the french revolution + napoleon ch 23 1789-1815

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The French The French Revolution Revolution + Napoleon + Napoleon Ch 23 Ch 23 1789-1815 1789-1815

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The French The French Revolution Revolution + Napoleon+ Napoleon

Ch 23Ch 23

1789-18151789-1815

Before the RevolutionBefore the Revolution• The The

Old Old RegimRegimee

• Political + social system of France Political + social system of France prior to the Revolutionprior to the Revolution

• The people of France were divided into The people of France were divided into 3 large social classes – 3 large social classes – EstatesEstates

• 11stst Estate Estate: Clergy of the Roman : Clergy of the Roman Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

• 1% of population1% of population• Owned 10% of land in FranceOwned 10% of land in France• Provided education + Provided education +

services to the poorservices to the poor• Contributed about 2% of its Contributed about 2% of its

income to the gov.’tincome to the gov.’t• 22ndnd Estate Estate: Rich Nobles: Rich Nobles

• 2% of population2% of population• Owned 20% of land in FranceOwned 20% of land in France• Paid almost no taxesPaid almost no taxes

• 33rdrd Estate Estate: Everyone Else : Everyone Else • 97% of population. Made up of 3 groups:97% of population. Made up of 3 groups:

1. 1. BourgeoisieBourgeoisie (middle class) (middle class)

- bankers, factory owners, - bankers, factory owners, professionalsprofessionals

- often educated- often educated

- many believed ideas of - many believed ideas of EnlightenmentEnlightenment

- Some as wealthy as the nobles- Some as wealthy as the nobles

- Thought they deserved social - Thought they deserved social statusstatus + political privileges + political privileges

2. Workers (poorest group)2. Workers (poorest group)

- Urban- Urban

- Laborers, domestic servants, - Laborers, domestic servants, etcetc

- Low wages + frequently - Low wages + frequently unemployedunemployed

3. Peasants (Largest group - over 80% 3. Peasants (Largest group - over 80% of pop)of pop)

- Paid ½ of income to taxes, - Paid ½ of income to taxes, Church, + Church, + dues to nobles dues to nobles

• Causes of the Causes of the Revolution Revolution (France was (France was considered considered the most the most advanced advanced country in country in Europe Europe BUT…)BUT…)

• 1. Series of bad harvests due to 1. Series of bad harvests due to weatherweather

• 2. High prices2. High prices• 3. High taxes3. High taxes• 4. Population4. Population

• #1-4 led to people starving#1-4 led to people starving• 5. ?s raised by ideas of the 5. ?s raised by ideas of the

EnlightenmentEnlightenment• Inspired by American Rev.Inspired by American Rev.

• 6. Weak king 6. Weak king • Louis XVI (the 16Louis XVI (the 16thth) was ) was

indecisive + made bad decisionsindecisive + made bad decisions• 7. Gov.’t in debt7. Gov.’t in debt

• Some inherited from previous Some inherited from previous kings, but King Louis XVI & kings, but King Louis XVI & Queen Marie Antoinette Queen Marie Antoinette “Madame Deficit” still spent “Madame Deficit” still spent extravagantly extravagantly

• Supported American Rev. w/ $Supported American Rev. w/ $

• Louis XVI Louis XVI Calls a Calls a Meeting of Meeting of the Estates-the Estates-General General (assembly (assembly from all 3 from all 3 estates) estates)

• In the Estates-General, all 3 In the Estates-General, all 3 estates’ delegates meet in estates’ delegates meet in separate halls w/ each estate separate halls w/ each estate having 1 votehaving 1 vote

•11stst +2 +2ndnd Estate could Estate could always outvote the 3always outvote the 3rdrd EstateEstate

• 33rdrd Estate wanted changes in Estate wanted changes in the gov.’tthe gov.’t

•All 3 estates should meet All 3 estates should meet together w/ all delegates together w/ all delegates getting one vote each (3getting one vote each (3rdrd estate had more estate had more delegates than the other delegates than the other 2 combined)2 combined)

• King refusedKing refused

• 33rdrd Estate voted to form a National Estate voted to form a National Assembly to pass laws + reforms Assembly to pass laws + reforms for French peoplefor French people

•Goes against absolute Goes against absolute monarchymonarchy

•11stst deliberate act of revolution deliberate act of revolution• Locked out of meeting room for Locked out of meeting room for

the Estates-Generalthe Estates-General• Break down door to indoor tennis Break down door to indoor tennis

court + pledge to stay until they court + pledge to stay until they have drawn up a new constitutionhave drawn up a new constitution

