the fugues in the bachianas brasileiras by heitor villa
TRANSCRIPT
TheFuguesintheBachianasBrasileirasByHeitorVilla-Lobos:NeoclassicismandTheLearnedStyle
NORTONDUDEQUEUniversidadeFederaldoParanĂĄ([email protected])
IntroductionhecycleofnineBachianasBrasileirasrepresentsasophisticated
conceptionofneoclassicworksinwhichVilla-Lobospayshomage
to Bach, by applying his perception of Bachâs compositional
techniques,associatedtonationalisticreferencestoBrazilianmusic.TheBachianas
Brasileiraswerecomposedduringaperiodof15yearsfrom1930to1945.Inthe
period between the two World Wars, the music in Europe revived stylistic
referencesandadaptationsof formsandthematicprocessesoriginated inClassic
andBaroquemusic.Thedecadeof1920ssawsuchdiverseworksasStravinskyâs
Pulcinella (1919-20), Prokofievâs Symphony no. 1 (âClassicalâ, 1916-17) and
Hindemithâs Kammermusik (completed in 1927) as representing the tendency
towardsamoreobjectivestyle,firstdesignatedasneoclassicbyStravinskyin1923,
whichMessingsummarizesascharacterizedby:
1. simplicityâthereactionagainstobscurity,density,andsize;2.youthâthebeliefthatspontaneity,freshness,andvigourcouldoftenbebestcharacterizedbyevokingthe childlike condition; 3. objectivityâthe response to the notion that intenselypersonal utterances led to either distortion and rank sentimentality; 4. culturalelitismâtheposturethatthepreviouselementswereallinherentinnon-Germanicpeoples(MESSING,1988,p.89).
Wheeldon (2017) also discusses the rejection of previous models or
tendenciesinmusicalcompositioninFranceduringthe1920s.Sheemphasizesthe
reactionagainstDebussyâsmusicbyâLesSixâandhowitwastransformedintoanew
aestheticpostulate,theneoclassicism.OneofthemainpointsraisedbyWheeldon
concernscounterpointanditsadoptionasanalternativetoâverticalismeâ,thatis,
theperceptionthatDebussyâsmusicconsistedofâsimultaneousagglomerationsof
soundsâ as expressed by Paul Landormy in 1918. Referring to âLes Sixâ in the
following year, Landormydeclared, âthe return to counterpoint, in opposition to
Debussyistverticalism,isoneoftherallyingcriesoftheyoungschoolâ(pp.440â1).
In1920,FrancisPoulenc,summarizedthecommonideasofâLesSixâasâthereaction
T
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
68
against vagueness, the return to melody, the return to counterpoint, precision,
simplificationâ,alsoareactiontoDebussyâsmusic.Wheeldon,inaddition,observes
theimportancethatcounterpointclasseshadforthegroupofcomposers.Auricand
Tailleferre studiedunderGeorgesCaussade (1873-1936),MilhaudandHonegger
studiedunderAndréGédalge(1856-1926),allintheParisConservatoire.Poulenc,
on the contrary, studied counterpointwithCharlesKoechlin (1867-1950)during
1921-22.By1924-25,thesloganâLeRetourĂ Bachâbecameamovementresulting
from the increasing emphasis on counterpoint in the music of preceding years.
Koechlin,in1926,wroteanarticleinLaRevueMusicaleentitledâLeâretourĂ Bachââ
inwhichheliststheprinciplesofneoclassicism:
[1] Clear themes as in certain allegros of Bach (a remonstrance!); [2] noBeethovenian, Franckist, or Wagnerian pathos; [3] no FaurĂ©an or Debussyistexpressionism(Icertainlycannotwriteâimpressionismâ)but[4]puremusic,whichdoesnot claim to signify anything. [5]And fugues.Or rather, sketchesof fugues,adaptedtotheneedsofanepochinwhichtimeismoney(seeWHEELDON,2017,p.467;seealsoKOECHLIN,1926).
Even thoughVilla-Lobosâs twoperiodsof residence inParis (1923-24and
1927-30)didnotinterfereinhispreferenceforcomposingnationalisticmusic,itis
well documented that he met and became well known to the most celebrated
musiciansandcomposersofthetime,amongthesewereDâIndy,Roussel,Honegger,
Schmitt,deFalla,Stravinsky,andProkofiev.Manyofthesecomposershadalready
adoptedneoclassicismasamain tendency inhisworksat that time.WhenVilla-
Lobos begun composing his Bachianas Brasileiras in 1930 he adopted a trend
towards neoclassicism that he may had observed in Europe during the 1920s.
Consequently,headopted references toBachianmusicstyleanddemonstrateda
great interest in Bachâs music during the following decades of 1930s and 40s.
However, Villa-Lobosmay not have only observed the neoclassicism present in
Paris,buthealsoinheritedBachianidealsfromthenineteenthcentury.Forinstance,
Villa-LobosseesthefigureandthemusicofJ.S.Bachasuniversalsourceformusic,
mythicalandsacred;hedeclaresâthemusicofBachcomesfromtheastralinfinity
toinfiltrateinEarthasfolkmusic,andthiscosmicphenomenonreproducesitself
overthelands,subdividingitselfoverthevariouspartsoftheterrestrialglobe,with
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
69
a tendency to become universalâ.1 Villa-Lobosâs imaginative description on the
universality of Bachâs music demonstrates that he recreates and replicates the
mythological,cosmological,andsuperhumanBachfigureofthenineteenthcentury.
In addition, he also re-interprets the compositional techniques used by Bach,
accordingtohisownperceptionoftheseprocedures.Furthermore,itispossibleto
perceiveVilla-LobosâsBachianasandhisviewofBachâsmusicascontradictoryto
the European neoclassicism of the 1920s. On one hand, Villa-Lobos inherit the
romantic view of Bach, on the other, he adopts the objectivity inherent to
neoclassicism.ThemixtureofviewsiswhatmakesTarastiobservethat
There is no such contradiction between Villa-Lobosâs neoclassicism andromanticismsincetheorchestraofmanyBachianasisclosertothatofromanticismthanimpressionismorStravinsky-typeprimitivism.ThatiswhyVilla-LobosâsreturntoBachisinessenceonlysuperficiallyandaccidentallyrelatedtothecorrespondingphenomenonofthe1920sinEurope(TARASTI,1995,p.176).
