603 Chapter 9: Searches of Vehicles 698 Chapter 10: Searches of Residences and Other Buildings 745 Chapter 11: New and Developing Law Enforcement Technology 804 Chapter 12: Open Fields 827 Chapter 13: Searches of Containers 829 Chapter 14: Border Searches 963 Chapter 15: Fourth Waiver Searches 877 Chapter 16: Consent Searches 919
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Page Topics: Chapter 1: The Fourth Amendment, United States Constitution: 1
The Fourth Amendment: 1
California Constitution, Art I, § 13 1
Scope: 1 “Due Process” and the Fourteenth Amendment 1
“Persons, Houses, Papers and Effects “ 2 Fourth Amendment’s protection 2
The Exclusionary Rule; Overview: 2 History 2 The Primary Purpose of the Exclusionary Rule 2
The Rule of Reasonableness 3 Private Persons and the Exclusionary Rule 5 Limited Use of the Exclusionary Rule 5
Rule of Exclusion: 9
Benjamin Cardozo 9 A factually based question 9 Verbal Evidence 9 Illegal Detention 9
Fruit of the Poisonous Tree 10 Federal Rules of Evidence, Rule 402 10
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Exceptions: 11
California’s Exclusionary Rule 11 Defendant and His Identity 11 Identity of a Witness 11 Searches by Foreign Entities 12 Impeachment Evidence 14 New Crimes Committed in Response
to an Illegal Detention or Arrest 14
Searches Based Upon Existing Precedent 15 The “Minimal Intrusion Doctrine” 15
Expectation of Privacy 16 Juvenile Cases 17 On Appeal 17
Civil Liability: 17
Qualified Immunity 17 Summary Judgment 18 Directed Verdict 19
Case Authority: 20 The Courts’ Order of Priority 20 Decisions from the United States Supreme Court 20 Decisions from lower Federal Courts: 21 State Court Interpretation taking Precedence 21
Decisions From Other States 22 Opinions of the California Attorney General 22
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Writ of Habeas Corpus 22
The Outline: 23 Police-Citizen Contacts 23
Other Topics 23 Chapter 2: Consensual Encounters: 25 General Rule 25 Test 25 Limitations 27 No Detention: 27
Obtaining Personal Identification Information, Running a Warrant Check 27
Asking for Identification 28 Mere Police Questioning 29 Walking Along With, or Driving Next to a Person 30 Asking to Step Out of the Vehicle 30 Asking a Person to Remove his Hands from his Pockets 30 Flashlighting or Spotlighting a Person 30 Inquiring Into the Contents of a Subject’s Pockets 30 A Consensual Transportation 31 Inquiring Into Possible Illegal Activity 31 Displaying a Badge, or Being Armed 31 Contacts on Buses 31 During a “Knock and Talk” 31
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Consensual Encounters vs. Detentions 32 Specific Issues: 34 Contacts on Buses 34 Flight: 35
Rule 35 Exceptions 35 Chasing the Subject 36
Photographing Subjects 37 Knock and Talks 39 Chapter 3: Detentions: 42 General Rule 42 Test 44 Racial Profiling 47 Detentions vs. Arrests: 47 General Rule 47 Indicators of an Arrest: 48 The Use of Firearms 48 The Use of Handcuffs 48 A Locked Patrol Car 49 Show of Force 49 Physical Touching 49 Transporting a Detainee 49
Use of Emergency Lights 50
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Exceptions: 50 In General 50
Factors 51 Examples: 51 Firearms 51 Handcuffing 51 Putting into a Patrol Car 52 Additional Case Law 52 Non-Consensual Transportation Exceptions 56 Reasonable Suspicion: 57 Defined 57
Detention of a Victim or Witness 60 Articulable Objective Suspicion 62 A Hunch 62 The Totality of the Circumstances 63 The Officer’s Subjective Conclusions 64 A Seizure 64 Probable Cause vs. Reasonable Suspicion 64 Various Factors: 64 In General 64 A “High Crime” or “High Narcotics” Area 65 Statutory Interpretation 66
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Types of Detentions: 66
Traffic Stops: 66 Legal Basis 66
Detention vs. Arrest 67
Standard of Proof 67
No Law Enforcement Involvement 68 Moving Violations 69
Avoiding a DUI Checkpoint 72 Vehicle Code Registration Violations 72 Vehicle Code Equipment Violations 75
Weaving Within the Lane: 77
State Rule 77 Federal rule 78 Weaving Plus 78
Vehicle Stops Involving Agricultural Irrigation Supplies, per V.C. § 2810.2 78
Community Caretaking Function 79 Parking Tickets 80
Gang-Related Investigations 80
Narcotics-Related Traffic Stops Using a Controlled Tire Deflation Device (CTDD) 80
Checking the Vehicle for a Wanted Suspect 81
Mistake of Law vs. Mistake of Fact: 81
Mistake of Law 81
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Mistake of Fact 84 Pretext Stops 85 Motor Vehicle Passengers: 91 To Arrest a Passenger 91 To Detain a Passenger 91 Ordering Out 93 Ordering In 95 Demanding Identification 96 Flight 97 Search Incident to Citation 97
To Identify a Suspect in a Criminal Offense 98 Detention of a Person to Determine Citizenship 99 Detentions in a Residence 99 Detention of Residents (or Non-Resident) During
the Execution of a Search Warrant 100 Prolonged Detentions 101
Lawfully Prolonged Detentions 103 Over-Detention in Jail 104
Enlarging the Scope of the Original Detention 105 Taking Fingerprints 108 Driving Under the Influence Cases: 108 Weaving 108 DUI (and Other Regulatory “Special Needs”) Checkpoints 108
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Other Regulatory Checkpoints: 111
License and Registration Inspection Checkpoints 111
Border Patrol Checkpoint Inspections 111 Airport Security Searches 111 To Regulate Hunting Licenses 111 Agricultural Inspection Checkpoints 111 Vehicle Mechanical Inspection Checkpoints 111 Security Checkpoints at Military Bases 111 Sobriety Checkpoints on a
Federal Military Base 112
A Forest Service Checkpoint 112 Traffic Safety Checkpoints 112 Checkpoints at the Entrance to a
Prison Parking Lot 112
Checkpoint to Thwart an Imminent Terrorist Attack or to Catch a Dangerous Criminal 112
Checkpoints for the Purpose of Collecting Information 112 An Information Station 112 Checkpoint to Prevent Illegal Hunting in a National Park 112 Luggage Searches at New York’s Subway Entrances 112
Vehicle Inspection Checkpoints,
per V.C. § 2814.1(a) 113 Dual Purpose Checkpoints 113
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Multiple Agency Checkpoints 113 Drug Interdiction Checkpoints 113
Checkpoints on Indian Land by Indian Authorities 114
A Field Interview 115
During Execution of a Search or Arrest Warrant, or Fourth Waiver Search 116
Pending the Obtaining of a Search Warrant 118
Detentions Away from the Place being Searched 119
Anonymous Information: 120 Rule: 120 Patdown for Weapons 120
Contraband in a Vehicle 122 Specific Physical Description 122 Further Examples 122 Looking for Exceptions 123
Corroboration: 126 Rule 126
To Establish Probable Cause 127 Examples 128 In Prison or Jail 129 Minors on Campus: 130 School Officials 130 A School Resource Officer 132
