the franklin institute power input. following this, rf ... 3.3 output indicator and power supply...

F Fnai Report F-B1SOS

C

(Evaluation* of MARK 1 MOD 0 Squih and

L MARK 2 MOD 0 Ignition Element)

by

C/) Paul F. MohrbachC-5 Robert F. Wood

Norman P. Faunce

16ftftJanuary 23, 1961 to August 15, 1962

C%4mE.~ Prepared for

U.S. NAVAL WEAPONS LABORATORYITDahigren, Virginia

Code WHR

Contract No. N178-8730

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTELABORATORIES FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

P HI L A D E L PHI A P E NNS YL VA N IA

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE Lborw for Raumh &a Dmsu wW

Final Report F-B1805

PRECISION RF SENSITIVITY STUDIES

(Evaluations of MARK 1 MOD 0 Squib and MARK 2 MOD 0 Ignition Element)

by

Paul F. MohrbachRobert F. WoodNorman P. Faunce

January 23, 1961 to August 15, 1962

Prepared for

U.S. NAVAL WEAPONS LABORATORYDahlgren, Virginia

-Code WHR

* , Contract No. N178-8730

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE • Lbonumin for Rmami aM Dewlog4 t

F-B1805

ABSTRACT

Developments leading to the establishment of precision RF firingevaluation techniques are set forth in this final summary report. TheRF sensitivity of the MARK 1 MOD 0 squib and MARK 2 MOD 0 ignition elementhas been determined by these newly developed precision firing techniques.,Data from 5 to 1000 Mc CW are obtained, differing little from the dcpower sensitivity determined from 10-second constant current pulse data.

Many developments preceded the actual tests. Studies of systemlosses indicated that special matching devices would be desirable, forlimiting to reasonable values the power lost in the RF plumbing. As aconsequence, a novel shorted stub was developed for use at the higherfrequencies. Low-loss lumped-parameter tuning networks were fabricatedfor the lower frequencies. Toward this same end, the design andconstruction of the fixture for mounting the initiator under test wasgiven special attent n.

Results with 'recision never before duplicated were obtainedby use of a special cali'ation procedure that was developed. A photo-conductive cell is focused onto the exposed bridgewire of the deviceto be tested and its response is calibrated against a steady-state dcpower input. Following this, RF is fed to the same device and the ratioof the RF to dc level for the same bridgewire illumination is taken asthe system calibration factor. In so doing, all losses between the pointat which we measure input RF power and the bridge element are lumped.Because of this it is important first to evaluate the losses in the plugor base of the initiator, and, then with this to correct the systemcalibration factor. For the two itenms evaluated no detectable base losswas evident up to 1000 Mc.

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TAKlE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . i

1. INTRODUCTION . 1

2. INVESTIGATIONS OF FIRING SYSTEM LOSSES . . . . . . . . . 2

2.1 Losses Determined by Use of Thermocouple Loads . 32.*2 Infrared Detector Above a Bridgewire for Loss

Determination .. .. .. .... ..... . ...... 62.3 Photo-Conductive Cell for Loss Determination . . . 72.4 Evaluations of Losses Attributable to the Squib or

Ignition Element .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

3. FIRING SYS=D AND INSTIIJNENTAT ION DEVELOPKM T. .. ..... 10

3.1 Matching Systems. .. .. .... ..... . ... 11

3.1.1 A Novel Adjustable Shorted Stub .. .. . .11

3.1.2 An Expedient Shorted Stub Adjustable Line1;Matching System. .. .. .. .... ...... 123.1.3 Low Frequency Matching Systems. .. .. ..... 15

3.3 Output Indicator and Power Supply for*Clairex 1

3.4 Calorimeter owr Reference'Souc.........2

4. DETERMINATION OF SYSTEM LOSS FACTOR; SYSTEM CALIBRATION 27

5. IRF SENSITIVITY TESTS OF MARiK1MODO0SQUIB AND MARK 2MODO0IGNITION EMT . .. .. .... . ..... ..... 30

6. CONCLUSICNSAND REC E NDATIONS. .. .. .... ...... 33ACN4EGMNS. .. .. ..... . .... ........ 36APPENDIX A - Systems Calibration Data .. .. ........ A

APPENDIX B - Bruceton Data and Analysis Forms. .. ..... BIAPPENDIX C - Denver Research Institute Simlaktor Tests. C

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LIST OF FIGURES

2-1 Percent of. Incident Power into Thermocouple VersusHeater Resistance (load) .... .......... 5

2-2 Comparison of Standard and "Loseless" MARK 2 MOD0 Ignition Element. . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3-1 Adjustable Shorted Stub - Disassembled. . . . . 13

3-2 Close-up of Collets for Adjustable Short. . . . 13

3-3 Matching System Employing the Shorted Stub andSection of Adjustable Air Line .... ......... 14I3-4 Theoretical Circuit for Matching MARK 2 IgnitionElement at Low Frequencies ........ ... 15

3-5 A Typical Lumped Element Matching Network . . 17

3-6 Cross Section of MARK 2 MOD 0 Firing Mount.. 19

3-7 Firing Mount and Photocell Housing .......... 193-8 Adapter Parts for Accommodating MARK 1 MOD 0

Squib ....... .. ..................... 203-9 Firing Mount and Photocell Housing (Adapted for

MARK 1 MOD 0 Squib) .............. ... 20

3-10 Clairex Cell Output Indicator and Power Supply. 21

3-11 Schematic Diagram - Clairex Cell Output Indicatorand Power Supply ...... ................ 22

3-12 Simplified Circuit of HP Model 434A CalorimetricPower Meter ............ . . . . 24

3-13 Diagram of Calorimeter Calibrator Circuit . . . 26

3-14 Change in Load Power for Change in LoadResistance. .... ................. . . . 27

4-1 Basic Arrangement for Firing System Calibration 28

LIST OF TABLES

4-1 System Loss Factors ................ .... 29

5-1 RF Sensitivity of MARK 1 MOD 0 Squib and MARK2 MOD 0 Ignition Element ..... .......... 31

iii

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1. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this program was to determine the RF sensitivity

over a wide range of frequencies of the MARK 1 Squib and the NARK 2 MOD 0Ignition Element with an error of less than 5%. The plan required thedevelopment and careful calibration of suitable systems of instrumentation.

The test procedure was to use the Bruceton routine wherein power is thevariable and each initiator is tested at one of several predetermined

power levels; the particular level for each being one step higher orlower depending upon whether the preceding result was a non-fire or fire

respectively. By following this procedure, testing randomly sampled

groups of 40-100 initiators at each of several frequencies we can derive

a curve of 37 power versus frequency.

In the early days of the program, exhaustive tests were performed

to evaluate losses in various matching devices, over a frequency range of250 to 500 megacycles: Experimental tests were supplemented with

theoretical studies of impedance matching, which led to the conclusion

that large system losses are inevitable when matching into loads having

a smll resistive component or large reactive components. Acknowledgingthat system losses of 50 per cent or more were unavoidable, we proceeded to

assemble and test practical systems for firing the two items being studied.