•Tennis Court OathTennis Court Oath•Supported by some members Supported by some members of the 1of the 1stst + 2 + 2ndnd Estates Estates

• Storming Storming of the of the BastilleBastille

• In response to the Tennis In response to the Tennis Court Oath, Louis XVI Court Oath, Louis XVI stations mercenary army stations mercenary army around Palace of Versaillesaround Palace of Versailles

• People believe army might People believe army might be used against them + be used against them + gather weapons to protect gather weapons to protect themselvesthemselves

• In search of gunpowder, a In search of gunpowder, a mob seized control of the mob seized control of the Bastille (French prison)Bastille (French prison)

• Brutally murdered the Brutally murdered the prison commander + some prison commander + some guards, then parade their guards, then parade their heads on pikes around Paris heads on pikes around Paris – Beginning of revolution– Beginning of revolution

• The Great The Great FearFear

• Rumors go around that the Rumors go around that the nobles were hiring outlaws to nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasantsterrorize the peasants

• Causes panic (the Great Fear) Causes panic (the Great Fear) among the peasantsamong the peasants

• They break into nobles’ homes They break into nobles’ homes + burn them down+ burn them down

• Riots start over the price of Riots start over the price of breadbread

End Section End Section 11

23.223.2

• Reforms Reforms of the of the National National AssemblyAssembly

• 1789, Some 11789, Some 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd Estate Estate members declare their support for members declare their support for the revolution (out of fear)the revolution (out of fear)

• Old regime is goneOld regime is gone• Adopted the Declaration of the Rights Adopted the Declaration of the Rights

of Man and of the Citizenof Man and of the Citizen• Influenced by Declaration of Influenced by Declaration of

Indep.Indep.• ““Men are born and remain free Men are born and remain free

and equal in rights.” Including and equal in rights.” Including rights of liberty, property, rights of liberty, property, security, + resistance to security, + resistance to oppression.oppression.

• ““Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”• Didn’t apply to womenDidn’t apply to women

• Focused on the Church early onFocused on the Church early on• Took over Church landsTook over Church lands• Church officials + priests were to Church officials + priests were to

be electedbe elected• Upset many peasantsUpset many peasants

• Limited Limited Monarchy Monarchy FormsForms

• Louis XVI + family flee France – capturedLouis XVI + family flee France – captured• Opponents gain strengthOpponents gain strength• A constitution was approved that created a A constitution was approved that created a

limited monarchy – Louis XVI lost powerlimited monarchy – Louis XVI lost power• Created the Legislative AssemblyCreated the Legislative Assembly

• Had power to create laws + Had power to create laws + approve or reject declarations of approve or reject declarations of warwar

• King still had executive powers King still had executive powers to carry out lawsto carry out laws

• Legislative Assembly split into 3 groups Legislative Assembly split into 3 groups over how to deal with problems such as over how to deal with problems such as food shortages, gov.’t debt, etcfood shortages, gov.’t debt, etc– RadicalsRadicals (left) wanted sweeping changes (left) wanted sweeping changes– ModeratesModerates (middle) wanted some (middle) wanted some

changeschanges– ConservativesConservatives (right) wanted fewer (right) wanted fewer

changeschanges

• France France at at WarWar

• Austria + Prussia want France to restore Austria + Prussia want France to restore absoluteabsolute monarchymonarchy

• France declares war in 1792France declares war in 1792• Royal family imprisonedRoyal family imprisoned• Rumors spread that supporters of the Rumors spread that supporters of the

king in prison will break out + take over king in prison will break out + take over the citythe city

• ““September MassacresSeptember Massacres” Citizens ” Citizens raid prisons + murder over 1,000 raid prisons + murder over 1,000 prisonersprisoners

• National Assembly set aside old National Assembly set aside old Constitution, deposed king, dissolved the Constitution, deposed king, dissolved the Assembly, + called for new electionsAssembly, + called for new elections

• New governing body is the National New governing body is the National ConventionConvention

• Abolished monarchy + declared Abolished monarchy + declared France a republicFrance a republic

• All MEN are given the right to voteAll MEN are given the right to vote

• JacobinJacobinss

• Death Death of Louis of Louis XVIXVI

• RadicalsRadicals• One of the most prominent was One of the most prominent was

Jean-Paul MaratJean-Paul Marat•Edited the ‘Friend of the Edited the ‘Friend of the People” newspaperPeople” newspaper

•Called for the death of all Called for the death of all who support the kingwho support the king

• Found guilty of treasonFound guilty of treason•Beheaded by the guillotineBeheaded by the guillotine

