the fuelwood market chain of kinshasa: socio-economic and sustainability outcomes of the number one...
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The Fuelwood Market Chain of Kinshasa: Socio-economic and sustainability outcomes of the number one household energy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Schure Ingram Kinshasa and KisanganiTRANSCRIPT
THINKING beyond the canopyTHINKING beyond the canopy
The Fuelwood Market Chain of Kinshasa: Socio-economic and sustainability outcomes of the number one household energy in the Democratic Republic of
Congo
IUFRO August 2010-Urban Forestry Combating Poverty: Building a collaborative stakeholder dialogue– Jolien Schure, Verina Ingram
THINKING beyond the canopy
Outline presentation
• Why do we want to know more about fuelwood around
Kinshasa?
• Methods
• Who are the actors?
• Socio-economic and environmental implications
• Institutional framework and management
• Conclusion
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Problem statement: fuelwood for the city of Kinshasa
• DRC covers 61% (98 million
hectares) of the Congo Basin forest
Kinshasa:
• 10 million people population,
urbanization
• Not sufficient access to alternative
energy (91.5% is fuelwood)
• - Deforestation forest-savana mosaic
(estimated 60,000 ha/year (Marien,
2009)), Increasing prices
• + Labor, (renewable) energy for
cooking
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Conceptual framework and methods
• Focus on livelihood systems and entire chain in order to understand
individual and household choices and institutional arrangements.
• Mapping, interviews, surveys
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The actors
Specialists:
Wood
cutting
Construction
of oven
‘Harvesting
of charcoal’
‘Put in bags’
‘Waving the
‘hat’.
Wholesaler
Retailer
Vendor
Porters
Packers
Collectors
Thieves
Truck
(98%)
Head (8%)
Barge
(4%)
Household
s
Small
industries:
bakeries,
restaurants
, grilled
meat
Private Sector NGOs, research
institutes
Government
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What are social and economic outcomes? - Consumers
• Consumers in the city use mainly charcoal for cooking
(74%), some electricity and firewood.
• Reasons: clean, little smoke, taste of food, hygiene rules
of city.
• Almost no improved stoves used (3%).
• Prices have raised over past 5 years.
• Costs for household: 21US$/ month! (+-15.6).
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Socio-economic outcomes- producers
• Producers: educated, all ethnicities, also women (4%).
• Permanent vs temporary producers (61% permanent in Kinshasa,
42% of producers Kin. depend on fuelwood revenues.
• Secondary activities: Agriculture (76% ), Fishing (15% ), Timber
exploitation (5% )
• Training pays off with production increases (21.4 percent received
training)
• Traditional charcoal oven
• Factors influencing production: (informal) taxes, distances and
transport costs, demand, caterpillar harvest season, events and
festivities (year’s end, return to school).
• Annual profit/producer= (Bags sold*price)-(Costs
transport+labour+materials+tax+access).
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Average yearly volume and profit charcoal producers Kinshasa
0
50
100
150
200
Production charbon de bois (sacs)
167
Producteurs zones de Kinshasa
Income (US$)
Profit (US$)
$0.00 $100.00$200.00 $300.00 $400.00 $500.00 $600.00$700.00
$800.00$900.00
$863.49
$104.50
Producteurs zones de Kinshasa
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And the natural resource base?
• 1 plantation acacia auriculiformis that provides fuelwood
(Mampu): estimated 0.85% of demand Kinshasa
(Ducenne, 2009)
• Perception: traders, producers, consumers see
diminishing source and increasing distances
• Volumes: 400,000 tonnes of charcoal/ year.
• Wood species: Kisangani : Limbalu, Gilbert, Botuna, Kélé, Alombi, Dabema,
Kele, Lipela, Agbama, Mbala; Kinshasa: Kiseka, Acacia, Bois noir, Makayabu, Kititi,
Muboti, Musangambala, Kiyeti, Mubamba, Mukwati
• Reforestation limited (only 4786.74 ha for 1986 – 2006,
despite plan of 500/1000 ha/ year).
• 80.5% producers never planted tree, 19.5% did.
• Location
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Location of fuelwood harvesting for Kinshasa
Champs39%
Newly
cultivated forest
37%
Uncultiv
ated forest24%
Actual places of fuelwoodharvesting (producers region of Kinshasa)
Champs
55%
Uncultivated
forest45%
Preferred places for fuelwoodharvesting
(producers region of Kinshasa)
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Intstitutional analyses
• Legal framework about land tenure and forest provides following legal options for
sustainable production of fuelwood:
1. Public plantations
2. Private plantations (Mampu, Ibi )
3. Reforestation at agricultural plots
4. Exploitation with fuelwood/ charcoal permit in surrounding forest
5. Community forestry (No regulation yet)
However in practice:
• Permit system hardly enforced and not guaranteeing sustainable outcome.
• Conflicting interests – e.g. Energy and Environment for the city of Kinshasa
• Land tenure ssue remains
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Local rules of access
Type of access (%/city) Costs of access(US$/per parcel/ tree)
Kinshasa Kisangani Kinshasa Kisangani
Type of access
Customaryright
59.42% 24.33%$00.00 $00.00
Renting 33.89% 59.67% $40.91 $38.90
Concession 3.81% 2.67% $18.56 $26.19
Buying trees
2.86% 13.33%$17.12 $9.86
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Preliminary conclusions1. Fuelwood provides essential access
to energy and is important for
livelihoods producers.
2. Sector is not sustainable at present
and not part of peri-urban planning.
3. No incentives to producers to
produce in more sustainable way.
Opportunities for stakeholder
dialogue:
Local level: involve local authorities,
producers and officials.
National level: overcome conflicting
interests/incoherence between ministries,
role of private sector.
International level: regional strategies
(COMIFAC), lessons learned from other
countries.