the french revolution the restoration 1799-1804 mckay 714-720, palmer 9.46 jacque louis david’s...

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The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

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Page 1: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

The French Revolution

The Restoration1799-1804

McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Page 2: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

First Consul

Page 3: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Moderate Period

• 1789-1792• “Age of

Montesquieu”• Constitution

al Monarchy– Liberal

moderates in control

• National Assembly/Legislative Assembly

• Limited Change

• Limited enfranchise-ment

Restoration Period

• 1799-1804• “Age of

Voltaire”• Enlightened

Despotism• Consulate• Government

centralized with enlightened ideals

• Old Order returns to power

Radical Period

• 1792-1794

• “Age of Rousseau”

• Republic

– Strong central government

– Radicals in control

• Convention

• Major Change

• Total enfranchise- ment

• Terror

• Command economy

• Utopian/ idealized vision

Thermidorian Period

• 1794-1799

• “Age of Smith”

• Oligarchy– Moderates

Bourgeoisie government

• Directory

• Reactionary stage

• Idealized visions of Rev forgotten– Period of

decadence

• Free Market economy– High Inflation

• Reliance on Strong Man

Crane Brinton & The Anatomy of Revolution

Page 4: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Consulate

1799 1801 1804

Coup d’etat

Brumaire

Concordat of 1801

-Code Napoleon-Duke of Enghien

executed-Napoleon crowns

self Emperor Napoleon

Constitution of 1799

Page 5: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Napoleon• Born in Corsica in 1759 (months after

French took it over)• Father moved family to France, climbed

French social ladder and got Napoleon in military academy

• Hated French at first– Teased by French children for yellow

skin and Italian accent• Rose through ranks quickly during

Revolution as many nobles had fled• 5’6” (according to some sources)

– (very short for general)• Intense & intimidating stare• Coarse manners, bad temper

– Not an aristocrat in behavior• Genius

– Capacity for hours of study in varied subjects

– Extremely detail oriented– Able to anticipate moves of enemies

Page 6: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Napoleon’s Foes in 1799

Bourgeoisie-l wanted property protected, business stability, equality under the law, meritocracy

Jacobins- wanted

republic, public education

Peasants -wanted Catholicism restored,

traditional values restored

Catholic wanted Catholicism

restored

Monarchists-wanted

monarchy restored,

wanted titles restored,

émigrés wanted to come home

Sans Culottes- wanted

universal male

suffrage

Page 7: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps
Page 8: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

First Consul• Considered the last and most eminent

enlightened despot by some• Considered an absolutist despot by others• Constitution of 1799

– Plebiscite (public referendum) accepted it 3 million to 1 thousand

– Set up ‘a make believe’ of parliamentary institutions

– Gave universal male suffrage• BUT only allowed for the selection and

installment of “notables”– Notables were then appointed by government

to positions• Had no power on their own (more of a

debating club)• Government also had a Tribune and a

Conservative Senate• Little power was exercised outside of the First

Consul– Characterized by conservative, authoritarian,

autocratic, and centralized pseudo republican government

• Satisfies Sans Culottes (universal male suffrage)

Page 9: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Marengo

Page 10: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Peace of AmiensMade peace with 1st Coalition• Russia dropped out of coalition• Austria defeated at battle of

Marengo in June 1800 – Treaty of Lunevelle (1801)

reconfirms Campo Formio– France gains domain over

Northern Italy from Austria• Peace of Amiens

– Peace treaty w/ Britain in 1802• Peace & security satisfies

Peasants & Bourgeoisie (& most of French)

– Peace is good for business and agriculture

• 1800 & 1802 – Grants general amnesty to 100

thousand émigrés• Pleases monarchists

Page 11: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Duke of d’Enghien• Picks capable and effective people to staff the

administration (many Royalists & Jacobins)• Bomb to assassinate him was blamed on a

Jacobin conspiracy– even thou he knew royalist had done it– deported 100 Jacobins

• Makes royalists happy• Exaggerated “royalist plots” • Kidnapped Duke of d’Enghien from Baden

(Germany)– A Bourbon

• Trumped up charges of conspiracy to overthrow government

• Had him executed by firing squad– keeps the Jacobins satisfied that they, as

regicides, are safe under his rule• Pleases Jacobins• But monarchists hate this!!

Louis Antoine Henri, duc d'Enghien

Page 12: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Napoleon’s Iron Hand

Page 13: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Concordat of 1801• Bonaparte made peace with the Catholic Church• Regarded religion as a means to rule

– advertised himself as a Muslim in Egypt, a Catholic in France, a freethinker among professors

• recognized Catholic revival in France and wanted to eliminate refractory clergy (aided by England)

• Concordat of 1801 (with the Vatican)– Pope can depose French bishops and

controls the Church in France– Pope (by signing) recognizes the French

Republic and raises no question over former church lands

– Clergy are salaried by the state– Pope cannot question French toleration– Also put Protestant ministers and the state

payroll• Disarmed the counterrevolution• Republic is no longer ‘godless’• Satisfies conservative Peasants & Catholics

The caption of the picture translates: "Signature of the Concordat between the French Government and His Holiness Pius VII for the re-establishment of the Catholic religion in France".

Page 14: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Consulate reforms• Meritocracy

– Careers open to talent• No privileges were recognized• Citizens were to rise according to their abilities

(merit over birth)• Education came to be a determinant of social

standing– So long as it (book) didn’t question the First

Consul (Germaine de Stael exiled)– Lyceum system

• Centrally controlled state run secondary schools opened

• Tax reform– no tax exemptions– No more tax farmer

• Nation collected 100% of what it taxed• Bank of France

– Central bank created– new currency was established– Stabilized economy– Gov. no longer captive to will of nobility

• Bourgeoisie love all of this stuff

Page 15: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

The Napoleonic Codes• Condensed over 300 legal systems of Old

Regime, thousands of laws past by Revolutionaries into One Code of Five sections

• Ancien regime laws were confusing, contradictory & allowed to numerous exemptions

• Napoleonic Code made France legally and judicially uniform

• Assured legal equality (not economic) to all Frenchmen

• forbade privileges based on birth• allowed freedom of religion• specified that government jobs go to the most

qualified• Paternalistic view of law

– Left wife with very restricted powers over property

• Unable to sign contract, own property• Above all it secured the sanctity of property

rights!!– Bourgeoisie Napoleon :}

Hammurabi is portrayed receiving the laws directly from Shamash the sun god

Page 16: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Napoleon’s Early Accomplishments

Page 17: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

The Revolution is Complete

1789France = A Sick

Absolute Monarchy

1789-1792Moderate

Stage

1792-1794Radical Stage

1799-1804Restoration

1794-1799Thermidorian

1804 Napoleon crowned Emperor of FranceFrance = A Healthy Absolute Monarchy

Page 18: The French Revolution The Restoration 1799-1804 McKay 714-720, Palmer 9.46 Jacque Louis David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Emperor Napoleon I