The French and The French and Indian WarIndian War

1756 to 17631756 to 1763

Beginning of the French & Indian Beginning of the French & Indian WarWar

ObjectivesObjectives– How did the War Start?How did the War Start?

What were the causes? Local or Foreign What were the causes? Local or Foreign problems?problems?

– What affect did this conflict have on What affect did this conflict have on GW?GW?

3 Background Causes3 Background Causes

1. Previous Conflicts1. Previous Conflicts

Britain and France had already had Britain and France had already had 3 indecisive wars in the previous ½ 3 indecisive wars in the previous ½ century.century.

– King William’s WarKing William’s War– Queen Anne’s WarQueen Anne’s War– King George’s WarKing George’s War

Conflicts in Europe that affected Conflicts in Europe that affected New World.New World.

2. Desire to Expand - New 2. Desire to Expand - New FranceFrance

France claimed land France claimed land – St. Lawrence RiverSt. Lawrence River– Mississippi River Valley, Mississippi River Valley,

named Louisiananamed Louisiana

New France population New France population only grew to 80,000.only grew to 80,000.

No desire to build No desire to build towns or raise families, towns or raise families, there for the Fur Tradethere for the Fur Trade

Befriended Natives for Befriended Natives for Trading PartnersTrading Partners

2. Desire to Expand – 2. Desire to Expand – British ColoniesBritish Colonies

Only land is on Only land is on the Eastern the Eastern SeaboardSeaboard

British population British population had grown to had grown to over a million in over a million in the colonies the colonies wanted to wanted to expand expand westward.westward.

3 Background Causes3 Background Causes1.1. Previous Conflicts between France Previous Conflicts between France

and Britainand Britain

2.2. Colonies desire to Expand WestwardColonies desire to Expand Westward

3.3. Natives desire to pit France against Natives desire to pit France against Britain, in hope they destroy each Britain, in hope they destroy each other and leave the frontier.other and leave the frontier.

Start of the Conflict – 1754:Start of the Conflict – 1754:Fighting Over the Same LandFighting Over the Same Land

French built Fort French built Fort Duquesne at start Duquesne at start of the Ohio (now of the Ohio (now Pittsburgh)Pittsburgh)

Virginia had Virginia had given same land given same land to a group of to a group of wealthy planters wealthy planters – Ohio Valley – Ohio Valley CompanyCompany

First ConflictFirst Conflict Virginia militia was sent to order Virginia militia was sent to order

French to leaveFrench to leave

Led by George Washington (22), Led by George Washington (22), established Fort Necessity established Fort Necessity

GW and men attacked small GW and men attacked small group of French soldiers, group of French soldiers, Natives with GW killed a French Natives with GW killed a French officerofficer

French countered attacking Fort French countered attacking Fort NecessityNecessity

British outnumbered, high British outnumbered, high losses, they were forced to losses, they were forced to surrendersurrender

Second Conflict for Ohio Valley Second Conflict for Ohio Valley RegionRegion

July 1755 - General Braddock sent to July 1755 - General Braddock sent to recapture Fort Duquesnerecapture Fort Duquesne– Washington volunteer assistant to BraddockWashington volunteer assistant to Braddock

"The Indians may be formidable to "The Indians may be formidable to your raw American militia; upon the your raw American militia; upon the king's regulars and disciplined king's regulars and disciplined troops, it is impossible they should troops, it is impossible they should make any impression." make any impression." ~ Braddock~ Braddock

Washington warned that they may Washington warned that they may need to fight like the Indiansneed to fight like the Indians

Braddock responded - Braddock responded - "What! a "What! a provincial colonel teach a British provincial colonel teach a British general how to fight!" general how to fight!"

British Lose to French and Indians British Lose to French and Indians During March to DuquesneDuring March to Duquesne

British were surrounded in the woods (exactly what Washington had warned.)

British outnumbered by French & Natives = HUGE casualties Braddock killed only 30 Virginians

survived British regulars fled Washington was lucky!

"I luckily escaped without a wound, though I had four bullets through my coat, and two horses shot under me.“ ~GW

Declaration of WarDeclaration of War

UUndeclared war continued for 1 and ½ yearsndeclared war continued for 1 and ½ years Finally Finally declared war in May 1756. declared war in May 1756. For the For the 11stst 3 years of the war, French dominated the battlefield3 years of the war, French dominated the battlefield

– Fort TiconderogaFort Ticonderoga– Fort OswegoFort Oswego– Fort William HenryFort William Henry

British not used to the British not used to the more “guerilla” warfare style.more “guerilla” warfare style.

• FundingFunding• Native AlliesNative Allies• Conflict – British vs. Conflict – British vs.

ColonistsColonists• Britain not changing tactics Britain not changing tactics

to adapt to Guerilla Warfareto adapt to Guerilla Warfare

What were the problems?What were the problems?

The Turning of the TideThe Turning of the Tide new lnew leader to run eader to run

government in 1757government in 1757

Lord Lord William PittWilliam Pitt borrowed $$ borrowed $$$, “Spend Now, Pay later”$, “Spend Now, Pay later”

Assembled largest, best-Assembled largest, best-equipped army ever seen equipped army ever seen in N.A. with 50,000 men.in N.A. with 50,000 men.