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Other Law Enforcement Officers 132 Minors Violating Curfew 132 Miranda 132
Use of Force: 133 Factors 133 Refusal to Submit 134 Use of Firearms, Handcuffs, Locked Patrol Car, or a Show of Force 134
Detentions in a Residence During the Execution
of a Search Warrant 135
Narcotics-Related Traffic Stops Using a Controlled Tire Deflation Device (CTDD) 135
Deadly Force 136 Demanding Identification 136
Detentions of Employees in the Workplace
(or Students at School) 140
Seizure of Firearms During a Detention 142 Detention Examples, in General 142 Merchants, Library Employees, Theater Owners,
and Amusement Park Employees 146
Indefinite Detentions Pursuant to Federal Law 147 Chapter 4: Arrests: 148 Defined 148 Standard of Proof; Probable Cause: 148 Defined 148 When Probable Cause Exists 149
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The Collective Knowledge Doctrine 155 Miscellaneous Rules 157 Examples 158 Test 160 Unlawful Arrest 161 Statutory Elements of an Arrest 164 Legal Authority for Arrests: 165 Arrests by a Peace Officer 165 Arrests by a Private Person 166
Out of State Officers in Fresh Pursuit 169 Federal Officers 169 Bounty Hunters 171
Arrest Options: 179 Release Without Charges 179 Seek an Arrest Warrant 181 Issuance of a Misdemeanor Citation 181 Booking into Jail 182 Take the Subject Directly Before a Magistrate 182
Legal Requirements of an Arrest: 183 Felonies 183
Misdemeanors and Infractions: 183 “In the Presence” Requirement: 183
V.C. § 40300 183
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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“In the Presence,” Defined 183 Exceptions: 184 Juvenile Arrests 184 Driving While Under the Influence Arrests 184 Battery on School Grounds 185 Carrying a Loaded Firearm 186
Assault or Battery Against the
Person of a Firefighter, Emergency Medical Technician or Paramedic 186 Domestic Violence Restraining
Orders 186 Domestic Violence Assaults
or Batteries 186
Elder Abuse 188
Carrying a Concealed Firearm at an Airport 188
Operating a Vessel or Recreational Vessel or Manipulation of Water Skis, Aquaplane or Similar Device While Under the Influence 188
Operating a Vessel While Under
the Influence of Alcohol and/or Drugs with an
Accident 188
Vehicle Code Violations, Exceptions: 188
V.C. § 16028(c): Traffic Collision Investigators 188
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V.C. § 40600(a): POST Certified Peace Officers at Traffic Collisions 189
Vehicle Code Parking Citations 189 Stale Misdemeanor Rule 189
Sanctions for Violations 190
Arrests for an Infraction or Misdemeanor: 193
Release Requirement 193 Exceptions 194 V.C. § 40302: Mandatory Custodial Arrests 195 Other Satisfactory Evidence of His Identity 195 V.C. § 40303: Arrestable Offenses 196 V.C. § 12801.5(e): The Unlicensed Driver 197
V.C. § 40305: Non-Residents 198 V.C. § 40305.5: Traffic Arrest
Bail Bond Certificate 198 P.C. § 853.6(i): Misdemeanor Citations 198 With an Existing Warrant of Arrest 200 Arrest Warrants: 201 Defined 201 Content 202
Case Law 202 Other Types of Arrest Warrants: 203 Bench Warrant 203 Telephonic Arrest Warrant 203
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Ramey Warrant 204
A “DNA, John Doe” Warrant 204 P.C. § 3455(b): Postrelease Supervision Warrant 205
Necessity of an Arrest Warrant 205 Service and Return: 206 Felony Arrest Warrants 206
Misdemeanor Arrest Warrants: 206 Night Service 206 Necessity for Having a Copy of the Arrest
Warrant 207
Knock and Notice 207 Procedure After Arrest: 208
Disposition of Prisoner: 208 In-County Arrest Warrants 208
Out-of-County Arrest Warrants 208
Arrests without a Warrant 209
Necessity of Having Probable Cause or a Reasonable Suspicion 209
The Steagald Warrant 211
Statute of Limitations 211
Expiration 211 Civil Liability 211
Use of a Motorized Battering Ram 212
Effect of an Arrest Warrant on the Exclusion of Evidence after an Illegal Detention 212
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A Defective Arrest Warrant 213
Statutory Limitations: 214 Daytime and Nighttime Arrests: 214 Felony Arrests: 214 Without an Arrest Warrant 214 With an Arrest Warrant 214
Misdemeanor (and Infraction) Arrests: 214
Without an Arrest Warrant 214 With an Arrest Warrant 215 Penal Code § 964: Victim and Witness Confidential Information 216
Live Lineups 216 Case Law Limitations: 217 Ramey: 217 General Rule 217
Exceptions: 218 Consent 218 Exigent Circumstances 219
Fresh or Hot Pursuit 220 Already Lawfully Inside 227 Standing in the Threshold 227
A Parolee or Fourth Waiver Probationer 228 Inviting Defendant Outside 228
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Sufficiency of Evidence that the Suspect is Inside 231
Within a Third Person’s Home 233 Consequences of a Ramey/Payton Violations 234 Knock and Notice 236 Problems: 236 Arresting for the Wrong Offense 236
Mistaken Belief in Existence of Probable cause,
an Arrest Warrant, or Fourth Waiver: 238 Problem 238 Rule 238
Extension of Rule 238 Reasoning 238 Law Enforcement vs. Non-Law
Enforcement Source: 239 Law Enforcement Sources: 239
Police Computer Records 239 Parole 239 Probation 240 Exception; DMV Hearings 240
Non-Law Enforcement Source: 241
Courts 241 Reversed Prior Conviction 241 Legislature 241 Dept. of Motor Vehicles 242
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Juvenile Probation 242
Arresting and Searching in Ignorance of an
Existing Warrant of Arrest 243 Minors and Curfew 243 Minors and Truancy 244
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 244 Information Provided to an Arrested Person: 246 P.C. § 841; Information to be Provided 246 Foreign Nationals: 246 Advisal to Arrestee/Detainee 246 Automatic Notice to Foreign Country 247 Sanctions for Violations 248
P.C. § 834b: Cooperation Requirement 252 Miranda 253
Follow-Up Requirements After Arrest: 254
Other Rights of the Arrestee: 254 Right to Access to an Attorney; P.C. § 825(b) 254 Right to Access to a Physician or Psychiatrist; P.C. § 825.5 255 Right to Telephone Calls; P.C. § 851.5(a): 255
Case Law 257
Minors; W&I § 627(b) 258
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Other Statutory Obligations of the Arresting Officer : 258
P.C. § 834b(a): Duty to Cooperate with United States Immigration and Naturalization Service 258
P.C. § 848: Arrests by Warrant 259 P.C. § 849(a): Arrests Without a Warrant 259 P.C. § 849(b): Release From Custody 259 P.C. § 849(c): Record of Arrest of Released
Person Deemed a Detention Only 260
Use of Force: 260 Reasonable Force 260 Factors 260
General Principles 262 California Civil Code § 52.1; the “Bane Act:” 268 Fourteenth (or Fifth) Amendment “Due Process”
Deprivation 268 Specific Weapons or Techniques: 270
The Taser 270
Chemical Irritants; Pepper Spray, Pepperball Guns and Tear Gas 272
Baton 274
Bean Bag Firearms 275
Firearms 275
Pain Compliance 278