• Other countries side in the warOther countries side in the war

against Franceagainst France

• MaximilieMaximilien n RobespieRobespierrerre

• Slowly gained power in the Slowly gained power in the JacobinsJacobins

• Want to establish a “republic of Want to establish a “republic of virtue”virtue”

• Changed calendarChanged calendar• Closed all churchesClosed all churches

• Became leader of Committee of Became leader of Committee of Public SafetyPublic Safety

• Task was to protect the Task was to protect the Revolution from enemies Revolution from enemies

• virtual dictatorvirtual dictator• Known as “Reign of Terror”Known as “Reign of Terror”

• ““enemies” were tried + enemies” were tried + guillotined immediately afterguillotined immediately after

• Executed the queenExecuted the queen• Thousands executed – mostly Thousands executed – mostly

peasants + members of middle peasants + members of middle classclass

• End of End of the the TerrorTerror

• Some members of the Some members of the National Convention fear for National Convention fear for their own safety + turn on their own safety + turn on RobespierreRobespierre

•Robespierre is executed by Robespierre is executed by the guillotine in July 1794, the guillotine in July 1794, ending Reign of Terrorending Reign of Terror

• A 3A 3rdrd gov.’t is begun gov.’t is begun – Placed power in the hands Placed power in the hands

of upper middle class of upper middle class – 2 house legislature + an 2 house legislature + an

executive of 5 moderate men executive of 5 moderate men (the Directory)(the Directory)

End of Section 2End of Section 2

23.323.3

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte• BeginningsBeginnings• One of the world’s greatest military One of the world’s greatest military

geniusesgeniuses• As a young officer he protected the As a young officer he protected the

National Convention from royalist rebelsNational Convention from royalist rebels• 1796, the Directory appointed him to lead 1796, the Directory appointed him to lead

the French Army against Austria + the French Army against Austria + Kingdom of Sardinia (Italy) – successful Kingdom of Sardinia (Italy) – successful

• By 1799, the Directory had lost support. By 1799, the Directory had lost support. Troops under Napoleon’s command Troops under Napoleon’s command surround the National Legislature + drive surround the National Legislature + drive out some members. Remaining members out some members. Remaining members vote to dissolve Directory + set up a group vote to dissolve Directory + set up a group of 3 consuls including Napoleon.of 3 consuls including Napoleon.

• He takes the title of 1He takes the title of 1stst Consul + assumes Consul + assumes powers of a dictatorpowers of a dictator

• A sudden seizure of power like Napoleon’s A sudden seizure of power like Napoleon’s is a is a coup d'étatcoup d'état – “Blow to the state” – “Blow to the state”

• NapoleoNapoleon’s Rulen’s Rule

• In 1800, a In 1800, a plebisciteplebiscite – vote of the people – – vote of the people – was held that approved giving Napoleon was held that approved giving Napoleon many powersmany powers

• He supported laws that strengthened He supported laws that strengthened national gov.’t + achieved some goals of national gov.’t + achieved some goals of the Revolutionthe Revolution

• Set up efficient method for tax collectionSet up efficient method for tax collection• Established national banking systemEstablished national banking system• Dismissed corrupt officials + set up Dismissed corrupt officials + set up LyceesLycees

– public schools to train public officials– public schools to train public officials• Signed a Signed a concordatconcordat (formal agreement, (formal agreement,

usually between a gov.’t + the pope) w/ the usually between a gov.’t + the pope) w/ the pope to recognize influence of the Church pope to recognize influence of the Church but keep the Church out of national affairsbut keep the Church out of national affairs

• Set up theSet up the Napoleonic Code Napoleonic Code – System of – System of lawslaws

• Uniform set of lawsUniform set of laws• Limited some individual rightsLimited some individual rights• Restored slavery in French CaribbeanRestored slavery in French Caribbean

• Crowned himselfCrowned himself emperor – took the crown emperor – took the crown from the Popefrom the Pope

• CreatinCreating an g an EmpireEmpire

• Sells Louisiana territory to USSells Louisiana territory to US• Annexed parts of the Netherlands + Annexed parts of the Netherlands +

Italy, set up puppet gov.’ts in other Italy, set up puppet gov.’ts in other countriescountries

• Fights w/ Britian, Russia, Austria, Fights w/ Britian, Russia, Austria, Prussia, + othersPrussia, + others

•Beats all but the BritishBeats all but the British• Battle of TrafalgarBattle of Trafalgar -only major battle -only major battle

he losthe lost•Naval battleNaval battle•More important than all his More important than all his victories on landvictories on land

•Ensured British naval supremacy Ensured British naval supremacy for next 100 yrsfor next 100 yrs