AAdaptdapteded war strategies to fit war strategies to fit the territory and landscape of the territory and landscape of the American frontier. the American frontier.

Became allies with important Became allies with important Natives, ie. IroNatives, ie. Iroquisquis

Ben FranklinBen Franklin Franklin saw the dangers on the Franklin saw the dangers on the

American frontier after American frontier after Braddock's 1755 defeatBraddock's 1755 defeat

Got PA legislature funds to Got PA legislature funds to support the arming of a line of support the arming of a line of frontier forts to defend PA , frontier forts to defend PA , despite much legislative despite much legislative resistance resistance

By Ben FranklinBy Ben Franklin

““Join or Die”Join or Die” Colonists were divided on whether to fight the FrenchColonists were divided on whether to fight the French

Cartoon became a symbol for the need of organized Cartoon became a symbol for the need of organized action against an outside threat action against an outside threat

Franklin had proposed the Franklin had proposed the Albany PlanAlbany Plan in 1954 in 1954– A plan to place the colonies under a more centralized gov.A plan to place the colonies under a more centralized gov.– His cartoon suggested that such a union was necessary to His cartoon suggested that such a union was necessary to

avoid destructionavoid destruction– Although never carried out, it was the first important plan to Although never carried out, it was the first important plan to

conceive of the colonies as a collective whole united under conceive of the colonies as a collective whole united under one government. one government.

– Idea translated to F&I warIdea translated to F&I war

Do you think these things Do you think these things

1) William Penn 1) William Penn 2) Ben Franklin’s promotion of 2) Ben Franklin’s promotion of

joining together joining together

will help the British win the war? Why will help the British win the war? Why or why not? or why not?

End of the WarEnd of the War French were abandoned by many Indian French were abandoned by many Indian

allies. allies.

Exhausted,Exhausted,outnumbered and outgunned by outnumbered and outgunned by the Britishthe British

French collapsed during the years 1758-59French collapsed during the years 1758-59

British surprised and had a massive defeat of British surprised and had a massive defeat of French at Quebec in September 1759.French at Quebec in September 1759.

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris September 1760, the British controlled all of the September 1760, the British controlled all of the

North American frontier North American frontier

The war was effectively over. The war was effectively over.

1763 Treaty of Paris1763 Treaty of Paris, which also ended the , which also ended the European “Seven Years War”, set the terms for European “Seven Years War”, set the terms for France to abide by.France to abide by.– British gains Canada, eaBritish gains Canada, east of Mississippist of Mississippi– Spanish given some land west of MissisSpanish given some land west of Mississippisippi– Natives given nothingNatives given nothing

North America North America 17631763

Pontiac’s WarPontiac’s War Natives angered by:Natives angered by:

– tratrade relations with Britishde relations with British– increase settlers past the increase settlers past the

Appalachian MountainsAppalachian Mountains

British continued to fight with the Indians British continued to fight with the Indians over the issue of land claims. over the issue of land claims.

Captured English forts in Ohio Captured English forts in Ohio ValleyValley

In return, British officers gave small In return, British officers gave small pox infected blankets to natives, pox infected blankets to natives, disease spread to othersdisease spread to others

Natives weakened by disease and Natives weakened by disease and fighting, agreed to negotiate fighting, agreed to negotiate treaties by end of 1765.treaties by end of 1765.

Chief Pontiac, led raids of British settlements

The Proclamation of 1763The Proclamation of 1763 To prevent more fighting To prevent more fighting

King George halted settler’s King George halted settler’s westward expansionwestward expansion

Set Appalachian Mountains Set Appalachian Mountains as the temporary boundary as the temporary boundary for the coloniesfor the colonies

Angered colonists who were:Angered colonists who were:– already living in the areaalready living in the area– recently purchased land there recently purchased land there

b/c claims now not recognizedb/c claims now not recognized– Fought for that land in WarFought for that land in War

Created friction between the Created friction between the colonies and Great Britain colonies and Great Britain

Increased TaxesIncreased Taxes England Needed $ to England Needed $ to

– Pay off debt from warPay off debt from war– support the defense of the support the defense of the

coloniescolonies

Taxed Sugar and TobaccoTaxed Sugar and Tobacco

Stamp Act Stamp Act – taxed paper – taxed paper goods, newspapers, legal goods, newspapers, legal docs., playing cards, dicedocs., playing cards, dice

Other AffectsOther Affects British tightened control on America during British tightened control on America during

war – resentedwar – resented British bitter towards Americans, felt they:British bitter towards Americans, felt they:

– IneptInept– Did not contribute financiallyDid not contribute financially– Continued trade with France/West IndiesContinued trade with France/West Indies

Colonists forced to work togetherColonists forced to work together Colonists felt part of “people’s army”Colonists felt part of “people’s army” Huge contrast between British and colonistsHuge contrast between British and colonists

Interesting FactInteresting Fact The French and Indian War was the The French and Indian War was the

Bloodiest American war in the Bloodiest American war in the 1700’s. 1700’s.

More lives lost than the American More lives lost than the American RevolutionRevolution