Handcuffs 278
Duty to Warn 280
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Applicable Statutes: 281
P.C. § 692: Lawful resistance 281 P.C. § 693: Party about to be injured 282 P.C. § 694: Other Parties 282 P.C. § 834a: Resisting Arrest 282 P.C. § 835: Restraint of Detained or
Arrested Person 282
P.C. § 835a: Use of Reasonable Force 282 P.C. § 843: Arrest by Warrant; Use of Force 283 P.C. § 844: Knock and Notice 283 P.C. § 845: Use of Force to Exit a House 283 P.C. § 846: Securing Weapons 283 P.C. § 490.5(f)(2): Use of Force by Merchant,
Library Employee or Theater Owner 284
Use of Force in Making a Blood Draw 284
Use of Deadly Force: 285 Causing Death 285 Deadly Force Defined 285 Non-Criminal Homicides 286 Applicable Statutes: 287
P.C. § 196: Justifiable Homicide by Public Officers 287 P.C. § 197: Justifiable Homicide 288
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Limitations: 289 Forcible and Atrocious Crime 289 History 289 The Fourth Amendment 290 Forcible and Atrocious Crime Defined 290 Burglary of a Residence: 291
P.C. § 198.5 291 Self-Defense 293 Fleeing Felon 302
Transferred Intent 304 Use of Deadly Force by Police Officers 305
High Speed Chases 310
Outrageous Government Misconduct 313 Civil Liability 314
California Statutory Protection from Civil Liability 314 Federal Civil 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Civil Liability
and Qualified Immunity 315
Chapter 5: Searches and Seizures: 317
Things Subject to Search and Seize 317 Searches and Seizures: 317
Search: 317
Trespassory Searches: “Persons, Houses, Papers and Effects “ 317
Satellite-Based Monitor (SBM) 317
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Taking a DNA Sample 318 Key in a Lock 318
Seizure 320 Search vs. Seizure 321
General Rule: 321
Search Warrant 321 Probable Cause 321 Legal Presumptions 322 Remedy for Violations; The Exclusionary Rule: 322 The Fourth Amendment 322
Motion to Suppress; P.C. § 1538.5 322 The Fruit of the Poisonous Tree 324 Exceptions: 325 Private Persons 325 The Good Faith Exception 327 The Taint has been Attenuated 328
When the Purposes of the Exclusionary Rule are not Served 330
The Minimal Intrusion Exception 331 Statutory-Only Violations 332
Doctrine of Inevitable Discovery 336 Searches Based Upon Existing Precedent;
The “Faith In Case Law” Exception 337 An Injured Person 339
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Evidence of identity 339 Impeachment Evidence 339
Asset Forfeiture Proceedings 340 Parole and Probation Revocation Hearings 340
Standing: 341 Defined 341 Reasonable Expectation of Privacy 342 Test 342
Burden of Proof 342 Factors to Consider 343 General Principles 344
Prior California Rule 344 Examples: 345 Vehicles 345 Residential Visitors 347 Personal Property 349 Outside, Common Areas 353
Indoor, Common Areas 353 Businesses 353 Renters with a Stolen Credit Card 355 Abandoned Property 356 Disclaiming Standing 359
On Appeal 360
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Reasonableness: 360
Determining Reasonableness 360 Old Rule 361
New Rule 361 Pretext Stops 361
Fourth Amendment vs. Fifth Amendment Issues 362
Posse Comitatus; Use of the Military by Civilian Law Enforcement: 362 The Act 362 Purpose 362 Case Law 363 Sanctions for Violations 364 Chapter 6: Searches with a Search Warrant: 365 Search Warrant Defined 365 Preference for Search Warrants 365 Why Search Warrants are Preferred: 365 Presumption of Lawfulness with a Warrant: 365
Burden of Proof 365
Motion to Quash 367 Motion to Traverse: 367
A “Franks Hearing” 367 Omissions 369
Presumption of Unlawfulness Without a Warrant 373
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Good Faith: 373 The Exclusionary Rule Restricted 373
Civil Case Qualified Immunity 376
Exceptions to Good Faith Rule: 376 Magistrate Misled 376 Magistrate Abandoned Judicial Role 377 Lack of Indicia of Probable Cause 377 Warrant Deficient 379 Affidavit Based on Illegally Collected Information 379
Exigent Circumstances 380 Examples 380 Ramey Inapplicable 381 Consensual Searches 381 Informants 381 Acting in the Performance of His Duties 381
Mental Patients Detained per W&I § 5150: Seizure of Weapons: 381
Warrant Requirement and W&I § 8102(a) 381 P.C. § 1524(a)(10); Search Warrants 382
Exigent Circumstances 382
Independent Source Doctrine 382 Non-Standard Types of Warrants: 383 Telephonic Search Warrants 383 Anticipatory Search Warrants 385
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Sneak and Peek Warrants 388 P.C. § 1524.1: AIDs Testing 389 Records of Foreign Corporations Providing Electronic
Communications or Remote Computing Services, per P.C. § 1524.2 390
Records of Foreign Corporations Providing Electronic Communications or Remote Computing Services
in Misdemeanor cases, per P.C. § 1524.3 391
Pub. Util. Code § 7980: A Court Order Authorizing the Interruption of Communication Services 393
Requirement of a “Neutral and Detached” Magistrate: 394 Rule 394 Violations 395
No Violation 395 Composition of a Search Warrant: 395 The Warrant Itself: 395 Contents 395 Statutory Grounds for Issuance: 397
For Stolen or Embezzled Property 397 For Property Used to Commit a Felony 397 For Property Intended to Use to Commit a Public Offense,
or is being Concealed 397
For Evidence of a Felony 397 For Child Sexual Exploitation Evidence 397 For a Person Wanted on a Warrant 397
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For Evidence Possessed by a Provider of an Electronic Communication service or Remote Computing Service 397
For Evidence of a Labor Code § 3700.5 Violation 397
For Firearms and Deadly Weapons at a Domestic Violence Scene 398
For Firearms and Deadly Weapons Possessed by Mental Patients 398 For Firearms Possessed by Persons Subject to Certain Orders 399 For Installation of Tracking Devices 399 For Blood Draw Evidence in DUI Cases 401 For Firearms and Ammunition in Possession of Persons Subject to A Gun Violence Restraining Order 402 For Controlled Substances or Devices for Administering Controlled
Substances 402
For Blood Draw Evidence in Boating DUI Case 402
Other provisions 403
Case Law 403 The Affidavit to the Search Warrant: 403 Defined 403 Probable Cause 403 Minimum Contents 410
The “Reasonable Particularity” Requirement;
The Persons, Places, Things and Vehicles to be Searched 413
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The “Reasonable Particularity” Requirement;
The Property to be Seized 417 Supplementing the Affidavit 427 Combined Affidavit with Warrant 427 Multiple Affiants/Affidavits 428 Staleness 428 Fingerprints 431 Description of the Facts 432 Good Faith 433 Use of Hearsay 433 Miranda 433 Third Party’s Fourth Amendment Violation 434 Privileged Information 434 Nighttime Searches 436 Leaving a Copy at the Scene 437 P.C. § 964: Victim and Witness