•Must give up plans to invade Must give up plans to invade BritainBritain

End End Section 3Section 3

23.423.4

• FamilyFamily

• Mistakes:Mistakes:

• Divorced 1Divorced 1stst wife Josephine (no heir) wife Josephine (no heir)• Married Marie-Louise who gave birth to Married Marie-Louise who gave birth to

Napoleon IINapoleon II

• His desire for power would be his downfallHis desire for power would be his downfall• 1. 1806, set up 1. 1806, set up blockadeblockade (a forcible closing (a forcible closing

of ports) to prevent all trade + of ports) to prevent all trade + communication b/w Great Britain + the rest communication b/w Great Britain + the rest of Europeof Europe– This policy was called This policy was called the Continental the Continental

SystemSystem b/c it was supposed to make b/c it was supposed to make continental Europe more self-sufficient. continental Europe more self-sufficient. It was also intended to destroy Britain’s It was also intended to destroy Britain’s commercial + industrial economy – not commercial + industrial economy – not very successfulvery successful

– Britain retaliated w/ their own blockadeBritain retaliated w/ their own blockade• more successfulmore successful• Stopped neutral ships by forcing them Stopped neutral ships by forcing them

to stop at British ports + pay a tax to stop at British ports + pay a tax (angered Americans + led to War of (angered Americans + led to War of 1812)1812)

• 2. 1808, tried to make Portugal accept the 2. 1808, tried to make Portugal accept the continental Systemcontinental System– Sent an invasion force through Spain, Sent an invasion force through Spain,

which caused Spanish protestswhich caused Spanish protests– Napoleon responded by removing the Napoleon responded by removing the

Spanish king + putting his brother on Spanish king + putting his brother on the thronethe throne

– B/c of that + fear Napoleon would B/c of that + fear Napoleon would weaken the Catholic Church in Spain, weaken the Catholic Church in Spain, Spanish peasant fighters began Spanish peasant fighters began The The Peninsula WarPeninsula War (so called b/c Spain is on (so called b/c Spain is on the Iberian Peninsula)the Iberian Peninsula)• Peasants called Peasants called guerillasguerillas – members – members

of a loosely organized fighting force of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying their countrytroops occupying their country

• British aided the guerillasBritish aided the guerillas• France loses 300,000 men + Spanish France loses 300,000 men + Spanish

king restoredking restored

• 3. 1812, invaded Russia (a former 3. 1812, invaded Russia (a former ally) b/c they weren’t following the ally) b/c they weren’t following the Continental System + b/c both have Continental System + b/c both have designs on Polanddesigns on Poland

• Napoleon leads an army of 420,000. Napoleon leads an army of 420,000. The czar pulls his army back – draws The czar pulls his army back – draws French into RussiaFrench into Russia

• Russians practice Russians practice scorched-earth scorched-earth policypolicy – burned their own fields + – burned their own fields + killed off livestock so the French had killed off livestock so the French had nothing to eatnothing to eat

• Napoleon takes Moscow, but city was Napoleon takes Moscow, but city was left in flames by the Russiansleft in flames by the Russians– Decided to retreat, caught in the Decided to retreat, caught in the

Russian winter – then the Russians Russian winter – then the Russians attackattack

– By the time his army makes it to By the time his army makes it to France only 10,000 soldiers are France only 10,000 soldiers are left.left.

• DownfalDownfalll

• Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, + Austria Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, + Austria join together against himjoin together against him

• He raises another army, but most are ill-He raises another army, but most are ill-prepared. He surrenders in 1814 + gives up prepared. He surrenders in 1814 + gives up throne.throne.

• Exiled to island of ElbaExiled to island of Elba• Louis XVI’s brother assumes the French Louis XVI’s brother assumes the French

throne – quickly becomes unpopular in Francethrone – quickly becomes unpopular in France• Napoleon escapes from Elba in 1815 + tries Napoleon escapes from Elba in 1815 + tries

to regain power (This period is known as the to regain power (This period is known as the Hundred DaysHundred Days). French welcome him joyfully). French welcome him joyfully

• Raises an army + the other European Raises an army + the other European powers do the same.powers do the same.

• He is defeated at the He is defeated at the Battle of WaterlooBattle of Waterloo + + exiled to the island of St. Helena + dies there exiled to the island of St. Helena + dies there 6 yrs later.6 yrs later.