AnexampleofthiscontradictoryaspectintheBachianasmaybeobservedin
theinstrumentationofthesuites.Forinstance,Bachianasno.2;7;and8areforlarge
traditionalorchestras,sometimeswiththeinclusionofBrazilianpercussionsection;
andBachianasno.3isforpianoandorchestra.However,Bachianasno.1(orchestra
ofvioloncelli);4(piano,laterarrangedfororchestra);5(sopranoandorchestraof
violoncelli);6(fluteandbassoon);and9(forvoiceorchestraorstringorchestra);
present instrumentation closer to standard neoclassic instrumentation. In fact,
Villa-Lobosseemstoproposehisowntypeofneoclassicismwhichincorporateshis
romanticinheritance,Europeanneoclassicism,andBrazilianmusic.
In theperspectiveofneoclassicism, fugues ingeneralwereconsideredthe
highest expression of counterpoint, therefore it became a much favoured genre
during the 1920s and 30s. Examples are Stravinskyâs fugue in the Symphony of
Psalms(1930),BartĂłkâsfugueinhisMusicforStrings,PercussionandCelesta(1936),
andalongwiththemodelofJ.S.BachâsWell-temperedclavierareHindemithâsLudus
Tonalis(1942)andShostakovichâs24PreludesandFuguesforpiano(seeWALKER,
1â[...]tĂtulodeumgĂȘnerodecomposiçãomusicalcriadode1930a1945parahomenagearograndegĂȘnio JohannSebastianBach.AsBachianasBrasileiras,emnĂșmerode9suĂtes, sĂŁo inspiradasnoambientemusicaldeBach,consideradopeloautorcomofontefolclĂłricauniversal,ricaeprofunda,comtodososmateriaissonorospopularesdetodosospaĂses,intermediĂĄriadetodosospovos.ParaVilla-Lobos,amĂșsicadeBachvemdoinfinitoastralparaseinfiltrarnaterracomomĂșsicafolclĂłricaeofenĂŽmenocĂłsmicosereproduznossolos,subdividindo-senasvĂĄriaspartesdogloboterrestre,comtendĂȘnciaauniversalizar-seâ(MUSEUVILLA-LOBOS,1972,p.187).
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
70
2001).Villa-LobosâsfuguesinthecycleofBachianasrangefrom1930inno.1,1942
inno.7,1944inno.8,to1945inno.9.Inthe12yearsthatseparateBachianasno.1
andno.7, forinstance,Villa-LobosarrangedBachâsPreludesandFuguesfromthe
Well-temperedclavierformixedchoir,no.4(1934),8(1932),14(1937),22(1932)
andfugues1,5,and21,allarrangedin1932.Inaddition,in1938,hearrangedthe
OrganFantasiaandFugueno.6fororchestra.Furthermore,Villa-Lobosâsinterestin
counterpointandfugalproceduresseemstogobeyondBachâsmusic.Forinstance,
inthecollectionSolfejos,Vol.2,publishedin1946,Villa-Loboscomposedseveral2,
3,4and6partscanons,arrangedcircular4partscanonsbyFranciscoBraga(1868â
1945),atwelve-tonefuguebyMaxBrand(1896â1980),a4partsfuguebyHandel
andthealreadymentioned4parts fugueno.8 fromWTCby J.S.Bach.Butmore
interesting is Villa-Lobos own fugue entitled Fuga IV sobre um tema de carĂĄter
popular brasileiro (Fugue IV on a Brazilian popular character theme) formixed
choir,itisanarrangementoftheorchestralfugueâfourthmovementâofBachianas
Brasileirasno.8(seeVILLA-LOBOS,1946).Mostofthesearrangementswerewritten
forchoirperformances in theCantoOrfeĂŽnicoprogram, inwhichVilla-Loboswas
theleadingfigure.
TheseriesofBachianasBrasileirasreflectsinmanyaspectstheadoptionof
Bachianmusicalallusions.Forinstance,manyofthesehaveamongtheirmovements
a pair of prelude and fugue. The second and thirdmovements of theBachianas
Brasileiras no. 1 (1930) has a Prelude (Modinha) and Fugue (Conversa (or
conversation);Bachianasno.7(1942)isarrangedasasuitecontainingaPrelude
(Ponteio),Gigue(QuadrilhaCaipira),Tocata(Desafio)andFugue(Conversa),andno.
8(1944)asaPrelude,Aria(Modinha),Tocata(CatiraBatida)andFugue,bothworks
fororchestra.Thelastworkintheseries,BachianasBrasileirasno.9,composedin
1945,issetoriginallyforacappellachorus(andorchestratedforstrings),andits
movementsarearrangedasaPreludeandFugue.Exception forBachianasno.9,
which presents thematic relationship between the Prelude and Fugue, all other
fuguesdonotpresentanythematicrelationshipbetweenthepreludemovements
andtheirfugues.Alsonoticeableisthefactthatthedoubledesignationpresentin
thefuguesofBachianasno.1and7implyalinkandasuggestionofthemixtureof
BachâsstylistictraitsandBrazilianmusic;thesimpledesignationinBachianasno.8
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
71
and9 suggests that the amalgamation of Bachian stylistic andBrazilian popular
musicelementsisfullyaccomplishedneedingnomentionoftheintendedmixture
aimedbythecomposer.