Confidential Information 437 The Receipt and Inventory 437 Sources of Information Establishing Probable Cause: 438 Other Police Officers 438 Citizen Informants 440 Reliable (“Tested”) Informants 442 Unreliable (“Untested”) Informants 443
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Anonymous Informants: 444
Rule 444 Corroboration 445
Confidential Informants: 446
Problem 446 Rule 446 Restrictions 446 Revealing an Informant’s Identity 446 Luttenberger Motions 448
An Informant Sworn Before A Magistrate; A Skelton Warrant 449
P.C. § 1111.5; Uncorroborated In-Custody Informants 449 Probable Cause Issues: 450 Anonymous Information 450
Searches of a Residence: 450
Stolen Property 450
The Cleland Warrant; Narcotics 450 Trashcan Searches 451
Computer Searches 451 Conspiracy 453
Use of a Search Warrant: 454 Rule 454
Exceptions: 454
Exigent Circumstances 454
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Consent 455 Inevitable Discovery 455 Searches of Vehicles 456 Searches of Persons with Probable Cause 456
Searches Incident to Arrest 456
Administrative/Regulatory Searches 457 Crime Scene Searches : 457
Murder Scene 457 Arson Scene 457
Bank Records: 458
Right to Privacy Act; Gov’t. Code §§ 7460-7493: 458
Customer Authorization 458
Administrative Subpoena or Summons 458
Search Warrant 458
Judicial Subpoena or Subpoena Duces Tecum 459
Police Request 459
Victimized Financial Institution 459
Mortgage Fraud Records: 460
P.C. § 532f(a): Mortgage Fraud 460
Commercial Mail Receiving Agency Records 460
B&P Code § 22780: Postal Service Form 1583 460 Credit Card Information 461
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Telephone Records: 461 Unlisted Numbers 461 Telephone Calls Made 461 Certification for Non-Disclosure 462 Pen Registers and Trap and Trace Devices 462
P.C. § 638.50: Definitions: 462
Wire Communication and Electronic Communication 462
Pen Register 463 Trap and Trace Device 463
P.C. § 638.51: Prohibitions on Installation of Pen Registers and Trap & Trace Devices; Exceptions 463
P.C. § 638.52: Court Orders 464 P.C. § 638.53: Emergency Court Orders 467 Federal Rules 468
Records of Foreign Corporations Which Provide Electronic Communications Services or Remote Computing Services to the General Public: 470 P.C. § 1524.2: Out-of-State Electronic
Communications Information 470
P.C. § 1524.3(a): Records of Foreign Corporations Providing Electronic Communications or Remote Computing Services 472
Medical Marijuana 473 Limitations on the Use of Search Warrants: 473 Newsroom Searches 473
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Searches of, and on Tribal Property: 473
Search Warrants 473 Applicability of the Fourth Amendment 474 Jurisdictional Issues 475
Search of Unauthorized Cell Phone Recovered at CDCR 475 Mechanics of Preparation 475 Service and Return: 476 Who May Serve: 476
Only a Peace Officer 477 Exceptions 477
Others 478
Necessity to Serve 479 Night Service 479
Use of a Motorized Battering Ram 479
In-County Service 480 Out-of-County Service 480
Out-of-State Crimes 480 Knock and Notice: 481 General Rule 481
P.C. § 1531: Authority to Break Open any Door 481 Purpose 482 Problem 482
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Exceptions: 482 Businesses 482 Inner Doors of a Residence 483
Refusal: 483 Implied Refusal 483 Reasonable Time 484 Exigent Circumstances 485 Doctrine of Substantial Compliance 487 No-Knock Search Warrants 489 Entry by Ruse 490 Standing; An Absent Tenant 491 Sanctions for Violations 492
Not Necessarily a Fourth Amendment Violation 494
Seizing Items not Listed in the Warrant: 494
Plain View Doctrine 495 Problem of Overbreath 497
P.C. § 1542.5: Seizure of a Restrained Person’s Firearms
During the Execution of a Search Warrant 500 Answering the Telephone 501
Detentions in a Residence During the Execution of a Search Warrant 502
Time Limitations 502 One Continuous Search 504
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Leaving a Copy of the Warrant: 504
The Receipt and Inventory 504 The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure,
Rule 41(d) 505 The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal’s Opinion 505
Destruction of Property 507 Sealing the Warrant Affidavit; the “Hobbs Warrant:” 508
No Right to Public Access 508
How Accomplished 508 When Warrants May be Sealed 509 Criticism of Procedure 510 Court Procedures 510
Retention of the Documents 513 Wiretap Case 514
Post-Investigation Disposition of Warrant Application and Supporting Affidavits 514
Return of Property 514
Extensions 516 Special Masters: 517 Rule 517 When Not Applicable 517 The “Special Master” 518 Documentary Evidence 518 Procedure 518
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The Court Hearing 519 Other Service Conditions 519
The Electronic Communications Privacy Act 520 Other Warrants: 520
Inspection (or Administrative) Warrants 520
CCP §§ 1822.50 et seq.: A Regulatory Scheme 520 CCP §§ 1822.50: Definition of Inspection Warrant 520 CCP § 1822.51: Consent 520 If Consent is Refused 521 CCP § 1822.53: Examination of Witnesses 521 CCP § 1822.54: Issuance and Contents of Warrant 521 CCP § 1822.55: Duration, Extension or Renewal
of Warrant; Execution and Return 522
CCP § 1822.56: Manner of Inspection; Notice 522 CCP § 1822.57: Punishment 522 CCP § 1822.58: Inspections by Personnel of
Fish and Game Department 522
CCP § 1822.59: Inspections for Purpose of Animal or Plant Pest or Disease Eradication 523
CCP § 1822.60: Warrant for DOJ Inspections 523 Hotels and Motels 523 Entry to Make Arrests 523
Rendition (or Extradition): 524 Art. IV, § 2, Clause 2, U.S. Constitution 524 The Implementing Statute 524
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International Extraditions 524
Extradition by the States: Uniform Criminal
Extradition Act: 524 Adoption in California 525
P.C. § 1548.1; The Governor’s Duty 525 Procedure 525 Ignoring Extradition Treaties 526
Unlawful Flight to Avoid Prosecution (“UFAP”): 527 Scope 527 The Primary Purpose 527
Procedure 527 Parental Kidnappings 527 Avoiding Custody or Confinement 528 Avoiding Giving Testimony 528 Avoiding Service of Process 528 State Extradition 528 Dismissal of Federal Complaint 528
Wiretaps and Eavesdropping: 528
Federal Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
of 1968 vs. P.C. §§ 629.50 et seq. 529
P.C. § 630: California: Statement of Legislative Purpose 529 P.C. § 632: Eavesdropping or Recording
Confidential Communications 530
P.C. § 633: Exceptions 531
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Intentional Interceptions Proscribed 532
Prison and Jail Inmates: Prisoner Telephone Conversations 532
P.C. § 631: Wiretapping: 533 Subd. (a): Prohibitions 533
Punishment 533
Fourth Amendment Violation 533
Subd. (b): Exceptions 533 Prisoner Visitors 534 Subd. (c): Non-Admissibility 534 Similar Restrictions 534 A Controlled Phone Call 534