End Section 4End Section 4

23.523.5

The Congress of ViennaThe Congress of Vienna• NapoleoNapoleo

n is n is DefeateDefeatedd

• European gov.’ts wanted to establish European gov.’ts wanted to establish a long-lasting peace + stability in a long-lasting peace + stability in Europe Europe – Led to Led to the Congress of Viennathe Congress of Vienna

– Series of meetings in Vienna Series of meetings in Vienna meant to accomplish those meant to accomplish those goalsgoals•Scheduled to last 4 weeks, Scheduled to last 4 weeks, but took 8 monthsbut took 8 months

• Congress of Vienna consisted of Congress of Vienna consisted of decisions made in secret among decisions made in secret among representatives from the “Great representatives from the “Great Powers” of Europe – Austro-Powers” of Europe – Austro-Hungary, Russia, Prussia, Britain, + Hungary, Russia, Prussia, Britain, + FranceFrance

• Most influential member – Foreign Most influential member – Foreign Minister of Austria, Klemens von Minister of Austria, Klemens von Metternich Metternich

• MetterniMetternich’s 3 ch’s 3 GoalsGoals

Europe 1810Europe 1810

Europe 1819Europe 1819

• He distrusted the democratic He distrusted the democratic ideals of the French Rev. + ideals of the French Rev. + wanted to maintain stability of wanted to maintain stability of Europe. He had 3 goals:Europe. He had 3 goals:

1. Prevent French aggression by 1. Prevent French aggression by surrounding France w/ strong surrounding France w/ strong countries:countries:

•Switzerland becomes an Switzerland becomes an independent countryindependent country

•Austrian Netherlands + Austrian Netherlands + Dutch Republic united – Dutch Republic united – Kingdom of the NetherlandsKingdom of the Netherlands

•39 German states united – 39 German states united – Germany (dominated by Germany (dominated by Austro-Hungary)Austro-Hungary)

•Kingdom of Sardinia was Kingdom of Sardinia was combined w/ Genoa (parts of combined w/ Genoa (parts of modern day Italy)modern day Italy)

2. Restore a 2. Restore a Balance of PowerBalance of Power (a political (a political situation in which no one nation is situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to powerful enough to pose a threat to others)others)– Wanted to weaken France but not Wanted to weaken France but not

leave it powerless (might encourage leave it powerless (might encourage French to seek revenge), so France French to seek revenge), so France remained a major, but diminished remained a major, but diminished powerpower

3. Restore Europe’s royal families to the 3. Restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they had before Napoleon’s thrones they had before Napoleon’s rulerule– Great Powers affirmed Great Powers affirmed Principle of Principle of

LegitimacyLegitimacy (hereditary right of a (hereditary right of a monarch to rule)monarch to rule)

– Ruling families of France, Spain, + Ruling families of France, Spain, + several Italian states reinstatedseveral Italian states reinstated

– Congress of Vienna believed that Congress of Vienna believed that would stabilize political relations would stabilize political relations among nationsamong nations

• SuccessSuccesses of es of the the CongreCongress of ss of ViennaVienna

• Politics Politics After After the the CongreCongress of ss of ViennaVienna

1. 11. 1stst time the nations of an entire time the nations of an entire continent cooperated to control continent cooperated to control political affairs political affairs – The settlements were fair, no The settlements were fair, no

cause for future warscause for future wars

2. Agreed to come to one another’s 2. Agreed to come to one another’s aid if any threats to peace (40 yrs of aid if any threats to peace (40 yrs of peace)peace)

• Britain + France have Britain + France have constitutional monarchiesconstitutional monarchies

• Gov.’ts in Eastern + Central Europe Gov.’ts in Eastern + Central Europe were more conservativewere more conservative– Austro-Hungary, Russia, + Austro-Hungary, Russia, +

Prussia were absolute monarchiesPrussia were absolute monarchies

• Rulers of Europe were nervous about Rulers of Europe were nervous about the consequences of the French Rev. the consequences of the French Rev. (afraid it might encourage future (afraid it might encourage future revolutions)revolutions)– Austria, Russia, + Prussia (the Austria, Russia, + Prussia (the

absolute monarchies) sign agreement absolute monarchies) sign agreement – the – the Holy AllianceHoly Alliance w/ each pledging w/ each pledging to base their relations w/ other to base their relations w/ other nations on Christian principles to nations on Christian principles to combat forces of revolutioncombat forces of revolution

– Series of alliances devised by Series of alliances devised by Metternich called the Metternich called the Concert of Concert of EuropeEurope – nations would help each – nations would help each other if revolutions startedother if revolutions started

– Eventually nationalistic feelings in Eventually nationalistic feelings in countries under foreign control countries under foreign control would result in revolutionswould result in revolutions

End Section 5End Section 5