In theBachianas,Villa-Lobosalludesto formerstylesofmusic,notonlyto
those related toBachâsmusic, but also those related to traditionalWestern and
Brazilianmusic.Particularly,inthecaseofthefugues,Villa-Lobosdevisesatypeof
mixture between eighteenth- and nineteenth-century topics and newly devised
topicsthatsuitstohisowncompositionalneeds.Infact,Villa-Lobosalludestotopics
pertainingtothelearnedstyleofeighteenth-centurymusic,inthenarrowandbroad
senseasdefinedbyChapin(2014).Initsnarrowsense,thelearnedstylerefersto
techniquesofimitativecounterpointsuchas,canon,fugato,andthefugue,âthechief
genre of the learned style, was considered the ultimate stage of a composerâs
trainingandthefinesttestofhisskillâ(RATNER,1980,p.263).Inabroadersense
the style comprises species counterpoint, the chorale, and the improvisatory
complexities of the fantasy (CHAPIN, 2014, p.301). Therefore, it is important to
observe thatbyalluding toamixtureof topicsof the learnedstyleandBrazilian
music,Villa-LobosdeviseshisBachianasintermsofamusicalmanifestationofan
ethos, i.e., the characteristic spirit of a musical era associated to his beliefs of
nationalBrazilianmusic.2
Inthisway,itcanalsobeidentifiedspecifictopicsandstylesthroughoutthe
entirecycleofBachianas.Forinstance,oneofthesetopicsâthechoralefigurationâ
isfrequentlyfoundthroughouttheindividualpiecesofthecycle.Villa-Lobosrefers
tochoralestyleinhisdescriptionofsomeoftheBachianas.Hedescribesasection
intheFantasia fromBachianasno.3aspresentinga themewithacircleof fifths
sequence accompaniment in chorale style (MUSEU VILLA-LOBOS, 1972, p. 189).
Similarly,hedescribesanotherpassageinthefuguefromBachianasno.9relatingto
thesamestyle(p.197).Thesepassagesillustratearecurringstylizationcomponent
intheBachianascycle.However,inthistext,thelearnedstyleisrepresentedbythe
fuguesintheBachianas,andspecificallythestyleisrelatedtofuguedâĂ©coleasVilla-
LobosmayhavelearnedfromDâIndyâsCoursdeCompositionMusicale.
2 ForanapplicationoftheseideastoArgentinianmusicseePLESCH,2017.
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
72
FuguedâĂ©coleIn1920,DariusMilhaudinhisarticleâBrĂ©silâforLaRevueMusicalestatesthat
Vincent DâIndy and the Schola are models for Argentinian and Chilean music,
however, in Brazil, there is, clearly, a Debussyan impressionistic orientation
(MILHAUD,1920,p.60â1).DespiteofMilhaudâsidentificationofthetendenciesin
Brazilianmusicof the time, thementionofDâIndyand theScholaCantorum isof
particularinterest.
In1941Villa-LobosstatedthesignificanceofDâIndyâsCoursdeComposition
Musicale(1909)asanimportantreadingduringhisformativeyears,whichhedated
around1914(CORRĂADOLAGO,2010,pp.30â61).Infact,NĂłbrega,reportingon
thecontroversialVilla-Lobosâsautodidacticstudies,writesthatthecomposerbriefly
attendedclassesonharmonywithFredericodoNascimentoandFranciscoBragain
theInstitutoNacionaldeMĂșsicainRiodeJaneiro.Inaddition,hementionsthatVilla-
LoboswasgratefultoAlbertoNepomuceno,HenriqueOswaldandFranciscoBraga
foradvicesonmusic.Butmoreimportantisthementionthat,duringthe1910s,LeĂŁo
VelosobroughtfromParisacopyofDâIndyâstreatisetoVilla-Lobosandbystudying
it Villa-Lobos completed his formative years (NĂBREGA, 1969, p. 14). This is
corroboratedbyVilla-Lobosâsmusicitself.Hismusicfromthe1910sâTrios1and
2, Symphonies1and2, forexampleâ showsa tendency towards cyclic form,an
approachfavoredbyDâIndy.
Villa-LobosâsdescriptionsofthefuguesinthecycleofBachianas,published
inVilla-Lobos,suaobra(1972),notonlydescribeâasortofinformalâfuguesuchas
theoneinBachianasno.1,butalsoalludetospecifictermsoffuguecompositionand
to fuguedâĂ©cole instructions.The former isdescribedascomposed inthestyleof
Satiro Bilhar, an old carioca bohemian singer and Villa-Lobosâs friend, and
âdescribes a type of conversation among four players, where their instruments
dispute thematic primacy in successive questions and answers, in a dynamic
crescendoâ(MUSEUVILLA-LOBOS,1972,p.188).Thelatter,fuguedâĂ©cole,servesas
sourcetocompareVilla-Lobosâs fuguestoan ideal fuguemodel.For instance, the
composertriestodistinguishbetweenhisfugueinBachianasno.7andthestructure
of a school fuguewhendeclaring that the fugue presents someparticularities in
relation to âscholastic fugueâ (fuga escolĂĄstica) andmelodic aspects related to a
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
73
âsentimentalâBrazilianmusic.He continuesnoticing thedifferencesbetween the
presentation of the fugue subject and the traditional presentation in its tonal
transpositiontothedominant.Hecontinuesdescribingthesectionsofthefugue,the
re-expositionsof thesubject andepisodes.3 Finally,Villa-Lobosdeclares that this
thematic technique is intentionalandaimsataprincipleof freestyle, logicaland
assertive. Villa-Lobosâs notes on the fugue of Bachianas no. 8 are of general
character,brieflyobservingthestructureofthepiece,thepresentationofthesubject
accordingtotherulesofschoolfugue.Healsoobservesthestylisticrelationshipto
theclassicBachianstyleofthisfugueanditsrelationshiptomotivesandmelodies
ofBraziliancharacter.Finally,thefuguefromBachianasno.9deservesobservations
aboutitsvocaltreatment,anditsformconsideringitsepisodesandre-exposition.