Calibrated RF thermocouples were used in the first attemptsto evaluate system losses. These thermocouples were useful for comparing

the relative losses of different matching systems. It was soon realized,

however, that a better way to determine absolute system loss would involve

determination of the RF power actually reaching the bridgewire of the

ignition element or squib under test. This was done by means of photo-

conductive cells mounted above the bridgewire of an inert device.

---

THE "A MU INS7ITUTE . wm for Rmw m Dwa

F-B185

The system lose evaluation technique above has one inherentsource of error, in that the losses in the base of the ignitionl element

are included in the lose factor obtained. Base losses, if present,

should not be included in the loss factor.

Several experiments were made to determine the loss in the

base of the MAR 2 MOD 0 ignition element at 250 megacycles. Nonumerical values were obtained since the losses were too small to measure.For frequencies below 1000 Mc, therefore, it is sufficiently accurateto ignore the base loss. A Bruceton test is conducted and a figure forsystem input power for 50% functioning obtained. Multiplication of the

system input power by the system efficiency factor gives a calculatedvalue for the power at the bridgewire. The value for calculated powerto the bridgewire should remain essentially the same for all frequencies

provided no factor other than bridgewire temperature causes initiation.

A valuable consequence of these studies was the evidence ac-

cumulated to show that stock radio frequency components (shorted stubsin particular) were not ideally suited to precision firing systems. This

discovery resulted in extensive development of components, not originallycontemplated in the scope of this project.

2. INVESTIGATIONS OF FIRING SYSTEK LOSSES

The accuracy of EED RF functioning sensitivity evaluation

depends upon the degree to which it is possible to resolve the powerdelivered to the items being tested. Firing systems which feed knownamounts of power into a matched termination will yield accurate resultsonly if the hardware between the load (EED) and the point at which the

power is introduced can be considered lossless. As these elementsbecome lossy - that is, as their dissipation of power becomes sig-

nificant in relation to the power dissipated by the load - the accuracyof resulting data is correspondingly reduced. However, if the amount of

-2-

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F-B1805

power lost in these parts can be determined with certainty equal to that

associated with the measurement of input power, we can deduce the powerdelivered to the EED with comparable accuracy.

A two-prong program was initiated early in the study to selectthe most effective matching system and to specify its loss with reasonableaccuracy. Since the loss would probably be related to the magnitude ofthe terminating impedance, we planned tests using UHF vacuum thermocouples

of varying resistance as loads to investigate low frequency losses. Fortests at higher frequency, above the limit for the thermocouples, weemployed thermal radiation detectors whose response was calibrated to

be proportional to the power dissipated in the bridgewire of the ED tobe evaluated.

2.1 Losses Determined by Use of Thermocouple Loads

Lose measurements on impedance matching devices were initially

restricted to the frequency range of 250 to 500 megacycles. The results

were to serve as a guide for an intelligent approach to the more difficultrange extending up to 1000 Mc, and beyond.

Stub stretchers, double stub tuners and triple stub tuners aremade up from various combinations of adjustable stubs and line sections,

and are almost universally employed for impedance matching at frequenciesabove 200 megacycles. A line stretcher, which is an adjustable length

of coaxial line, is ordinarily inserted as a series component. An

adjustable stub is a variable length of coaxial line which is shortedat one end and must of necessity be employed as a shunt. Open circuitstubs are seldom used because of radiation problems at the open end.These devices utilize the principle of combining series and shunt coaxialimpedance elements to produce a match between the load and source impedance.

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE . LAbwd for Rmawch & DaWoomm

F-BIS05

An experiment was designed to determine the relative losses

of several types of coaxial matching devices. A double stub tuner,

a stub stretcher and an assortment of line stretchers and shorted stubs

were available for tests. Six coaxially mounted UHF vacuum thermocouples

were employed as load terminations. The nominal values of dc heater

resistance for these thermocouples are 50, 9, 2, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2 ohms.

An additional experiment was designed to determine the amount

of power delivered to each of the thermocouples without matching. Data

from this experiment were used to calculate an unmatched voltage

standing wave ratio (VSWR) for each thermocouple. The aim was to

determine the correlation between the unmatched VSWR and the powerdelivered to the thermocouples when matched.

Details of this evaluation may be found in report Q-B1805-2.

Figure 2-1 is included here to show the nature of the results. Of the

several matching systems examined, the stub stretcher showed the least

loss in these tests. The figure suggests that we may expect about 35%

system losses for loads comparable to the MARK 1 MOD 0 (1.0 ohm) and

70 to 80% for the MARK 2 MOD 0 (0.1 ohm), in the 300 to 500 Mc frequency

range.

The dotted curves included in Figure 2-1 indicate the nature

of losses that would result if we failed to match these loads. From

these data we determined an estimate of VSWR which was to be compared

to that value computed on the basis of impedance measurements. However,

when the impedance measurements were made it became apparent that the

thermocouples' impedances at these higher frequencies were in no way

similar to the impedances expected of the EED terminations. Accordingly

it was presumed that the system loss data acquired in this manner could

not be relied upon to give the needed accuracy. Emphasis was therefore

shifted to examination of photodetector techniques.

-4-

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE *Lubouries for Ruwwh and DemLoPnmn

{ F-B1803

110

loo

x 0

WITH STUS STETHE

o /o

~20

ALOAD NOT MATCH4ED/ (STUB STRETCHER

REMOVED)I0.1 3 3 4 aSS?Sol it 3 4 5S6?SS* a 4THERMOCOUPLE HEATER RESISTANCE (ohm)

m~ z-. PERCENTr or RI/CNT POwER iNT THEROCOUPLE VERSS

HEATER ARSISTANCE (LOAN)

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE - LAbmuWYW for Ramh and Dw

F-Br.805

2.2 Infrared Detector Above a Bridgewire for Loss Determination

It appeared reasonable that an infrared detector mounted above

and close to a heated bridgewire should have a response related to heat

energy from the wire. It should make no difference whether the wire is

energized by dc or RF power, if the wire has a small diameter and a

length which is short compared with the wavelength of the applied RF

energy. These assumptions were experimentally validated before this

technique was accepted for use.

We know from the experience gained with thermocouple loads

that matching losses could be made negligible at 250 megacycles for a

load of approximately 50 ohms. On the other hand, we had been unable

to prevent excessive losses when matching a 0.2-ohm load. Therefore,

we could be reasonably certain that the method was sound if the detector

above a 50-ohm wire provided equal indications for equal powers of dc

and RF excitation.

The instrumentation was designed around a pair of Kodak Ektron

infrared detectors, type N-1, mounted on a common heat sink to provide

temperature compensation. One cell is exposed directly to a radiating

source while the other is shielded.

The photo-conductive cells were connected as opposing arms of

an ac resistance bridge with a l000-cps excitation voltage. Relative

output of the infrared detector is indicated by balancing the bridge

and reading a calibrated dial.

The infrared detector mount provides a means for placing the

cell in the best position relative to the bridgewire. One end of the

device under test is installed in an adapter fitting for RF input. The

other end, with the bridgewire exposed, is put into an opening in the

detector mount.

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F-B1805

As was previously mentioned, this measuring technique would

be valid if equal amount of RF and dc power in a 50-ohm bridgewire would

give equal output from the detector. A value of exactly 50-ohms could

not be obtained; instead, a wire measuring 79 + J 16.5 ohms at 250 Mc was

employed.

