the french revolution unit 3 area of study 2: creating a new society challenges and responses (1792...
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
UNIT 3 AREA OF STUDY 2: CREATING A NEW SOCIETY
Challenges and responses (1792 – 1794)
• Explain the challenges brought about by international war
• Explain the challenges brought about by civil war in the Vendee
• Understand the economic and financial challenges faced
• Explain the political challenges brought about the by federalist revolt
• Explain the psychological challenges experienced La Montagne
Learning Outcome:Identify the challenges faced by the National
Convention between 1792 and 1794, and explain their responses
Challenges throughout 1792 - 1794
INTERNATIONAL WAR
CIVIL WAR
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CHALLENGES
FEDERALIST REVOLT
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
MILITARY CHALLEGES: INTERNATIONAL WAR
(1792 - 1794)
France at War 1793 - 1799
Britain
Austrian/PrussianRussia
Spain
Civil unrest
International War
• Winter 1792 – 1793: War situation improved as people volunteered in their thousands after the September Massacre
• Soon after Louis XVI was executed France were at war with the First Coalition. Brought together by Britain, the consisted of troops from Russia, Austria, Prussia and Spain
• By July 1793, enemy armies were crossing into France at almost every border
Response to International War
• A levee en masse of 300,000 conscripted soldiers was raised on August16 1793
• By 1794, France had an army of 1.5 million
• This response was largely brought about by the Convention, representing the radical working class movements in Paris
• They were able to slowly regain ground
MILITARY CHALLEGES: CIVIL WAR
(1792 - 1794)
Civil War
• In various provinces, particularly in the Vendée, peasants felt were worse off under the Revolution
• Peasant skirmishes in various areas, and they rejected conscription, not wanting to leave farms
• Many rejected the Civil Constitution of Clergy and resented new ‘revolutionary’ priests
Cause
HISTORIANS OPINIONS: THE VENDÉE UPRISING–
CHRISTOPHER HIBBERT
‘The Convention responded to the crises by issuing a series of emergency decrees... Rebels captured bearing arms were to be executed; so were emigres who returned to France’ (p.194).
Characteristics
HISTORIANS OPINIONS: THE VENDÉE UPRISING–
J.F BOSHER
‘The armies of the Vendée were hordes of men, women and children led by ‘generals’ in attacks upon towns and villages... Badly armed, lacking the sustaining forces of the state, vainly hoping for allies at home and abroad, these movements were soon exhausted, annihilated, and the survivors driven to underground warfare... So cruel and devastating was the repression [of the National Convention] that some of its students are ready to describe it as genocide’ (p.224)
HISTORIANS OPINIONS: THE VENDÉE UPRISING– SIMON
SCHAMA
‘In both the rhetorical dehumanisation of the enemy and the extreme ferocity with which the war was waged, the Vendée anticipated a cycle of peasant uprisings... What began in western France was repeated [in other areas]. ’ (p.590).
Consequences
FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES(1792 - 1794)
The Financial Crisis
• The French Revolution began partly as a result of financial crisis: France continued to be in a state of financial crisis through the entire revolution
• Why? People stopped paying taxes. • The assembly decreed that people should
continue pay old taxes, but by late 1792, only 50% of taxes had been paid
The Financial Crisis: Response - Assignats
• Sold church lands and used money to issue government bonds (assignats) that carried interest
• HOWEVER:Revenue from taxes
Government expenditure
Issued more bonds
Assignat fell in value and became paper money
Prices for goods went up
The Economic Challenges
• War meant little international trade and stretching of food supplies
• By January 1793 food riots occurred again• Popular movements petition Jacobins to apply
government regulation of prices• Convention refused and, in response,
enragés applied ‘popular taxation’ (25 – 26 February 1793): Crowds led by women would break in to shops and take goods, paying only what they regarded as a fair price
POLITICAL CHALLENGES:THE FEDERALIST REVOLT
(1792 - 1794)
The Political Challenge – The Federalist Revolt
• 2 June 1793: Girondin representatives sent to Paris as people’s representatives were arrested for anti-revolutionary behaviour. Causes outrage in provincial cities
• These ‘Federalists’ wished to protect the Revolution from the pressure of the ‘direct democracy’ of the working-class movement in Paris
• A regional movement in 60 of the 83 departments occurred wherein small revolts occurred involving moderates planning to take over the National Government
• Lyon federalists raised an army to march on Paris to restore order
• Convention sent an army to crush rebellion. In the siege of Lyon (October 1793) 2000 federalists were executed
• Weakened the international war effort
Federalists
1. Which group in the National Convention were Federalists?
2. What was their political goal for France?
3. Describe the actions of the Lyon federalists and explain the consequences.
4. What effect did this have on the International War effort?
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHALLENGE(1792 - 1794)
The Psychological Challenge – Assassinations in Paris
• (20 January 1793) Convention deputy Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau murdered for voting for King’s guilt
• 13 July 1793: Marat was murdered in his bath-tub by Charlotte Corday (he is later made a martyr)
• An unsuccessful attempt is made to assassinate Robespierre
• SENSE THAT REVOLUTION IS THREATENED BY ‘INVISIBLE ENEMIES’
• What were the challenges brought about by international war?
• What were the challenges brought about by civil war?
• What economic and financial challenges did the National Convention face?
• Explain the political challenges brought about the by federalist revolt
• Explain the psychological challenges experienced La Montagne
Learning Outcome:Identify the challenges faced by the National
Convention between 1792 and 1794, and explain their responses
TEXT BOOK REFERENCE: 177 - 179
DOCUMENT ANALYSIS:QUESTION
A and B
• Question’s a and b in the document analysis are usually straight forward. Be sure to respond in a sentence that directly answer the question
• When a visual, refer to the ‘action’ in the graphic: ‘...the third estate, as represented by the peasant farmer carrying the two other men on his back’
DOCUMENT ANALYSIS:QUESTION
C
• Refer directly to parts of the graphic of the document• Directly mention specific elements in the graphic• Quote directly from the document• Use your own knowledge and not just comment on the
document• Use different information in 3a and 3b• Must quote from the extract• Do not use historians’ opinions• Explain events in the context of the document of
graphics
DOCUMENT ANALYSIS:QUESTION
D
• Quote from the extract• Don’t just list historians: Focus on what they
actually argue• Use your own knowledge and not just
comment on the document• Quote specific words from the document to
identify the views of the author• Provide a balance between explaining the
events and historians’ views about it