Oneinterestingobservationconcernstheidentificationofasectionâintheformofa
choraleâinthedevelopmentsectionofthefugue.Thechoralereferstotheâchorale
topicâwhichisoftenalludedtoinseveralpiecesoftheBachianascycle(SeeMUSEU
VILLA-LOBOS,1972,pp.193â7).
In addition to DâIndyâs treatise important contribution to Villa-Lobos
theoretical formation, AndrĂ© GĂ©dalgeâs TraitĂ© de la fugue (Paris 1901) may be
acknowledgedascorroboratingVilla-Lobosviewoffugues.Inhistreatise,GĂ©dalge
listseightstructuralcomponentsofafuguedâĂ©cole(schoolfugue)âwhichcoincide
withthestructuralcomponentslistedbyDâIndy(Paris,1909)âtheseare:1)the
subject,2) theanswer,3)oneormore countersubjects,4) theexposition,5) the
counter-exposition (optional section), 6) the episodes, 7) the stretto, and 8) the
pedal point. DâIndy, however, subdivides his description of fugue formal
characteristics into two sections: a) the melodic elements of fugue and b) the
harmonic elements. In the first section DâIndy presents guidelines for the
compositionofthefuguesubject,firstanswerandtonalanswer,andcountersubject.
Inthesecondsection,DâIndydiscussesthecadence,theorderoftonalexpositions
in fugues in major and in minor modes (including the counter-exposition), the
episodes, pedal point, and stretto. The structural sections of a fugue, therefore,
coincides with Gedalgeâs instructions. For Villa-Lobos, most probably, these
guidelinesmayhaveimportancefordesigninghisfuguesalongwithhisstudyand
3 Thetermâre-expositionâthatVilla-Lobosusesdenotesthelastexpositioninthefugue.Iadoptthestandardtermâexpositionxâ.
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
74
observationof J.S.Bachâs fugues.However,Villa-Lobosdoesnot followthestrict
rules of the school fugue. In fact, he follows the structural elements of these
guidelines forcomposinga fugue.Notsurprisingly, thesenormativeelementsare
adoptedandadapted inVilla-Lobosâs fugues in theBachianas cycle.Even though
noneofVilla-LobosâsfuguesconformtoaBachianfugueorafuguedâĂ©coleinastrict
sense, they are organized according to a free use of the structural sections
(components)proposedbyGĂ©dalgeandDâIndy.Therefore, itrepresentsasortof
âlearned styleâ in which elements of fugue are adapted to the composerâs own
conception.
Inthenextsection,analyticdescriptionsonthefuguesintheBachianascycle
arepresented.OnlyBachianasno.9 isobservedinitsentiretyduetoitsthematic
relationshipbetweenthepreludeandthefugue.
AnalyticdescriptionsFuga(Conversa)âBachianasBrasileirasno.1,thirdmovement4
Villa-LobosdescribesthefugueofBachianasno.1asasortofconversation
(Conversa),betweentheplayersand inwhichthe instrumentsalternatethematic
importance in succeeding questions and answers.5 This description and Villa-
Lobosâs view of fugue suggest the reason why this fugue is a sort of âinformalâ fugue,
that is, a fugue with an unusual disposition of its structural components and sections.
However, the structural sections of a fugue dâĂ©cole are present in Villa-Lobosâs fugue.
For instance, concerning tonality, the fugue begins in G minor and ends in B flat major.
In addition, all tonal regions are closely related to the tonic: E flat major, C minor, D
minor and B flat major. In what concerns the structural sections, there is a consistent
alternation between expositions and episodes, except for expositions 2 and 3 that succeed
each other. Furthermore, the structural components characteristic of fugue dâĂ©cole, such
as stretto section and pedal points, are also present. Theformalsegmentationwithits
sectionsandstructuralcomponentsofthefugueareshowninTable1:
4PartsoftheseanalyticdescriptionsappearedinDUDEQUE,2017,pp.19â51.5TheFugue(Conversa),composedinthemannerofSatiroBilhar,anoldcariocabohemiansingerandVilla-Lobosâs friend, describes a type of conversation among four players,where its instrumentsdispute thematic primacy in successive questions andanswers, in a dynamiccrescendo (MUSEUVILLA-LOBOS,1972,p.188).
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
75
Section mm. Tonality StructuralcomponentExposition1 1â16 GminorÂźEflatmajor Episode1 17â30 EflatmajorÂźGminor CS(countersubject)in
augmentationS(subject)modified
Exposition2Sequentialpassage
31â8 GminorÂźCminor
Exposition3SequentialEpisode
39â4344â647â58
CminorÂźGminorGminorGminorÂźCminor
Stretto1Stretto2GPedalpoint(mm.47â9)
Episode2 59â65 CminorÂźGminor CSprimacyExposition4 66â74 DminorÂźEflatmajor Doublefugue
BflatpedalpointEpisode3 74â94 EflatminorÂźBflat
majorSinaugmentationFinalcadence
Table1:formalsegmentationofthefugue;BachianasBrasileirasno.1,thirdmovement.
Example1ashowsthefuguesubjectbeginninginthedominantharmony(G
minor:V,m.1)followedbyitsanswerinthetonic(Gminor:i,m.4ff.).InExample
1bthesubjectispresentedaroundEflatmajorandCminor(inm.9ff.),thatis,G
minor: VI and iv; and in Example 1c F minor in m. 13 (ii of E flat major) and
modulatingtoE flatmajorthrough itsdominant inm.14(VofE flatmajor).The
maincountersubjectispresentedonlyinmm.9and13(showninExamples1band
c),anditfunctionsdistinctlyfromthetraditionalpresentationinthefirstansweras
a secondary element, in fact, it is set apart as to acquire an importance that is
explored by the composer during the work. Example 1d, shows the subject
augmentationinmm.17â8thatdelineatesanarpeggiooftheDominantseventh(V7)
ofEflatmajorthatresultsinthecadentialmovementtowardsEflatmajorinmm.
17â8.
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
76
Example1aâd:presentationsoffuguesubjectandcountersubject;BachianasBrasileiras
no.1,thirdmovement.