P.C. §§ 629.50 through 629.98: Implementation of Wiretaps 534
P.C. § 629.50: Requirements for a Wiretap Order: 535
Application for a Wiretap Order 535
P.C. § 629.51: Definitions: 540
Wire Communication 540
Electronic Pager Communication 541
Electronic Cellular Telephone Communication 541
Aural Transfer 541
P.C. § 629.52: Authority to Issue a Wiretap Order 541
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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P.C. § 629.53: Judicial Guidelines 546
P.C. § 629.54: Contents of the Wiretap Order 546
P.C. § 629.56: Oral Approval in Lieu of Court Order 546
P.C. § 629.58: Duration of a Wiretap Order 547
P.C. § 629.60: Progress Report 548
P.C. § 629.61: Report to Attorney General 549
P.C. § 629.62: Annual Report to the Legislature 550
P.C. § 629.64: Recording, Sealing and Retaining Intercepted Communications 552
P.C. § 629.66: Application and Orders to be Sealed 553
P.C. § 629.68: Notice to Parties to Intercepted
Communications 554 P.C. § 629.70: Discovery Prerequisites to
Use in Evidence 554 P.C. § 629.72: Motions to Suppress 556 P.C. § 629.74: Disclosure to Other Law
Enforcement Agencies 557 P.C. § 629.76: Use of Intercepted Information 558 P.C. § 629.78: Disclosure of Intercepted Information in
Testimony 558 P.C. § 629.80: Privileged Communications 558 P.C. § 629.82: Interception of Communications Relating
to Crimes Other Than Those Specified in the Authorization Order: 559
Violent Felonies 559
Other Than Violent Felonies 560 Right to Notice and Copy 561
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The “Plain View” Doctrine 561
P.C. § 629.84: Criminal Punishment for Violations 561 P.C. § 629.86: Civil Remedies for Unauthorized
Interceptions 562 P.C. § 629.88: Effects of Other Statutes 562 P.C. § 629.89: Covert Residential Entries 563 P.C. § 629.90: Order for Cooperation of Public Utilities,
Landlords, Custodians and Others 563 P.C. § 629.91: Civil or Criminal Liability; Reliance Upon
Court Order 564 P.C. § 629.92: Authority to Conform Proceedings and
Order to Constitutional Requirements 564
P.C. § 629.94: Training and Certification of Law Enforcement Officers 564
P.C. § 629.96: Severability 565
P.C. § 629.98: Automatic Repeal 565
P.C. § 632: Eavesdropping, Compared 565
P.C. § 633.8: Eavesdropping in Hostage or Barricading Situations 566
Chapter 7: Warrantless Searches: 568 General Rule 568 Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement 568 Plain Sight Observations: 568 Rule 568 No Search 569 Justification for Seizure 569
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No Expectation of Privacy 569
Examples 570
The “Plain Sight Observation” vs. the Right To Enter a Residence 572 Plain Hearing 572 Plain Smell: 572 Rule 572 Examples 573 Exceptions: 574
Minority Opinion 574 Odor of Marijuana in a Residence 574 Odor of Ether 575 Odor From a Container 575
Exigent Circumstances: 576
Defined 576 Rule 576 Examples: 577 Destruction of Evidence 577
Officers’ Safety 578
Fresh or Hot Pursuit 578
Search for Additional Suspects 579 Protection of Life and Property 579
To Prevent the Escape of Suspects, or When
Suspects Arm Themselves 580
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Warrantless Seizure of a Child for Protective
Custody Purposes 580 Special Needs Searches: 581
Test 582
Examples: 583 Random Testing of Student Athletes 583
Suspicionless drug testing of teachers and administrators 583
Random Metal Detector Searches of Students 583
Search of a student’s computer 583 Drug Testing for United States Customs
Service Employees 583 Searches of Employees’ Backpacks 583 Pre-Departure Airport Screening Procedures 583 Drug and Alcohol Testing for Railway Employees 583 Administrative Inspections of Closely Regulated
Businesses 584 Administrative Inspection of Fire-Damaged
Premises 584 Administrative Housing Code Inspections 584 Border Patrol Checkpoints 584 Sobriety Checkpoints 584 Entry into a Residence to Enforce a Court Order 584 Fourth Waiver Searches 584
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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A Search Warrant Issued Pursuant to P.C. § 1524.1 (HIV) 584
Taking of Biological Samples for DNA Databases 584 Search of Luggage in a Subway Facility 584 The search of a high school student’s pockets 585 Enforcement of Fish and Game Regulations 585 Depriving Parents of the Liberty Interest in the
Care, Custody and Control of their Child due to Medical Necessity 586
Breathalyzer Tests for Police Officers Involved in Shootings 586
Home “Walk-Throughs” for Purposes of Determining Welfare Eligibility 586
Text Messages from a Police Officer’s City Owned Pager 586
Searching of School Lockers for a Weapon 586 Jail Booking Strip Searches 586
Exceptions to Exceptions: 587 A Highway Drug Interdiction Checkpoint 587 A State Hospital Blood Testing Program 587
Examples Where the “Special Need” Fails to Outweigh a Person’s Right to Privacy: 587 Preemployment Drug and Alcohol
Screening Requirement for Minor Employees 587
A Urinalysis Drug Test Requirement for Candidates for Public Office 588
Drug Testing for Lesser Customs Employees 588
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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A State Hospital’s Drug Testing Policy for Unwed Mothers 588
A Forced Warrantless Extraction of a DNA Sample 588 Interviewing a Child Victim on a School Campus 588
Closely Regulated Businesses or Activities: 588
Pervasively or Closely Regulated Businesses 588
Other California or United States Regulatory/ Administrative Searches: 591
Vehicle Code: 591
V.C. § 13353: Blood or Breath Test for D.U.I. Arrestees 591
V.C. § 320(b): Auto Dismantlers 593 V.C. § 2805: CHP and Auto Theft
Detectives Stolen Parts Investigations 593
Penal Code: 593
P.C. § 171e: Inspection of a Firearm in State Buildings and Residences 593
P.C. § 25850(b): Inspection of a Firearm in a Public Place. 593
P.C. § 18250: Seizure of Deadly Weapons
at Domestic Violence Scenes 593
Fish and Game Code 594 Financial Code: 595
Fin. Code § 21206: Inspection of Pawned Property 595
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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United States Code: 595
14 U.S.C. § 89(a): The Coast Guard Search Authority 595
49 U.S.C. § 44901: Transportation Security
Administration (TSA) Search Authority 595
School Searches: 595
Athletics and Extracurricular Activities: 595
School athletics 596 Extracurricular activities 596
Students in General 596
Airport Searches 599
The Minimal Intrusion Exception 601 Chapter 8: Searches of Persons: 603
Privacy Rights 603 Rule 603 Search Incident to Arrest: 603
Legal Justification 603 Legal Justification Under Debate 604 Transportation Requirement: 606 Custodial Arrest Requirement 606 Transporting an Arrested Minor 610 Contemporaneous In Time and Place 611