Several tests with the 79-ohm wire indicated an efficiency of95 per cent at 250 megacycles. This efficiency was derived from the

ratio of the dc power to the RF power required for unity output of the

detector. Since some loss was expected when matching 79-ohms instead

of 50-ohms, the figure of 95 per cent efficiency was considered to

indicate a confirmation of the infrared method.

Additional tests were made with bridgewires having dc resistances

of 0.28 and 0.40 ohms. The efficiency, using a stub stretcher, varied

between 60 and 65 per cent. These tests were conducted with RF power

of 300 milliwatts.

The system used in these preliminary experiments of photo-

conductor techniques was not ideally adaptable to RF firing system

requirements. However, indications were that the technique was feasible.

While considering the needs for modifying the IR system to this new use

it was decided to investigate other photoconductors such as the Clairex

photoconductive cell. This cell was found to be more suited to the task

of systems loss evaluation than were the cells tried first.

2.3 A Photo-Conductive Cell For Loss Determination

From a number of photoconductors a Clairex Type 404 photo-

conductive cell whose spectral response peaks at 6900 angstroms, and is

down 30 per cent at 6300 and 9000 angstroms, was selected. The cell wasmounted in a light-tight aluminum cover, which was designed to be easilyslipped on and off the firing mount.

-7

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE Laboraw for Ruserd ad D'1m W

I F-BI805

We planned to operate the heated brigewire at a temperature

just below the visible glow point. Because of the high output obtained

from the cell at this temperature, an ordinary ohneter, such as a

Triplett Model 630 multimeter, was adequate for initial output indication.

The resistance of this Clairex cell decreases from more than 20 megohms

when dark down to about 500 kilohms for the bridgewire temperatures

involved in our tests.

We exposed the detector above a 50-ohm heater in a matched RF

system to prove again that the method was valid. A length of high

resistance wire was installed on a MARK 2 ignition element plug assembly

(not on the 50-ohm line as was done in the previous experiment) in place

of the low resistance bridgewire. The effective series RF impedance of

this wire was 31-J 10.5 ohms at 250 megacycles.

The ignition element, with the 31-ohm bridgewire, was installed

in the firing mount and matched with a stub stretcher at 250 megacycles.

The ratio of the dc power to the RF power required for equivalent output

of the photo-detector was 96.5 per cent. This was assumed to be near

enough to 100 per cent to prove the technique was valid. We should expect

a loss of at least 3.5 per cent with a load of 31-J 10.5 ohms.

This Clairex photo-cell and housing was used for all of the

system calibrations performed in this study.

2.4 Evaluations of Losses Attributable

to the Squib or Ignition Element

The calibration procedure to be described in the following

section assumes that the items to be tested have no, inherent loss at

the test frequencies. The total power entering the base of the items

is, therefore, propagated to the bridgewire.

-8

-I

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F-BIB05

This assumption appeared to be valid since attempts to determine

the loss associated with both the MARK 1 squib plug or the MARK 2 ignition

element base gave indication of small power loss.

Attenuation measurements through the base of the MARK 1 MOD 0

squib were made at 250, 500 and 1000 megacycles and values between zero

and 0.2 db were obtained. In some cases the 0.2 db value was for 250

megacycles, and the zero db figure was at 1000 megacycles. This indicatesthat the attenuation is too low to be determined by the measuring

equipment.

Similar results were obtained for MARK 2 MOD 0 ignition elements.These were measured at 500 and 1000 megacycles only. No values higher

than 0.1 db were recorded for the attenuation through the base of the

ignition element.

In section 2.3, an efficiency of 96.5% at 250 megacycles was

cited for an element with a 31-ohm bridgewire; this indicates that

attenuation through the plug cannot be very great at that frequency.However, we wished to be certain-that-tbe greater part of the 3.5% powvr.

loss was not expended in the plug.

Reference to Figure 2-2 (a) will give some idea of the complexityof the various thin sections of dielectric materials in the base of the

MARK 2 ignition element. A simulated element was constructed to have

the same outside physical dimensions and bridgewire resistance as a

standard MARK 2. Its losses were expected to be less than those ,of the

standard because of the use of a polystyrene insulator in place of the

thin nylon insulators and the mica washer. The dimensions were such

that the characteristic impedance of the base is 50-ohms up to the point

of bridgewire attachment. A drawing of this simulant is given in

Figure 2-2 (b).

i _9

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F-B1805

(NYLON INSULATOR OUTER ELECTRODE

MICRE

SOLDER *OLDR

ELECTRIJBRASS

MICA NYLON INSULATORINSULATOR

(a) Sltadard Mark 2 Mot 0 Element with ExploSivU (b) "Loseleg" Simulato MarkZ ModO EIrlmntM Part of OutW Cas. Rem.

FIG 2-2. COMPARSON of STANDARD AND "LDSSLESS" MARK! M2 0 16NI "V ELEMENT

The purpose of the unit was to serve as a reference for

comparison with a group of standard MARK 2 ignition elements. Losses

exhibited by the standard item could then be attributed to the base.

At 250 Mc there was no significant difference between the two systems.

3. FIRING SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENTS

Results of our investigation into system losses led to

consideration of means for their reduction, if not their total

elimination. Accordingly a number of development efforts were initiated.

Though we had performed firing tests prior to the inception

of this program, using stock RF components, we did so without the full

realization of the magnitude of the losses thereby introduced. We had

suspected that our systems were far from ideal, but not so far as the

evidence accumulated in this program indicated to us. To effect an

improvement, we designed a special adjustable shorted stub, and took

every precaution to keep the length as short as possible, so that losses

would be minimized.

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F-BI05

Similarly we took especial care in designing mounts, to

eliminate probable causes for loss. Selection and calibration of

instrumentation, likewise, was made with an awareness of the rigorous

demands of this totally new concept of precision firing. As a consequence,

valuable knowledge was acquired, but more importantly, reliable systems

became available and were used to perform RF firing evaluations with

precision not previously obtainable.

3.1 Matching Systems

Our initial system loss evaluations (see Section 2) indicated

that commercially available matching sections were responsible for unduly

high system losses. Their chief drawback may be attributed to one or

both of two shortcomings in design: (1) The use of sliding contacts

which either become dirty or lose their tension and thus give "high

resistance" contact, or (2) because of the need for spring or finger

contacts, the minimum stub length is unreasonably long. To offset these

effects, we designed a unique shorted stub,which was the outgrowth of an

arrangement assembled to fire one test at 250 Mc.

For the lower frequencies stub tuners become unwieldy, and it

is necessary to resort to lumped parameter networks to perform the

matching task.

3.1.1 A Novel Adjustable Shorted Stub

The novelty of our shorted stub lies first in the fact that

it may be adjusted from 60 cm down to a length approaching zero and

second in the unusual arrangement of collets which provide the actual

short circuiting condvctance across the line. A third feature is the

provision of an external knob which allows the collets to be positively

locked in any desired position. A micrometer adjustment for fine

positioning is also included.