Episode1,which follows inmm.18â30,presents thesubjectbut themain
countersubjectpredominatesinthesection.Thesecondexpositionreturnstothe
tonicinm.31,butitissooninterruptedbythesequentialpassageshowninExample
2a.Thepassageprojectsacircleoffifthssequenceendingwithanaugmentedsixth
cadencetoCminor:DminorâAmajorâGminorâCmajorâFmajorâBflatmajorâEflat
majorâDminorâDflataugmentsixthâCminor.Thefollowingsection,inExample2b,
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
77
is characterized by the presentation of two stretti. The first superposes, and
condenses the fugue subject as in the traditional technique. The second stretto
presents the fugue subject without its eight-note anacrusis and emphasizes the
tonic,Gminor,andprogressestoasequentialepisodeinmm.47â59.Despitethe
greatvariationofchronologicaleventsinthefugueuntilthispoint,theyconfigure
structuralcomponentsofafuguethatengenderarelationshiptoneoclassicism,and
toastylizationofBachâsmusic.Inthesectionbetweenmm.66â74,Exposition4,the
composeralludestoanotherfuguetechnique:thedoublefugue.Example2cshows
anexcerptfromthedoublefugueallusioninwhichthesubjectispresentedincello
4 along with a new superposed subject in cello 2 (see mm. 66â7), and in the
succeedingpresentationthesubjectincello1ispresentedatthesametimewiththe
newsubjectincello4(mm.68â9).Attheendofthisdoublefugueallusion,theBflat
pedal point begins in m. 70 (Ex. 2c) and is prolonged until m. 74. There is no
development or elaboration of this idea, suggesting just a reference to a fugue
technique, and in the final Exposition, Villa-Lobos presents the subject in a
sophisticated techniqueasanassertionofhisabilityof counterpoint techniques.
Finally, the last section presents the subject in augmentation in mm. 74â81, as
showninExample2d.Oncemorethecomposeralludestoanothertechniquethat
demonstrates his knowledge of contrapuntal techniques, and, naturally, suggests
allusionstopolyphonicmusicofthepastandtothelearnedstyle.
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
78
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
79
Examples2a:mm.34â8;2b:mm.38â46;2c:mm.65â71;2d,mm.74-81;Bachianas
Brasileirasno.1,thirdmovement.
In sum, theprecedingexamples illustratehowVilla-Lobosalludes, adapts,
utilizes traditional tonality and techniques of counterpoint to create a Bachian
stylizationinthefugueofBachianasno.1.
Fuga(Conversa)âBachianasBrasileirasno.7,fourthmovementBothBachianasno.7and8aresetforlargeorchestra.Theyrepresentworks
thatpayamonumentalhomagetothemusicofJ.S.Bach.Inthissense,iscommon
toassociatethefuguesubjectofBachianasno.7togreatworksbyBach.Thisisthe
caseofJardim,whohasarguedthatthesubjectresemblesthemainsubjectofBachâs
Die Kunst der Fuge by presenting a Dminor triad arpeggio followed by a lower
neighbor note C sharp and its subsequent octave transfer in mm. 2-3 with a
diminished seventh chord and back to the tonic inm. 4. Thismovementwould
emulate Bachâs theme (see JARDIM, 2005, pp. 133â4). Perhaps, amore realistic
descriptionofthethemewouldbeginbynoticingthedescendingarpeggiooftonic
inm. 1. It is followed by the neighboring diminished seventh chord inmm. 2-3
returning to thetonic inm.4,projecting, thus, a tonicprolongation in the first4
measures. The chromatic descending line beginning in m. 5 functions as link
towardstheV/VofAminorinm.11,andthenproceedstothefirstanswerinm.13.
Thewhole progression fromm. 5 reads in Dminor: VIâVânatural viiâivâVâIII A
minor: V/VâVâi. In addition, the regular quarter notes chromatic descending
arpeggiosalternatewithdescendingsyncopatedarpeggios conferringaBrazilian
ambiencetothetheme.Example3showsthesubjectofthefugue.
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
80
Example3:mm.1â13;BachianasBrasileirasno.7,fourthmovement.6
Structurally the fugue is subdivided in three sections: the first, section A,
comprisesExposition1andEpisode1.Thefirstexpositionischaracterizedbythe
subjectpresentationanditsanswersatthedistanceofaperfectfifthtonalities.Thus,
thereisasequenceofDminor,Aminor,EminorandBminorpresentationsofthe
subject. Villa-Lobos emphasizes this as a transgression of the rules of scholastic
fuguesbynotadhering to the tonic-dominantpresentationof fuguesubject.Also
includedinthissectionA is the firstepisode inwhichthemaincountersubject is
presented.Thesecondsection,B,presentsasecondexpositionofsubjectwiththe
samepresentationinasequenceoffifthrelatedtonalities,anditpresentstheshort
episode2whichfunctionsasalinkingpassageleadingtoExposition3.Finally,in
sectionC,exposition3presentsanabbreviatedsubjectexpositionprojectingonly
thesequenceofDminorandAminor.7Table2illustratestheformalsegmentation
ofthefugue.
6Theexampleillustratesafreeinterpretationofthestructureofthefuguesubject.IhavenointentionofrepresentingaSchenkeriangraphofthefuguesubject.7 Villa-Lobos designates this section as re-exposition (MUSEU VILLA-LOBOS, 1972, p. 194).
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
81
Section Mm. Tonality Structuralcomponent
A
Exposition1 1â48
Dminor(mm.1â12)Aminor(mm.13â24)Eminor(mm.25â36)Bminor(mm.37â48)
Subject(S)PresentationofCountersubject1(CS)
Episode1 49â62 (mm.49â52)(mm.53â62)
CS2-MaincountersubjectProgressionoffifthsFâŻâBâEâAPedalpointinA(VofD)
B
Exposition2 63â110 Dminor(mm.63â74)Aminor(mm.75â86)Eminor(mm.87â98)Bminor(mm.99â110)
MainCS(changeoftexture)
Episode2 111â113
BasedonmaterialofEpisode1ProgressionbyfifthsFâŻâBâEâA(VofDminor)
C
Exposition3(Reexposition)
114â135
Dminor(mm.114â25)Aminor(mm.126â8)Dminor(mm.129â42)
MainCS(âstrettoâimitation)GrandiosoPedalpointinAfrommm.137ff.