Other Requirements and Limitations: 613
Search Incident to a Citation 613
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Searches of Containers 613 Property of Booked Person 614 Arrest in the Home 615 Arrest in a Vehicle 615
Exceptions: 616 Strip Search 616
Cellphones Found on the Person 616 Searches with Probable Cause: 616
The Exigency 616
Probable Cause from the Defendant’s Admissions 617
P.C. § 833; Search of an Arrestee 617
Order of Search & Arrest 617 Intrusions Into the Human Body: 618
Substantial Justification 618 The interests in human dignity and privacy 618
Shock the Conscience 619 Factors 619
Driving Under the Influence Cases 620
Other Examples of Bodily Intrusions 626
Medical Emergencies 628
Choking: 629 Rule 629 Examples 629
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Searches with Less Than Probable Cause: 630
Persons in Pervasively Regulated Industries
or Sensitive Positions: 630
Government Employees 630
Railway Workers 630
Customs Officers 630
Candidates for Public Office 630
A State Hospital’s Drug Testing Policy for Expectant Mothers 630
For Students 630
Frisks (or Patdowns): 631 Defined 631
Constitutionality 631 For Weapons Only 631
Reasonable or Rational Suspicion 632
The Nature of the Crime as a Factor 634 Vehicle Drivers and Passengers 635 Consensual Patdowns 636
Procedures: 636
Limited to Outer Clothing; Exceptions 636
Removal of Weapons 637
When Suspect Reaches for a Weapon 637
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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P.C. § 833.5; Detentions 637
Problems: 637
During Consensual Encounter 637
During Execution of a Search Warrant
or a Fourth Waiver Search 638 Feeling a Controlled Substance 638
Frisk Based Upon Uncorroborated Anonymous Tip 640
Other Situations 641
Abandoned Property: 642
General Rule 642
Trash Cans 644
The “Threatened Illegal Detention” 644
Searching for Identification 645
Fingerprint Evidence 646 Handwriting (and Other Types of) Exemplars 648 Prisoner Searches: 648 Inventory Searches 648 Search Incident to Arrest and Strip Searches 648 Institutional Needs 649
Other Purposes 649
Booking (and Inventory) Searches 649
Containers 650 Impounded Property 650
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Strip Searches of Prisoners: 653
The Fourth Amendment 653 The Fourteenth Amendment; Due Process 653 Reasonableness 653
Strip Searches Restricted 655
Strip Searches Upheld 656
Misdemeanor (and Infraction) Booking Searches: 658
Due Process 658 Restrictions: 659 P.C. § 4030(a): Legislative Purpose 659
P.C. § 4030(b): For Pre- Arraignment Detainees Arrested for Infractions and Misdemeanor Offenses 659
Definitions: 659
P.C. § 4030(c)(1): Body Cavity 659
P.C. § 4030(c)(2): Physical
Body Cavity Search 659 P.C. § 4030(c)(3):
Strip Search 660 P.C. § 4030(c)(4): Visual
Body Cavity Search 660
P.C. § 4030(d): Authorization for Patdown, Metal Detector, and Thorough Clothing Searches 660
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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P.C. § 4030(e): Restrictions on Strip & Visual body Cavity Searches 660
P.C. § 4030(f)(1) & (2): Restrictions on Confinement in General Jail Population 661
P.C. § 4030(g): Restrictions on Physical Body
Cavity Searches; Search Warrant Requirement 662 P.C. § 4030(h): Recording of Required Documentation 662 P.C. § 4030(i): Touching
Restrictions 662 P.C. § 4030(j): Physical Body Cavity Search Requirements 662 P.C. § 4030(k): Same sex Requirements 662 P.C. § 4030(l): Privacy for Strip,
Visual, or Physical Body Cavity Searches 663
P.C. § 4030(m): Criminal Penalties
for Violations 663
P.C. § 4030(n), (o): Civil Remedies for Violations 663
P.C. § 4031: Searches of Minors in Juvenile Detention Centers: 663
P.C. § 4031(a): Applicable to all Minors Held in Juvenile Detention Centers 663
P.C. § 4031(b): Restriction on Touching 663
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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P.C. § 4031(c): Restrictions on Physical Body Cavity
Searches 663 P.C. § 4031(d): Same Sex Requirements for Visual or Physical Body Cavity Searches 663 P.C. § 4031(e): Privacy
Requirements for Strip, Visual, and Physical Body Cavity Searches 664
P.C. § 4031(f): Criminal Penalties
for Violations 664 P.C. § 4031(g): Other Civil and Criminal Remedies for Violations 664 P.C. § 4031(h): Civil Actual, Punitive, or Injunctive Relief for Violations 664 P.C. § 4031(i): Remedies for
Persons Described in P.C. § 4030(b) Not Limited 664
Case Law 664
Jail Cells 665 Monitoring of Jail Visitations and
Telephone Calls: 666 Rule 666 Exceptions 668
Monitoring Jail Mail 669 Regulating Jail/Prison Visitations 671
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Retained Constitutional Rights: 674 Infringement of Rights 674 Rights Retained by Prison Inmates 675 P.C. §§ 295 et seq: The DNA and Forensic
Identification Database and Data Bank Act of 1998: 675 DNA Testing 675 P.C. § 295(a): Name of the Act 675 P.C. § 295(b): Statement of Intent 675
P.C. § 295(c): Purpose 676
P.C. § 295(d): Identification of Criminal Offenders 676
P.C. § 295(e): Biological Samples
Limited to “Buccal” Swab Samples 676 P.C. § 295(f): Collection of Blood Samples 676 P.C. § 295(g) & (h): DNA and Forensic
Identification Database and Data Bank Program 676
P.C. § 295(i): Counties’ Responsibilities 676 P.C. § 295(j): Costs 677 P.C. § 295(k): DNA Testing Fund 677 P.C. § 295(l): The “Jan Bashinski
DNA Laboratory.” 677
P.C. § 295.2: Prohibition on DNA Being Used for Testing, Research, or Experiments 677
P.C. § 296(a): Offenders Subject to
Collection of Specimens, Samples and Print Impressions 677
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P.C. § 296(b): Applies to All Qualified
Persons Regardless of Sentence 680 P.C. § 296(c): Applies to All Qualified
Persons Regardless of Placement 680 P.C. § 296(d): Provisions are Mandatory 680 P.C. § 296(e): Duty of a Prosecutor to
Notify the Court 681 P.C. § 296(f): Duty of a Court to Inquire 682 P.C. § 296.1(a): Collection of Samples
For Present and Past Qualifying Offenses 682
P.C. § 296.1(b): Retroactivity of Provisions 686
P.C. § 296.2: Procedures for Obtaining
Replacement Samples 686 P.C. § 297: Analysis of Crime Scene
Samples 686 P.C. § 298: Procedures for Collection
of Samples 687
P.C. § 298.1(a): Sanctions for Failure to Provide Required Samples 688
P.C. § 298.1(b)(1): Use of Force 689
P.C. § 298.1(b)(2): Withdrawal of Blood in a Medically Approve Manner 689
P.C. § 298.1(c)(1)(A), (2)(A): “Reasonable
Force,” Defined 689 P.C. § 298.1(c)(1)(B), (2)(B): Written
Authorization to Use Force 690 P.C. § 298.1(c)(1)(C), (2)(C): Efforts to
Secure Voluntary Compliance 690
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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P.C. § 298.1(c)(1)(D), (2)(D): Videotaping of “Cell Extractions” 690