For our purpose they are shortcomings; for their ordinary intendeduse, the consequences may be not serious, and this may be an~unjustaccusation. - 11

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F-B1805

Figure 3-1 is a view of the adjustable shorted stub, partially

disassembled to expose some of the inner constructional details. It

consists basically of a 70-cm length of coaxial air line (outer and inner

conductor) and an assembly containing the shorting slug which is inserted

within the coaxial line. The 70-cm line is so constructed that it may

be attached to the Junction port of a coaxial tee fitting in such a way

as to form a smooth continuation of the outer and inner conductors of

the tee.

The shorting slug consists of two concentric silver platedcollets. The outer collet has an internal taper which is a mating fit

with the external taper of the inner collet. When the inner collet is

drawn up into and flush with the outer collet, the locking action forces

the contacting fingers against both the inner and outer conductor. The

intimate contact between the tapered surfaces of the collets combines

with finger-spreading collet action to create a plane of high conductance

across the line at the Junction of the coaxial tee. Figure 3-2 is a

close-up view of the collets in the condition just described.

Figure 3-3 is a view of the completely assembled shorted stub

with a section of adjustable air line attached for matching the MARK 1MOD 0 squib at 250 megacycles. A longer adjustable line is shown just

below the main assembly, and a short adjustable line at the bottom of

the figure. These components can be interchanged as required.

3.1.2 An Expedient Shorted-Stub Adjustable Line Matching System

One attempt to solve an immediate matching problem was to

assemble an adjustable line and a type "N" tee Junction with a shorting

cap screwed on one of the ports. This formed.a simple stub stretcher

with a fixed stub and an adjustable line. A trial showed that this"tuner" could almost match a MARK 2 ignition element inserted in the

firing mount. A slight modification, to bring the shorting cap a

little closer to the line Junction, produced a match with a ratio of

incident to reflected power of better than 200 to 1.

1 -12

( ~ ~~THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE *LAbosmdu for Rmmch cad DmiissomKB1

rfi .5-/. AWISTAE SAVRWE SliD -UMASEMED

-13.

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0 g1 a a 4 £ 0 0 1 0 I itM

M* 3-3. AMM'd SYFnW fMWPY ME 5AN?7t 57 AND#CTIG' OF AON*4ft AOF LA

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Tests with a number of ignition elements suggested that a

fixed shorted stub and an adjustable line stretcher would produce an

acceptable match for any of the MARK 2 ignition elements at 250 megacycles.

Furthermore, the system appeared to be exceptionally stable compared

with previous systems. Consequently this arrangement was used to fire

the 250 Mc test of the MARK 2 MOD 0 ignition elements while the adjustable

stub was being developed.

3.1.3 Low Frequency Matching Systems

At frequencies df 5 and 30 megacycles, impedance measurements

show that we may assume that the real part of the impedance of the MARK 2

ignition element corresponds to the dc resistance of the bridgewire. The

bridgewire, normally 0.1 ohms when cold, is about 0.14 ohms when heated

to a dull red.

Figure 3-4 is a theoretical circuit for matching a MARK 2 ignition

element to a 50-ohm line. The values of reactance required for matching

were obtained by substitution in equations (3-1) and (3-2)

TRANSMISSION LINE JRZo= 50n

I R. +jojX,2.65n (0.14 n)

tF 3-4. TrVORE7ICAL CIRUr FOR MAN/wo MARKS lNITov ELEAMET AT LOW F$

2 . o a a (3-1)

X2 Z (3-2)-'2

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F-B1805

These equations yield almost equal values of 2.65 and 2.64 ohms fork and X . At 5 megacycles, a capacitor of 0.012 microfarads and an

inductor of 0.082 microhenries are required for the calculated reactancesof 2.65 ohms. At 30 megacycles, the component values are 0.002

microfarads and 0.0136 microhenries.

The equations from which we calculated X and X assume thatthe load has no reactance. The load in Figure 2-2 is therefore denotedas R + Jo which in the case of the MARK 2 element is approximately 0.14ohms. The net reactance of the load will modify the calculated value ofX2 , however, this will not be considered here since the exact value of

X2 will be obtained empirically in actual practice.

Similar calculations were made to determine the theoreticalvalues of components required for matching the MARK 1 MOD 0 squib at 5and 30 megacycles. The nominal dc resistance of the squib bridgewire

is 1 ohm (cold) and about 1.4 ohms when heated to a dull red. The cal-culated values for Xl and X2 are 8.49 and 8.24 ohms respectively. At5 megacycles, these reactances may be obtained with a capacitor of0.00375 microfarads and an inductor of 0.262 microhenries. At 30

megacycles, these values become 0.000625 microfarads and 0.0436 microhenries.

The matching networks used in the firing of the squib and

ignition elements were simple combinations of inductive and capacitive

elements mounted in an aluminum boc as shown in Figure 3-5. Here canbe seen a variable 1000-picofarad tuning capacitor, a fixed shunt

capacitor, and a series tuning inductor. The fixed capacitor and the

series inductor are removable so that other values may be substitutedaccording to the frequency and the impedance of the item under test.

It would ordinarily be assumed that both the series inductor

and the shunt capacitor would have to be variable in order to allow forthe normal variation in resistance and reactance of the EED being tested.However, it was found that the MAK 1 MOD 0 squibs and the MARK 2 MOD 0

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m.3-5. A rYPCAL LUWPED Lw.EMENr AA7 wMU PETwoRK

ignition elements were so uniform in their electrical characteristics

that a fixed inductance and capacitance in combination with a single

variable capacitor was enough to produce an acceptable match for any

individual in a group under test.

3.2 Firing Mounts

The mount which adapts the EED to the RF line is not the

least important part of the system. Mount designs must insure repeatability

of mounting EED's so that no variation in results can be attributed to

deficiendes at this point. Reliable contact between leads and line

conductors must also be assured. It is for this latter reason as well

as to make provision for insertion of a voltage probe, that a redesign

of the mount initially constructed for this test schedule was required.

- 17 -

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE • Ok for Ruww& aid Dm Au

F-B1805

Figure 3-6 shows a cross section of the mount finally used to

perform the tests reported herein. Unique features of this mount include

a collet arrangement to insure a positive electrical contact between

the outer case of the ignition element and the body of the mount. Figure

3-7 shows this feature more clearly. The MARK 2 ignition element with

the bridgewire exposed can be seen held by the collet.

A voltage probe can be inserted to make contact with the center

conductor, at a point close to the base of the element. The probe is

removable, and a plug closes the opening during actual firing. The probe

was used for trials to measure power at the input to the EED, by a voltage-

impedance method.

A series of adaptor parts permit this mount to accept the MARK

1 MOD 0 squib. These are shown in Figure 3-8. The leads of the squib

must be cut to exact length end shaped before installation in the mount.

This is done with a special holding and stripping device, not shown. A

cut and dressed squib is in the foreground of the picture, which also

shows another squib mounted in the center conductor. A socket-head screw

is turned to fasten one of the leads in the center conductor. A slot

is provided in the collet to force the ground lead against the bottom

edge of the outer case of the squib. The collet-closer brings the collet

into intimate contact with the bottom circumference of the squib case.

The screw that tightens the center conductor is reached by a special

wrench inserted through a hole in the main body of the mount. The

complete assembly with squib in place is shown in Figure 3-9.