Coda 136â148
Finalcadence(mm.143â8)
PedalpointinA(V)LentoPassing6+âI(Picardythird)
Table2:formalsegmentationofthefugue;BachianasBrasileirasno.7.
Asmentionedabove,thefirstexpositionpresentsthesubjectanditsanswers
in fifth-related tonalities. Example 4 shows the beginning of each subject
presentationandtheanswers.
Example4:presentationsofsubject;BachianasBrasileirasno.7,fourthmovement.
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
82
The first episode presents a dense polyphonic texture featuring rhythmic
variety and harmonic instability in its beginning. However, the secondary
dominantscircleoffifths,VofFsharpâVofBâVofEâiiofD(seeEx.5)inmm.48â
51, that produces tonal instability is overtaken by the stability produced by the
pedalpointinA(mm.52â62),thedominantofDminor,whichleadstothetonicin
m.63.Inaddition,inm.54,thereistheintroductionofthemaincountersubjectthat
isdevelopedinthefollowingmeasures.
Example5:mm.48â56,BachianasBrasileirasno.7,fourthmovement.
Thesecondexpositionpresents thesubject in thetonicsuperposedbythe
main countersubject, a procedure that characterizes Villa-Lobos free-style fugue.
The main countersubject is characterized by the lower neighbor note and an
alternatingarpeggioandisatypicalfigurethatpayshomagetoBachâsmusicand
thereforerepresentsoneofthebeststylisticallusions(Ex.6ashowsthepassage).In
addition, themaincountersubject isperfectly integratedtothe fuguesubjectand
acquires,forthisreason,thesamestatusasthefuguesubject.Thethirdexposition
(seeEx.6b)beginswiththerestatementofthefuguesubjectinDminorsuperposed
to a sixteenth-notes scalar figure. Furthermore, the main countersubject is
presented inmm. 120â2, also showing its integration and importance as amain
thematicelementinthefugue.Finally,inmm.126â35,thesubjectisrestated(see
Ex.6c),however,inAminor,followedbytheDminorrestatement.Atthesametime,
the countersubject is presented and imitated with a fragment displaced by a
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
83
quarter-notedistance, causing theeffectof a âfree-style strettoâ.Theseexamples
illustratehowVilla-Lobosthoughthis free-style treatmentof fugue.Probably,his
ideawastoplaywiththemainfunctionofthestructuralcomponentsofthefuguein
ordertosubvert,alterandproducevarietyinhispiece.
Example6a:mm.63â7;6b:mm.114â20;6c:mm.126â30; Bachianas Brasileiras no. 7,
fourth movement.
ThefinalcadenceisstructuredbytheprogressionofV/VâAugm.sixthâI.Itis
noticeablethattheaugmentedsixthchordfunctionsasatypeofmaindominantand
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
84
itdelineatesthestepwiseprogressiontowardsthetonic,typicalofVilla-Lobostonal
music.TheallusiontoBaroquemusicisrepresentedbythefinalDmajorchord,i.e.
thePicardythirdtonicchord.Example7showsthefinalcadence.
Example7:finalcadence;BachianasBrasileirasno.7,mm.144â8.
Villa-LobosarguesthathisfuguefromBachianasno.7isinfreestyledespite
theâperfectbalanceofstyleâandthedeviationfromscholasticrules(MUSEUVILLA-
LOBOS,1972,p.194).Oneof themain characteristicsof thepiece resides in the
imitationsintheexpositionbyfifths(Dminor-Aminor-Eminor-Bminor)between
subject and answers. In addition, the main countersubject acquires importance
during the piece as to be presented along with the fugue subject in the third
expositionâGrandioso(seeEx.6c),andpresentedwithsuchanimportanceasto
alludetostrettotechniqueduetoitsclosemotivicimitations(m.126ff).
FugaâBachianasBrasileirasno.8,fourthmovementThe fugue from Bachianas no. 8 does not present a Brazilian subtitle. A similar fact made
Wright suggest that Villa-Lobos achieved the âsyntactical purityâ of Bachian and
Brazilian elements in Bachianas no. 9 (WRIGHT, 1992, p. 98). Similarly, the Preludio
and the Fugue of Bachianas no. 8 also do not present a Brazilian subtitle, and along with
Bachianas no. 9, suggest a final achievement of the aimed amalgamation of styles
searched by the composer. Wright summarizes:
ThesheddingofBraziliantitlesintheoutermovementsofBachianasn.8affordsevidence that Villa-Lobosâs cultural synthesis was almost complete; here is asublimationanddistillationofovertlyBrazilianmusicalcharacteristicstoforman
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
85
ambiencepureandbereftofpictorialassociation,yetremainingBrazilian(WRIGHT,1992,p.97).8
Thefuguebeginswithabriefintroductionbasedontheinitialmotiveofthe
fugue subject. The first exposition presents the traditional sequence of tonic-
dominant-tonicpresentationsofsubjectandanswers.Eachofthetwoexpositions
arefollowedbyepisodesthatemphasizethecountersubjectanditsfragmentation.
Inthesecondexposition,thereisastrettothatendsinFminorandleadstoashort
episodethatreturnstothetonic,Cminor.Table3showstheformalsegmentation
ofthefugue.