P.C. § 299: Expungement of Data 690 P.C. § 299.5: Confidentiality Requirements 691 P.C. § 299.6: Dissemination of Information
to Law Enforcement Agencies 691 P.C. § 299.7: Disposal of Samples 693 P.C. §§ 300 et seq.: Construction and
Severability 693
Case Law 693 Chapter 9: Searches of Vehicles: 698 General Rule: 698
Justifications for the Rule 698
Incident to Arrest: 698
The Rationale 698
Containers in the Vehicle 699
Probable Cause Not Needed 700
Limitations: 700
The Lunging Area 700
Contemporaneous in Time and Place 700
Limitation of the Chimel/Belton “Bright Line” Test: 702 Rule Criticized 702 Arizona v. Gant 702 Gant’s Alternative Theory 704
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Subsequent Case Law 705 Exception 707 Retroactivity 708
Transportation 709
Search Incident to a Citation 709
Searches where Arrestee is a “Recent Occupant” 710
Search With Probable Cause: 711
General Rule 711
Problem: Limited Amount of Contraband 717 Problem: More than One Occupant 718
Problem: Vehicle Already Impounded 719
Problem: Closed Containers 719 Problem: When the item searched is a cellphone 721
Problem: Motorhomes (and Other Vehicles) 721
Problem: Expanding the Scope of the Search 722
Evidence of Probable Cause 723
Vehicle is Itself Evidence 723
Inventory Searches: 725
General Rule 725 Closed Containers 725 Pretext Impounds 726 Prerequisites to a Lawful Impound Search of a Vehicle: 728
The Community Caretaking Doctrine 728
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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V.C. § 14602.6(a)(1): Driving on a Suspended License (or Never Had a License), per V.C. § 14601.1 (or V.C. § 12500) 731
Impounding a Vehicle Used for Prostitution, per Local Ordinance 733
V.C. § 2814.2: Impoundment of a Vehicle at a Sobriety Checkpoint 733
“Patdown” (or “Protective Search”) of a Vehicle: 734
General Rule 734 Examples 734
Statutory Automobile Inspections: 735
V.C. § 2805(a): 735
Elements 735
V.C. § 2805(b): 737
Elements 737
Penalties 737 Relevant Definitions: 737
Identifiable Vehicle Component; V.C. § 2805(a) 737
Garage; V.C. § 340 737
Repair Shop; V.C. § 510 738
Terminal; V.C. § 595 738
Automobile Dismantler; V.C. § 220 738
Case Law 738
Use of Force 740
Non-commercial property 740
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Statutory Automobile Searches: 740
V.C. § 9951(c)(2): Downloading the Contents of an
“Event Data Recorder” V.C. § 2814.1: Vehicle Checkpoints 742
V.C. § 2810.2(d) & (e): Vehicle Stops Involving
Agricultural Irrigation Supplies 742 Searching for Driver’s License and Vehicle Documentation: 742
General Rule 742 Exceptions 742
Searches for Vehicle Documentation 743 Checking for a Vehicle’s Identification Number (“VIN”) 744
Chapter 10: Searches of Residences and Other Buildings: 745
General Rule 745 Private Residence & Expectation of Privacy 745
Other Buildings and Places: 746
Commercial Businesses 746 Hotel & Motel Rooms 747 Boarding House 751 Garage 751
Fishing Retreat 751 Hospital Room 751 Jail Cell 751
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Military Housing 751 Curtilage of the Home 752
Temporary or Impermanent Residences: 755
General Rule 755
Tents 755
A Cardboard Box 756 A Cave on Federal Property 757 In a “Squatter’s Community” on Public Property 757 Under a Bridge Abutment 757
Businesses 757 Workplace Searches of Government Employees: 758 Rule 758 Reasonableness 758 Public Restrooms, Adult Bookstores and Dressing Rooms: 759 Pay Toilets 759 Men’s Restroom in a Department Store 759 Doorless Stall in a Public Restroom 759 Curtained Booth in an Adult Bookstore 759 Fitting Room in a Department Store 759 Spying into Bathrooms, Etc.; Statutes: 760
P.C. § 647(k)(1): Through a Hole or Opening 760 P.C. § 647(k)(3): Use of Cameras 760 P.C. § 653n: Two-Way Mirrors 760
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Problem: When Officers Trespass 760 Securing the Premises: 761
Fourth Amendment 761
General Rule 761 Exigency of the Officers’ Own Making: 762 With Probable Cause 762 With No Probable Cause 763
New Rule? 763 Securing Cases 763 Detention of a Residence 764 Detaining Residents Outside 765 Knock and Talk 765
The Doctrine of “Consent Once Removed” 768 Observing Contraband from Outside 768 Using a Ruse to Cause a Suspect to Open his Door: 769
Split of Authority 769 Held to be Illegal 769 Held to Legal 771 Possible Resolution: Kentucky v. King 772
Searches Incident to Arrest: 772
In a Residence 772 The Protective Sweep: 774
Defined 774
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Limitation 775
Arrests Outside 777 Detentions Outside 778
Commercial Establishment 778 Other Situations 778 Plain Sight Observations 779 Preserving the Peace 781 Preventing the Destruction of Evidence 783
Welfare Checks, the “Emergency Aid Doctrine,” and the “Community Caretaking Function:” 786
Exigent Circumstances and Officer Safety 795 Emergency Exception and the Odor of Ether 798 Executing an Arrest Warrant 799
Sufficiency of Evidence to Believe the Suspect is Inside 800 Third Party Entries with Police 802
Knock and Notice 802 Chapter 11: New and Developing Law Enforcement Technology: 804
The Problem 804 Thermal Imaging Device 805 A Buster 805
Spike Mike 806
Aerial Surveillance 806
Drones 807 Facial Recognition Software 807
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Stingray (Kingfish) Device 808 Automated License Plate Readers 808
Electronic Tracking Devices (Transmitters)
and “Pinging” a Cellphone: 809 General Rule 809 As a Fourth Amendment Search 809 P.C. § 637.7: Use of Electronic Tracking Devices 813
Flashlights and Spotlights 814 Binoculars 815 Night Vision Goggles 815
Controlled Tire Deflation Device (“CTDD”) 815
Videotaping and Photographing 816
Metal Detectors: 818
On School Campuses 818 At Airports 818
Dogs: 819
Used to Search 819 Used to Track 823 Use of Dogs in Making Arrests 825
Chapter 12: Open Fields: 827 General Rule 827 Observations Into Private Areas 827
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Chapter 13: Searches of Containers: 829
General Rule 829 Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement: 830
Incident to Arrest 830 Incident to Arrest, in a Vehicle 832 With Probable Cause, in a Vehicle 833
When One Person in a Vehicle is Subject
to a Fourth Waiver 834
With Defendant’s Admission as to the Contents 834 Abandoned Property 835
During a Fourth waiver search of a Residence 837
Special Needs Searches 837
Other “Expectation of Privacy” Issues 838 With Consent of a Third Person having Common Authority 838 The “Single Purpose Container” Theory 839 Containers Searched by Non-Law Enforcement 840
Exterior of a Container 843 Customs Inspections 843 “Manipulating,” “Squeezing” or “Poofing” Containers: 844 At an Airport 844 At a Bus Station 844 During a Detention and Pat Down 844 Detention of a Container 845