3.3 Output Indicator And Power Supply for Clairex Cell

A Triplett multimeter, Model 630, may be used for indication

of the resistance of the Clairex 404 photocell. When set on the O

ohms scale, this meter indicates 500,000 ohms mid-scale. With the

Clairex cell about 1/16-inch above a squib or ignition element bridgewire

~- 18 -

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE *Laborawkis for Research and Dewdopmen

F-B1805

*BODY BRASS VOLTAGE PROSE

A STANDARDGENERAL RADIO -POLYSTYRENECONNECTOR Is INSULATO

INSTALLED HERE / / /

c OUTPUTLEADS

CCLATRE PHOTO-CONDCTORCONDUCTIVE CELL

POLYSYRENELIGHT TIGHT HOUSINGSUPPORT (REMOVABLE)

MARK 2 MOD 0IGNITION ELEMENT

(EXPLOSIVE REMOVED)

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THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE *Laborutaries for Reseand and D"LOM~'d

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THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE • Lboames for Reeach and Demlopment

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F/a3-/. C AREx caL ourpur INID/CArOR AND POWER SUPPL

this would correspond to a dull red glow of the bridgewire. Anticipating

the need for greater sensitivity, we developed an improved meter system.

Initial firings indicated that the 50% fire level could be

considerably below a dull red glow of the bridgewire. To facilitate tests

at these lower power levels, we designed a combined photocell power supply

and output indicator, specifically for use with the Clairex cell. Figure

3-10 is a view of this instrument. A photocell in a housing attached to

the firing mount can be seen connected to the instrument by a shielded

cable. A seven-inch 50-microampere meter is used as an indicator.

Although the instrument functions as a high resistance 6hmmeter, there

is no necessity for calibrating the scale in ohms. The original

calibration of the scale combined with observation of the range dial

setting (1 to 10) is all that we need. Description of the electronic

circuit follows.

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THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE *Libuwwu for Raw& ad Djwmm

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When the multimeter is used and set to the X10.0 ohm resistance

scale, a 30 volt battery, an indicating mter, and a series resistor to

limit current to 60 microamperes constitute the essential elements of

the circuit. Such a circuit can be made to measure higher values of

unknown resistance if the battery voltage is increased to say, 90 volts,

and the series resistance increased accordingly.

The instrument we designed to replace the multimeter is

essentially a regulated power supply and an ohmmeter circuit.* Details

of the circuit are shown in the schematic diagram Figure 3-11. The

regulated power supply is a conventional supply' with an 0B2 gas-tube

voltage regulator. The output across this tube is approximately 107 volts.

Ris a seri~es rheostat, which is adjusted to give a voltage drop of

exactly 100 volts across the precision voltage divider Rto R,

-22 -

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE • Labmw for Rommdi d Dms mft

F-B S05

The voltage divider, consisting of ten precision wirewound

resistors of 500 ohms each, draws a constant 20 milliampere current from

the 100 volt supply. Voltages from 10 to 100 volts, in steps of 10 volts,

are selected by the range switch S2. Series resistors R,4 to R23 are so

chosen as to cause the "calibration" current to be 50 microamperes at

each range. When the switch S is thrown to "Calibration Check" position,3the Clairex cell is shorted out and the meter will read 50 microamperes

+ 1% on all ranges. The first range position, S set to R3, is considered

to be the reference position. R3 is adjusted so that the meter reads

exactly 50 microamperes or full scale when S3 is on CAL. check and the

range switch is on range 1. All other ranges will then be automatically

adjusted to within 1%, which is the tolerance of the resistors used.

The value of 20 milliamperes for the current through the voltage

divider was chosen to provide a maximum loading effect of 0.4% when the

meter is indicating over the range of zero to 50 microamperes.

Voltage ranges of 10 to 100 volts in steps of 10 were chosen

in place of normal scales 1X, lOX, lOOX, etc., because steps of 10 volts

are more practical for our special application. When-used on the highest

range, the meter is capable of indicating bridgewiie heat aout 40% below

a dull red glow. The meter will then indicate at about mid-scale or 25

microamperes. This unit is a considerable improvement over an ordinary

multimeter for indication of photocell resistance.

3.4 Calorimetric Power Reference Source

A Hewlett-Packard Model 434A calorimetric power meter was

obtained as an RF reference standard for this program. This meter was

selected for several reasons. First, it has several ranges, from 10

w full scale to 10 watts full scale. The power levels at which theMARK 1 MOD 0 squib and the MRK 2 MOD 0 ignition element are expected

to fire should fall within these ranges.

- 23 -

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE • L4bmor es for Rmawh and DftvloPnan

F-B1O5

RF InputInput Head

- Oil Flow

Comparison Head

Fl, 3"-2. SIMPLIFIED CIRCUIT Of Np mAOEL 4344 CALORIMETRIC POWER SUPPLY

Second, the calorimetric power meter can be calibrated simply

by substituting an equivalent dc power for the RF power. This dc power

can be accurately measured with instruments whose calibration is

certified by the Bureau of Standards. The overall accuracy of the

calorimeter can be held within ± 2% of the full scale reading when special

calibration techniques are employed.

Basically, the 434A power meter consists of a balanced bridge

circuit which becomes unbalanced when applied HF power heats one branch,

An error voltage produced by this unbalance is amplified and fed back

to the bridge, bringing it back into balance. Figure 3-12 shows a

simflified diagram of the power meter's circuit. The input head consists

of a 50-ohm resistive termination for the RF input and a thermistor, which

is a temperature sensitive resistor in close proximity. A flow of oil

over these elements maintains them at the same temperature. The compari-

son head is constructed in the same way. The temperature sensitive

resistors are in adjacent legs of an audio frequency bridge circuit. RP

power, When dissipated in the terminating resistor, will raise the

-24 -

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE •Ldbwdg for Rmdt andmDavuspm

F-B1805

temperature of the thermistor, causing the bridge to become unbalanced.

An error voltage, produced by this unbalance, is amplified and fed backinto the comparison head load resistor. The power dissipated in this

resistor causes the bridge to become balanced. A meter movement isconnected to this feedback circuit and is deflected by an amount pro-

portional to the power required to rebalance the bridge. To eliminatezero drift and maintain stability, the oil flowing in the input andcomparison heads is passed through a heat exchanger prior to enteringthe heads. This maintains both heads at the same temperature initially.

A series flow system is used so that the flow rates in the heads areidentical.

A 100 mv + 1% dc power supply is provided with the calorimeter.When the instrument is calibrated with this supply the overall accuracyof the instrument is within ± 5% of full scale. This error includes

BF and calibration losses but does not include mismatch losses whichmight occur between the system being evaluated and the RF input head.

The accuracy of the power meter can be greatly improved by calibrating

at the same level as the BF power to be measured. In this way thepower meter serves only as a transfer instrument and errors due to dif-ferences in range settings and meter tracking errors are eliminated.To do this a variable dc power supply of high stability is necessary.

The power produced by this supply may be accurately measured by the

following technique.