Section mm. Tonality StructuralcomponentIntroduction 1â6 Cminor FragmentofSExposition1 7â21 SâCminor/G
minor/CminorCadencetoCminor
TraditionalpresentationofSubjectandanswers(iâvâi)
Episode1 23â46.1
Fminor(mm.32â3)Cminor(mm.37ff)
FragmentofSNewCS(mm.27â9)Texturechange
Exposition2
46â57 (Fminor)CadentialtoCminor
StrettoCycleoffifths
Episode2 58â65 CSCoda 66â70 Finalcadence6+Table3:formalsegmentationofFugue,BachianasBrasileirasno.8,fourthmovement.
TheIntroductionpresentsmotivea(markedwithabracketinEx.8)which
will originate the beginning of the fugue subject. The motive is presented
sequentially four times, and in the last one, the C-B natural-C (m. 2), ends the
presentation and begins the progression towards V. The whole Introduction is
centredinCminorand,tonally,itprojectsaprogressiontoitsdominant(V7)inm.
6. The whole progression reads C minor: i-iio7-VâiiĂž-Augm. Sixth-V7. In fact, the
augmentedsixthchordinm.3functionsasananticipationofthedominantharmony
ofm.6.Theaugmentedsixthshouldreachresolutioninthetonicchord,howeverit
prolongstheleadingnoteBnatural(indicatedbythedashedslur),andtheseventh
oftheVharmony(Fnatural).Theprolongationofthedominantharmonyisatonal
characteristicpresentinseveralcasesofâintroductionsâandreferstoatraditional
formalfunctionoftonalmusic.
8ItisimportanttoobservethatinVilla-LobosâsdescriptionoftheBachianashereferstothefugueofBachianasno.8asConversa(seeMUSEUVILLA-LOBOS,1972,p.196).
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
86
Example8:mm.1â6,BachianasBrasileirasno.8,fourthmovement.
The first exposition (seeEx.9) is characterizedby thepresentationof the
fuguesubjectinthetonic,Cminor,inmm.7â9,followedbytheanswerinGminor
and in the major dominant (mm. 10â2), then it is followed by another subject
presentation in the tonic (mm. 13â5). The last answer projects Vminor and the
majordominantinmm.16â7andleadstothefinalcadenceoftheexposition(mm.
17â8).Thus,thesequenceoftonic,Vminor,majordominantandtonicpresentations
of the subject characterizes a traditional approach to the fugue first exposition.
According toVilla-Lobos, thissortofpresentationalsoexemplifies the treatment
typicalofaBachianfugue.Hewrites:
The fugueobeys thenatural expositionwith the specific thematic characteristicsthatarejustified,ononehandbytheclassicmodeoftreatmentinwhatreferstoBachâsstyle,ontheotherbythemotivesandBrazilianmelodiclinespresentedintheirvariousaspects(MUSEUVILLA-LOBOS,1972,p.196).9
9 âA Fuga obedece Ă natural exposição com as particularidades temĂĄticas caracterĂsticas que sejustificam,deumladopelomodoclĂĄssicocomoĂ©tratadanoqueserefereaoestilodeBach,edeoutroladopelascĂ©lulaselinhasmelĂłdicasbrasileirasexpostasnosseusvĂĄriosaspectosâ(MUSEUVILLA-LOBOS,1972,p.196).
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
87
Example9:mm.7â18,BachianasBrasileirasno.8,fourthmovement.
The first episode presents the fragmentation of the subject in mm. 23â8
(indicatedbythebracketsinEx.10a).Inaddition,Episode1isalsocharacterizedby
thesequenceofsecondarydominants,beginninginm.24,VofG,VofC,VofF,Vof
B flat,VofE flat,andareposeinE flatmajorinmm.26â7.Alsoimportant is the
presentation of the main countersubject in the bass voice in m. 27. This
countersubjectwillbethemainthematicfigurethatcharacterizethesecondsection
oftheEpisode(mm.37â46).Thelatteralsopresentstheprocedureoffragmenting
thesubjectandcountersubject(indicatedbythebracketsinEx.10b)producinga
dense polyphonic texture by the constant presentation of subject and
countersubjectfragments.
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
88
Example10a:mm.23â9;10b:mm.37â46;BachianasBrasileirasno.8,fourthmovement.
AnimportantsectionisExposition2whichpresentsthestrettoofthefugue.
InExample11athebeginningoftheshortstrettoisillustrated.Inthefirstexposition
of the fugue, the presentation of the subject is followed by the answer 12 beats
(threemeasures) after its statement. In the stretto the subject is followed by an
answer,initially,6andahalfbeatsafter,then5andahalf,twoandahalfand,finally,
bythreebeats.Thewholeprocess isasortofcondensationbetweensubjectand
answerproducingan intensification in texture.However, the composerseems to
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
89
halttheprocessbyintroducinginm.49.2aprogressionofsecondarydominantsin
acircleoffifthsprogression(indicatedbythebracket).Thus,theprogressionreads
VofBflat,VofEflat,VofAflat,VofDflat,VofGflat,reachingacadencefromthis
pointontoFminor(ii7âV7âi).Inmm.54â57(seeEx.11b)asecondcircleoffifths
progression is presented, however this one leads to the tonic, C minor. The
progressionreadsVofFminor,vofB flat,VofE flat,VofA flat,VofD flat,and
finishingwiththecadenceinCminor(viio6âV7âi).Thetonicisreachedinm.56.3
onlyafterresolvingtheFnaturalsuspensionfromm.55.2anditsornamentationin
m.56,andtheAflatofm.55.4(tenorvoiceinthereduction).
Example11a:mm.46â50;11b:mm.54â7;BachianasBrasileirasno.8,fourthmovement.
Thefinalcadence,illustratedinExample12,alreadypresentsthetonicinits
beginning,nevertheless,itisfollowedbythechromaticbasslineBnaturalâBflatâA
naturalâA flat,which functions as an augmented sixth chord, V/V, that does not
resolveinV,insteaditproceedsdirectlytothemajortonic(IâPicardythird)and
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
90
thentothemajortonicwithaddedsixth,aVillalobosianmannerismalsopresented
infirstmovementofBachianasno.1andinthefugueofBachianasno.7.