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Searches of Cellphones, Disks, Computers and Other High Tech Containers: 848 Issue 848 Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement 849 Standing: 851 Case Law 851 Search of Unauthorized Cellphone Recovered at CDCR 856 The California Electronic Communications Privacy Act:
P.C. §§ 1546-1546.4 856 P.C. § 1546.1: Compelling Production of
Electronic Communication information: 856 Subd. (a): Prohibitions 856 Subd. (b): Exceptions: Warrant, Court Order, or Subpoena 857 Subd. (c): Exceptions: Access to Device With Warrant, Court Order,
Subpoena, “Specific Consent,” Emergency, Device Lost, Stolen or Abandoned, or When Seized From An Inmate 857
P.C. § 1546: Relevant Definitions: 858
Subd. (a): Adverse Result 858 Subd. (b): Authorized Possessor 858 Subd. (c): Electronic Communication 858 Subd. (d): Electronic Communication
Information 859
Subd. (e): Electronic Communication Service 859
Subd. (f): Electronic Device 859
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Subd. (g): Electronic Device Information 859 Subd. (h): Electronic Information 859 Subd. (i): Government Entity 859 Subd. (j): Service Provider 859 Subd. (k): Specific Consent 859 Subd. (l): Subscriber Information 860
P.C. § 1546.2: Procedures for Obtaining a Warrant as a Follow-up to an Emergency Situation 860
P.C. § 1546.4: Suppression Procedures and Other Remedies 860
Gov’t. Code § 53166(b): Mandated Security Procedures for Cellular Communications Interception Technology: 860 Subd. (a): Relevant Definitions: 861
(1) Cellular Communications Interception Technology 861
(2) Local Agency 862
Subd. (c): Prohibitions on Acquiring Cellular Communications Interception Technology 862
Subd. (d): Civil Remedies for Violation 862
Chapter 14: Border Searches: 863 General Rule 863 8 U.S.C. § 1357(a): Statutory Arrest and Search Authority 863
31 U.S.C. § 5317: Interdiction Authority 865 Routine vs. Non-Routine Searches: 867
Routine Searches 867
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Non-Routine Searches 868 Destructiveness of the Search 869
Reasonableness of the Search 870 The Functional Equivalent of a Border 871
The “Extended Border Search Doctrine” 871 Immigration Checkpoints Away from the Border 873 Roving Patrols 874
Search of a Residence 876 The San Ysidro Port of Entry 876 Chapter 15: Fourth Waiver Searches: 877 “Prior Consents:” Search & Seizure (“Fourth Waiver”)
Conditions: 877 General Rule 877
Parole v. Probation: Consent 878 Parole: 878
Statutory Authorization 878 P.C. § 3067(c) vs. Cal. Code of Regs,
Title 15, § 2511 879
Officer’s Prior Knowledge 879 Post-Release Community Supervision Act of 2011: 880
Supervision by County Probation 880 P.C. § 3453: Postrelease Community Supervision Conditions 880
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Probation: 881
General Principles 881 Statutory Authorization 882 Validity of a Fourth Waiver Condition 882 The Language of the Specific
Fourth Waiver Condition 884
Juveniles: 885
General Rules 885 Statutory Authority: 886
W&I § 727: Reasonable Orders 886 W&I § 730(b): Reasonable
Conditions of Probation 886
W&I §§ 790 et seq: Mandated Waiver Condition in Post-
Plea Diversion Programs 887
Juveniles and Electronic Device and/or Social Media Probation Conditions 887
Parole vs. Probation 891 A “Special Needs” Search 891
Pre-Trial 893
Warrantless Blood-Draws of a DUI Suspect 893 Constitutionality 894 Expectation of Privacy 894
Standard of Proof Required: 894 Probation 894 Parole 896
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Limitation: Searches Conducted for Purposes of Harassment 896
Who May Conduct a Fourth Waiver Search? 898 California Rule 898
Federal Rule 898
Need to Seek Permission: 898
Probation 898
Parole 899 Searching While In Ignorance of a Search Condition: 899
Issue 899 Earlier Case Law 900 Present State of the Rule 900 Exceptions 904
Arresting and Searching While in Ignorance of an Existing Warrant of Arrest 905 Parole Hearings 905
Probation Hearings 906
Entering a Residence; Probable Cause or Reasonable Suspicion 906 Searching a Container; Probable Cause or Reasonable Suspicion 907
Duration of a Fourth Wavier 907
Good Faith Belief in the Existence of a Search Condition 908
Rights of Third Parties: 908
Common Areas 908
Private Areas 911
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When it is Unknown Who Owns the Property About to be Searched 913
Detention of Third Persons 915
In a Vehicle 915
Knock and Notice 916
Detentions, Patdowns and Arrests: 917
Detentions 917 Patdowns 917 Arrests 918 Out-of-State Probationer or Parolee 918 AIDS and HIV 918 Chapter 16: Consent Searches: 919 Rule 919
Why Do People Consent? 919 Limitation; Free and Voluntary Requirement : 919 Burden of Proof 919 Factors 920 Circumstances Affecting Voluntariness: 920
Under Arrest 920
Use of Firearms 921
Threatening to Obtain a Warrant 921 Threatening to Use a Drug-Sniffing Dog 922
Threatening the Suspension of One’s Driver’s License and Other Consequences for Refusing a Blood Test after a DUI Arrest 922
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Implying Guilt 923 Using a Ruse 923
Threats to Take Away One’s Children 923 Other Inducements 924 Combination of Factors 925
During a Consensual Encounter 925 Manner of Inquiry: 925
Reasonable Person Test 925 Product of a Constitutional Violation: 926
Illegal Entry, Detention, or Arrest 926 Illegal Search 928 Illegal Interrogation 928 Sixth Amendment Violation 929
Consent During a Prolonged Detention: 929
General Rule 929 Lawfully Prolonged Detentions 929 After Detention Ends 930
The Scope of the Consent: 932
Burden of Proof 932 Test 932
Cases 932
Multiple Searches Based Upon a Single Consent 935
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Implied Consent to Provide Blood Sample as a Condition of the Privilege to Drive; V.C. § 23612(a)(1)) 936
Express vs. Implied Consent: 937
Express Consent 937 Implied Consent 938 Examples 938 The Totality of the Circumstances 939
Issues: 939 Withdrawal of Consent 939 Limiting the Consent 940 Use of a Drug-Sniffing Dog 940 Placing Conditions on the Consent 941 Use of a Ruse or Deception 941
Suspect Under Arrest Giving Consent 941 Consent to Search a Residence with No Suspicion 941
Other Elements of a Consent Search: 942
The Right to Refuse 942 Miranda 942 Written Consent 943 Answering the Telephone 943 Consent by Others: 944 General Rule: 944
Actual Authority 944
© 2016 Robert C. Phillips. All rights reserved.
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Apparent Authority 944 Examples: 946 Landlord 946 Parent 948 Child 949 Co-Occupant (Roommates or Husband and Wife) 950
Evidence of a Defendant’s Refusal to Consent to a Warrantless Search 955
Sanctions for Violations 955