The HF input termination resistor, with a nominal value of50 ohms, may differ from this by as much as ± 5 ohms. A calculationof power based on the input voltage and the load resistor would, therefore,

be in considerable error unless the value of this resistor were accuratelyjmeasured at each input power level. The error produced by changes in

this resistor may be reduced greatly by the following method. A precision50 ohm resistor (R.) is placed in series with the load resistor (RL) as

- 25 -

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE • LAboratorks for Reseadh and DeeloPmoe

F-B1805

shown in Figure 3-13. The voltage

is now measured across the series

combination of the two resistors.

Power dissipated in the load (RL) 0-5

may now be computed as follows: Power Supply E EL

E2 (3-1)=L

EL PGF1. 3-13. D14AM OF CALARAVETCALIRATOR CIRCUIT

and= RL

EL E Rs+---(3-2

therefore

E RL (3-3)

The change in load power (PL) as EL changes from 40 to 60 ohms is plotted

in Figure 3-14. As indicated in the plot, a change in RL of ± 5 ohms

from the nominal value of 50 ohms changes the power dissipated in RL by

less than 0.3%. Therefore, to measure PL' accurately, all we need do is

measure the voltage across the series combination and compute the power

from equation 3-3, using the nominal value of R, since changes in this

resistance produce negligible error. However, since the power is a func-

tion of the voltage squared, this voltage must be measured to an accuracytwice that of the accuracy required for PL" By employing a precision

potentiometer calibrated against a standard cell we should be able to

compute the dc calibration power to within + 1%.

- 26 -

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE 1 aborawvie for Resawch and Demelopment

100.0

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FIG. 3-14. CHANGE IN LOAD POWER FOR CHANGE N WAD RESISrNCE

4. DETERMINATION OF SYSTEM LOSS FACTOR; SYSTEM CALIBRATION

The total power entering a completely matched RF system can be

accurately measured by conventional means. The RF power arriving at the

exposed bridgewire of an EED can be detected as explaired in Section 2.3.

If there is no significant attenuation caused by the base of the element,

we may reasonably assume that the system loss is equal to the total power

entering the system minus the power absorbed in the bridgewire.

System calibration is, therefore, performed on the equipment

after it is assembled in preparation to fire the test. Figure 4-1 shows the

general form of our firing systems; although the physical character ofthe separate components may vary with frequency, their function remains

fixed. The procedure for calibratinn is as follows:

-27-

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE *Labmsmriu for Ruwmad DmI.omme

F-B1805

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-28-x

THE FRANKLIN INSrITUTE . Lbodon for Rawrc aid D uvlu

F-BI05

A number of EED's from the lot to be evaluated are strippedof their explosive charge to expose the bridgewire. One of these is

mounted as a termination, with the photocell fixed to respond to the

bridgewire illumination. The matching section is adjusted to give the

best possible match, indicated by a minimum deflection of the galvanometer

which responds to the reflected power out of the dual directional coupler.

RF power is then adjusted to give a reasonable photocell indication

(500 Kilohm, read by the multimeter, was standard for all calibrations

made in this series). The magnitude of this RF power is determined by

switching the generator output into the calorimeter power meter. Thefiring mount and photocell fixtures are then removed from the RF system

and connected to a dc power source. DC power, measured by use of a

Leeds and Northrop K-2 potentiometer, is adjusted to give the samephotocell response as was noted for the RF input (500 Kilohms). The

ratio of the HF to dc power magnitudes averaged for the number of EED's

prepared for this purpose is taken as the system calibration (efficiency)

factor.

Table 4-1 gives the results of system loss factors determined

for ignition elements intended for use in this series of tests. The

data from which these values are obtained are included in Appendix A.

Table 4-1

SYSTEM LOSS FACTORS

Frequency System Loss Factor(Mc) MARK 1 Souib NM 2 MOD 0

5 0.948 o.69630 0.718 0.449

250 0.810 0.4121000 0.514 0.560

- 29 -

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE W L orie for Rmah and Dmbpmu

F-B1805

As stated earlier, the same basic system was used for each calibration.

Why then are not the loss factors identical? First, because the matching

system for 5 and 30 Mc is a lumped parameter network, whereas that for

200 and 1000 Mc is the stub and line-stretcher tuner. Second, for any

system we would expect the loss to increase as frequency is increased,

and as the load impedance departs from 50 ohms. Except for the MARK 2MOD 0 loss factor at 1000 Mc, the data bear out these expectations.

5. RF SENSITIVITY TESTS OF MARK 1 SQUIB ANDMARK 2 IGNITION ELEMNET

Both the squib and the ignition element have been evaluated

for sensitivity at frequencies of 5, 30, 250, and 1000 Mc. Tests were(1)run in accordance with the Bruceton Plan, and 100 of the deviceswere expended in each test to insure a reasonable confidence level. The

sample group of each item was taken from a single production lot. Two

large lots one of each item, were selected, so as to avoid the chance

of a wide lot-to-lot deviation.

The firing systems were carefully calibrated for system

efficiency as discussed in the previous section. Accordingly, data are

given as input power to the bridgewire for various probabilities of

functioning. On the assumption that power loss in the base of the

element is negligible within the frequency span of the tests, we may

construe the data to be equally representative of power input to the

base of the element. Recognizing that the loss of the base plug willbecome more significant as frequency increases, we are led to be

moderately suspicious of the data given for 1000 Mc.

Results of the firing evaluations are given in Table 5-1;

raw data and calculations are appended. The appearance of two sets of

data for MARK 2 MOD 0 elements evaluated at 30 Mc warrants some explaft04on.

Those results tabulated at the bottom of the table were obtained first.

(1) For a description of the Bruceton Plan and the manner in which data arereduced therefrom see: AMP Report Na. 101.12 "Statistical Analysis for

a Now Procedure in Sensitivity Experiment," July 1944.

- 30 -

f THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE - Laborazovies for Research and Dewiopment

F-31805

4~~1 (D44 4 .

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A comparison of the 50% level to other data which was available at the

time indicated a difference much greater than had been anticipated.

A study led to the discovery that the items used in this test were

inadvertently taken from a second lot of elements in storage. Repeating

the test with devices from the lot reserved for this program produced

the data tabulated in its proper order. These two sets of data indicate

the order of magnitude of the lot-to-lot variations that were eliminated

from our results by working with a single lot.

Calculations made with dc firing data indicate that the meanfiring (50%) level for the MARK 1 squib and the MARK 2 ignition element,expressed as power, should be 0.09 and 0.9 watts respectively. The

results of calculated power to the bridgewire given in Table 5-1 confirms

our long-held belief that the inherent (bridgewire mode of power application)

sensitivity of a hot-wire bridged device is adequately defined by its

dc sensitivity for frequencies below 1000 Mc. As frequency is increased

beyond this point we can expect a significant difference between RF and

dc power sensitivity. The data at 1000 Mc determined in this program,particularly that for the MARK 2 MOD 0 ignition element, indicate that

differences between RF and dc sensitivity may, for some devices, show

up at a lower frequency.

Evaluations at frequencies up to and including 10,000 Mc were

initially planned to be a part of this program. However, technical

problems had to be resolved to allow power at the input of the device to

be measured with a precision comparable to that of the data already

presented. It became apparent that these solutions could not be obtained

under the limitations of the present program. Consequently no firings

above 1000 Mc were performed. The data for the sensitivity of the MARK

2 MCI 0 ignition element must therefore be accepted at face value only.No plausible explanation can be given for its deviation until firings

performed at higher frequencies are available to establish a trend.

- 32 -

-- - -- -- -

THE FRANU INSTITUTE L Abomr r Ruuih d 1 w

F-B1805

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMNDATIONS

With the completion of Bruceton tests at 5, 30, 250 and 1000

megacycles, we are in a position to draw limited conclusions regarding

the sensitivity of the MARK 2 ignition element. The loss in the base

of this item is considered to be negligible at frequencies of 1000

megacycles and below. Therefore, the figure obtained for sensitivity

at the bridgewire is the sensitivity at the base of the item. The average

sensitivity of the MARK 2 element over the range of 5, 30, 250 and 1000

megacycles is, then, 0.893 watts. This figure corresponds very closely

with the dc firing level, which for a 10 second pulse is 0.9 watts.4Bruceton tests have also been completed for the MARK 1 MOD 0

squib at these same frequencies. The loss in the base of the squib using

negligible, we may give a tentative figure of 0.0910 watts for the

sensitivity of this item. The equivalent dc sensitivity of this item,

0.09 watts, is as we would expect very close to the RF value.

While a considerable part of the original aims of the program

were accomplished, several unforeseen complications arose during the study.

It should be understood, that the attention given these complications

has in nearly every case further extended the present state of knowledge

in this field. These complications can be divided into two major

categories; RF power detection at the base of the EED, and impedance

matching.

With regard to power detection, it was indicated from the

preliminary studies that vacuum thermocouples of varying resistances

could be used to obtain a calibration of the system losses as a function

of terminating resistance. However, while this still remains a pos-

sibility, it was found that the mounted thermocouples represented

impedances that were so different from the actual EED's that it was

decided to go to a different system. We now use for the lower frequencies

-3

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE • /osuOr ROOm& dnd Dw

F-BBO5

a photo detector which detects the energy dissipated in the bridgewire.

This system works very well at the lower frequencies, but is valid only

as long as the RF energy is dissipated entirely in the bridgewire and there

is no direct RF interaction with the detector. Both of these points are

questionable at high frequencies.

The more direct and most useful approach to this problem is to

determine the power directly at the base of the plug. However, this is

more difficult to do, but additional study should lead to practical

solutions.

With regard to matching techniques, great strides have been

made. It was determined during this study that system losses are almost

entirely functions of the degree of mismatch between the generating

* system and the termination, and the physical length of the system from

the matching device to the EED. For the tremendous mismatches which

normally occur between a typical 50 ohm system and an EED these losses

can become quite large; so large in fact, that situations can occur which

make it impossible or extremely difficult to obtain a match. A limited

theoretical development indicated that present comnercially available

matching systems were not adequate and pointed out the necessary direction

in which to go to develop more effective matching devices. These devices

have subsequently been developed and proven in use. This then brings usto the final status of the contract. At this time the following items have

been accomplished.

a). Development of precision firing instrumentation forall four frequencies (5, 30, 250, 1,000 Mc) applicableto hot-wire bridged EED's having negligible loss intheir base.

* b). Development of system loss calibration techniques forthis same frequencies, and actual calibration of thesefiring systems.

-34 ---

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE .LAbsi for RaurA wd D mlopwo

F-B1B05

o). Development of refined rtching systems for thefrequencies stated.

d). Successful precision firing tests for both the MARK1 MOD 0 squib and the MARK 2 MOD 0 ignition elementat the frequencies stated.

Included in the scope of this contract, but not completed,

were tests at 3 and 10 Gc. Because of the great number and complexity of

problems that arose during the performance of the work documented herein,

it was not possible to perform these tests within the limitations of thisprogram. Additional problems requiring more intensive study than could

be supported by this program were envisioned. It was concluded, therefore,

that these would be deferred to a subsequent investigation.

On the other side of the balance, the solutions to the many

unpredicted problems encountered in this investigation have yielded

knowledge of considerable future value.

Though much has been learned during the performance of this work

still more is to be learned. Means to provide this same sort of reliabletest data at 3 and 10 Gc (or higher) must be developed. Likewise, in

view of the evaluations of "RF protected" squibs and fixes, some thought

must be given to the manner in which these will necessitate altering thetechnique proposed in this document.

Finally, many areas of potential hazard have been seeminglyignored in this study. Some thought should be given to "precision

firings," to determine the sensitivity of EED's to: (1) pulsed RF signals,

(2) lead-to-case functioning, and (3) plug heating leading to cook-off.

More important than the mere evaluation of these functioning modes is thethought of investigating their interrelation one to another. Some evidence

gained in years of RF testing suggests that pulsed signals of average powercontent much less than that required of a dc signal can induce a

functioning of some EED's. To know why and how this is accomplished (if

it is indeed so, and not merely an unwarranted conclusion) is to have

knowledge of significant application to the HERO effort.

- 35 -

!o- W _ I I

THE FRANKLIN INSTUT Ldbors for Ruwch .nd Duum u

F-B1805

ACKNOWIILEDGWNTS

The successful completion of this study is primarily due tothe unceasing efforts of John P. Warren who was charged with the major

portion of the technical support. Aid and consultation was freelygiven by the total staff of the Applied Physics Laboratory, but inparticular, George H. McKay, Ramie H. Thompson.

Major portions of this report were prepared by these men citedin proportion to their contribution to the productive effort.

Paul F. Mohrbach Norman P. FaunceGroup Leader Project Engineer

~ Approved by:

E. E. Hannum, Manager F. L. Jackson

Applied Physics Laboratory Director of Laboratories

-36-

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THE FRANKUiN iNsTITUT * Lbouas for Rnwwmrd d DiwhiMa

APPENDIX A

SYSTEM CALIBRATION DATA

MARK 1 MOD 0 SQUIB .. .. .. ... .......... . .... Al - A4

MAK 2 MDO0IGNITION ELEMENT. .. .. .. ..... ...... A5 -A9

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APPENDIX B

BRUCETON DATA

MARK i OD O SQUIB ............................ B1 - B8

MARK 2 MOD O IGNITION ELENT .... ............... .B9 - B18

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B2

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE *LAborawries for Research and DeteloPnm

F-BJ.85

B42 BRUCET4 TEST HK 1 MOD 0 SQUIB 30 XC __________

*F .k~n Leel (0 Pi"I1"j Levls (a)

3 '4/ 63

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THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE - Labortoe for Rescalch and DeM1lopmei

F-3,805

- - ProkebMlty Oot1ins PI MAMYit og1demoo0 a. L.A eavel. Lewd, i..i.

0o VO - % o '

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THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE * LAbovatuvrs for Remvach and Deiopmeu

F-B1805

B-A BMMETMr T~EST MK 1 MOD 0 SMIUB 250 C _ ___________-

Wes

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D5

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE *Laboratories for Reseawh and Delopmenc

F-31S05

jT vaU1ty Common.. PnfbbltY oommom...%bes U Lauel Leve Lows". Lowel

...±L .~ ILL P ~ .Ia _ -4 o C v # k * L a-~ a - p ~

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B6

THE FRANKUN INSTITUTE U Labmodav fr Rmomh mW Dmwloim

MtN M HK 1. )DD 0 SQUI 1000 No

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THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE * Labommatois for RescaAd and DovioPrnen

F-B1805

B-4 MBMT TEST MX 2 MOD 0 T 5 XC -

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THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE * LabmarW for Rom* and DNuOWm

F-BI805

i i ProbitY Oetitdow Poaifty , fido,,L.a.l Level Levels Level

4J 16, 6 - - - o. 2O3. 4,-.i1 - , ,,L , k1®.L .t

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B10

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE • Laboraovls for Reseach and DemloPnent

ERCETON TEST MK 2 MOD 0 IGNITION ELDNEM F-BI05

I | ,------------__ eIt Testen

___ W WIN___S

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THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE • LAbmumviu for Rumn& ad DwuommF-BIB05

- - - Probability Cauidwe Probability ConfidenceLelas Level Lewls Level0 o 0 1. 67 "5 .9 z%. 90 1 4 .

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a. 1:9360 wins

~2-1-62 Im__ _ _ _

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THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE a LAomiodw for Rmawk and DmAjimF-B1805

Bruceton Firing Data For MARK 2 MOD 0 Ignition Element - 250 Me

itmiaLeve (V Fuwtioninq Levels W

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B13

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE - Labomawks for Researh and Deivwopmet

F-B.805

I I 7 . % - robsUity fa.dmoe Pftberm1t7 oo1dmseP % - ,_ _ L_.a_ Ll L-wa_7..

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B14

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE • L bonnohies for Reseamdh and Developem

BRUCETON TEST MIK 2 MDD 0 IGNITION ElMVT 1000 lk F-BI805

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0 11 8L5 1 1 , 25X O O4D Ima 2II151 I IiM a25 0 u 10 - 25

B15

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE *Ldboraeve for Resoarh and Developmen

F-B1805

£ 1

~ - - - lwbablUty 0uida4ii P1,01ability uU sa. % w~tt ___ Levl Levels Lord

7 __ .. L 0 1.19 P% a .9...... Za 902 1% u.... at1 1 22 1 1.27 100.1% .1 0%

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ITHE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE *Laboratovie for Research and Dvom

B-5 BRIJCECON TEST______2_______0_T 30___

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THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE * Laeovws for RemawJh and DeveIopnwU

F-B1805

f is - -ma Probability Comfdemee ProbabilitY 0atumee' ~ L*Vel LOW11 Levels ee

1 ~ ~ A 1x /f 10 lo-%AL %.

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*Um t" *a; - fg VOnS. When S <.5**valid for m al 0. 3 "ITy. Oh c, am . Whn <.

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B18

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE *Lbabouoin for R~UiaWh drd DWA"Wmu

F-BIS05

APFENDfl C

- I DRI SIMULATOR TESTS

c

THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE • Labomu INr R mmh dnd D wA

F-BS05

I C. RF TESTS ON SIMLATED NRK 2 MOD 0 IGNITION EMENTSFROM DENVER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

During the performance of this program the Denver Research

Institute delivered to us 28 simulated MARK 2 MOD 0 ignition elements.

These simulators consist of the standard MARK 2 MOD 0 assembly complete

through the bridgewires, with a thermocouple substituted for the explosive.The elements were divided into four groups according to the spacing of

the thermocouples above the bridgewires. The MARK 2 MOD 0 element has

two paralleled bridgewires. The simulated elements have two thermocouplesdesignated A and B - one for each of the parallel bridgewires. The

spacings previously referred to are: very far (VF), far (F), medium (M),

and close (C).

JTests were conducted at 5, 30, 250 and 1000 megacycles. These

tests have shown that the simulated elements have an increase in

thermocouple output as frequency is raised from 5 to 1000 megacycles.

In some cases the output is considerably more than doubled, over this

frequency range. At 5 megacycles, however, the output tends to level

Data for millivolt output versus frequency are given in

Table C-1. The simulators were all tested in the same RF systems used

for the Bruceton tests of the complete MARK 2 MOD 0 ignition elements.

Input power was set at the 50% mean fire level.

Curves showing output as a function of frequency for a limited

number of simulators from the group of 28 are plotted in Figures C-1 andC-2.

A few of the DRI simulators were also tested with dc power

applied to the bridgewires. The output was a linear function of dc input

Figure C-3 displays this relationship.

C-l

IiTHE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE e LdbomwoW for R.oi and Dmwagnm

F-B1805

Table C-1

RF TESTS AT FRANKLIN INSTITUTE ON DRI SIMULATEDMARK 2 MOD 0 IGNITION ELEMENTS

Thsrmocounle - Millivolt Outnut5X 30 me 25Q0 . iOOO Me Between

Element Thermocouple Thermocouple Thermocouple Thermocouple ThermocoupleA B A B A B A B a

761 5.18 1.88 5.3 1.6 7.3 5.6 11.0 5.2 very far763 6.55 3.90 7.1 1.4 9.7 4.4 16.2 10.0 very far764 5.9 5.05 6.0 5.3 5.8 5.2 8.65 9.0 very far766 6.0 8.9 6.4 9.4 8.0 8.9 8.2 10.8 very far767 cut open 7.8 6.6 9.5 9.2 12.0 13.1 very far

715 6.10 5.40 6.05 5.7 6.0 5.6 3.5 3.28 Far724 0 9.6 0 9.6 7.9 10.0 0 13.7 Far728 2.65 2.4 2.55 2.5 2.7 2.7 3.35 3.1 Far729 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.45 4.0 4.0 5.5 5.9 Far730 3.44 1.55 3.22 1.44 3.6 1.8 4.3 2.78 Far733 6.00 3.2 5.81 3.1 11.0 4.5 11.4 9.0 Far736 3.2 4.0 3.30 4.05 4.3 4.2 6.21 5.0 Far740 5.58 3.3 5.70 3.35 6.4 4.1 7.66 8.1 Far716 6.6 8.1 6.3 7.6 6.7 7.7 7.41 10.8 Medium717 12.1 10.8 12.0 11.8 18.0 15.0 16.0 0 Medium719 7.55 0 7.8 0 8.5 15.8 10.2 0 Medium732 11.1 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.5 13.7 10.3 16.0 Medium734 7.2 6.43 6.8 6.3 9.4 7.8 8.0 13.0 Medium735 0 4.25 0 4.7 13.5 5.2 0 9.8 Medium742 8.6 2.9 8.6 2.9 11.3 5.2 14.4 10.9 Medium714 7.7 3.6 7.6 3.75 10.8 7.0 13.8 7.4 Close718 4.7 5.45 4.8 5.10 5.0 5.2 5.9 6.0 Close721 13.4 10.5 13.2 3.55 16.6 9.2 18.5 10.0 Close727 Cut open 0 0 0 4.0 0 11.0 Close731 7.05 0 6.8 0 6.9 12.6 9.0 0 Close737 3.15 6.2 3.15 5.9 6.0 8.5 Not Measured Close738 8.6 7.8 8.3 7.8 11.5 9.4 Not Measured Close741 9.1 7.9 8.8 8.2 11.5 11.5 Not Measured Close

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