Example12:finalcadence,mm.67â70,BachianasBrasileirasno.8,fourthmovement.
The fugueofBachianasno.8 is amore concisework than those fugues in
Bachianasno.7and9.Thetonaltreatmentofsubjectandanswers,andtheuseof
structuralcomponentssuggestamoretraditionalapproachtofuguecomposition,
andtofuguedâĂ©coleinstructions.
BachianasBrasileirasno.9âPrelĂșdioandFuga10ThelastworkinthecycleisapairofmovementsofPreludeandFuguewith
noBraziliansubtitle.ThissimpledesignationsuggeststhatVilla-Loboshadachieved
inthisworkthesynthesisaimedbetweenamixtureofBachianstylisticelements
andhisownstylistic compositional language.Musical evidence corroborates this
point:1)Bothmovementspresentaformalintegrationsincethereisonlyabrief
fermatachordatthefinalmeasureofthePrelude;and2)thematicunitydenotesthe
deliberate integration between both pieces. In fact,Bachianasno. 9 represents a
compelling example of the intended combination of Bachian and Villalobosian
stylisticmusicelements.Furthermore,theformalsegmentationofthefugueshows
that structural components of the fugue dâĂ©cole are present, and the work is
organized in three main sections: 1) the first exposition comprises subject
presentations in (Dorian) Fminor and its answers in (Aeolian) Cminor; 2) the
developmentsectionisstructured inthreeepisodesofelaborationof thesubject,
and also present a new theme that alludes to chorale topic; 3) the second
exposition11presents twomainsectionswithstrettopresentation.Finally, acoda
10 I take thestringorchestraversionpublishedbyEditionsMaxEschigas themusic text for thefollowingcommentsonthework.11 Villa-Lobos describes this section as a re-exposition, I use the term exposition 2 in Table 4.
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
91
closes the fugue with a polytonal harmony. The Prelude is organized in three
sections:thefirstpresentsthemainthematicmaterial(alsoforthefuguesubject)
andcloseswithatransitionalsegment;thesecondsectionisdesignedasapolytonal
chorale; and the third is a concluding section. This description is schematically
showninTable4.
Section Measure Tonality Structuralcomponent
PrelĂșdio
Thematicpresentation
1â14 Cmajor Presentationofmainthemeinvla.
Concludingstatement
15â9 Cmajor Confirmationoftonalityandtransitiontochoralesection
Choralesection
20â32 Polytonal mm.24â6:6+âVâImm.30â2syncopatedrhythm
Finalsection 33â7 Cmajor Finalchord:Cmajorwithninthandaddedsixth
Fuga
Exposition
1
Exposition1 1â28 Fminor(Dorian)Cminor(Aeolian)
SubjectinitialpitchFAnswerinitialpitchCCadential6+
Developm
ent
Episode1 29â44 CminorEflat
TransitionTexturechordal(mm.33â6)Fragmentation(mm.37â8)ElaborationofS(mm.39â44)
Episode2 45â55 Circleof5thsprogressiontowardsEflatmajor(m.50)
NewThemeâChoraletopic
Episode3 56â71 Eflatminor ElaborationonSubjectSubject(Eflatminor,mm.60â3)
Exposition2
Exposition2 72â94 BeginsinDminorwithflatfifthprogressestoAminor(mm.75â7);cadentialmovementtoC(mm.78â81)
StrettoâSubjectabbreviated
Grandioso 82â95 Cminormm.93â4
StrettoâCircleoffifthsTheme2elaboratedTransitionâPolytonal
CodaMeno 95â9 Finalcadence PolytonalTable4:formalsegmentationofBachianasBrasileirasno.9.
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
92
ThethematicunitythatdenotestheintegrationbetweenPreludeandFugue
is illustrated inExample13.ThethemeinthePrelĂșdiopresentsmotivesthatare
treatedbyrhythmicdiminutiontoformthebeginningofthefuguesubject.Motivea
anda1arecharacterizedbytheascendingscalarfragmentwiththerepeatednotes
atitsend.Therhythmicdiminutioninthefuguesubject(Ex.13b)presentsthesame
motivic disposition denoting the relationship. The descendingmotives b and b1
providethecontinuity to thetheme, theyarealsorhythmicallydiminished inthe
fuguesubject,andprovidethecontinuityforthesubject.Therelationshipbetween
boththemesdemonstratesthethematicunitythatbondsbothmovementstogether.
Example13a:motivesprelude,mm.3â8;13b:motivesfuguesubject,mm.38â9;Bachianas
Brasileirasno.9.
ThePrelĂșdiobeginswiththepresentationofitsmaintheme.Thisiscentered
aroundCmajor,however,inthewholefirstsectionbetweenmm.1â19,onlyinm.
19theCmajortriadappearsasaconcludingtonic.ThethemepresentsCasitsfocal
noteand, in fact, it issubdivided intosymmetrical segmentsof sevennoteseach
(indicatedbybracketsinEx.14).InExample14,theprolongedbeamsindicatethe
Casthefocalnoteinbothphrases.TheconcludingCmajortriadisindicatedbyan
arrowinm.19,anditproducesthereleasepointofthetonaltensionproducedby
thedescendingline(EâEââDâDââCâBâBââAââG)inmm.15â9.
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
93
Example14:mm.1â19,BachianasBrasileirasno.9,firstmovement.
InhisdescriptionofBachianasno.9of1947,Villa-Lobosalludesforthefirst
timetopolytonalityintheBachianas.HewritesâThePrelĂșdioinamysticandslow
tempoisdistributedintosixvoices.Intheno.(1)theharmonicatmospherepresents
itselfaspolytonaluntilthefinalfermatacharacterizedbythemajorninthchordwith
thesubstitutionofitsfifthforaminorsixthâ(MUSEUVILLA-LOBOS,1972,p.197).12
InhisarticleâPolytonalitĂ©etAtonalitĂ©â(LaRevueMusicale,1923)Milhaudbegins
by identifyingpolytonalpassages in themusicof J. S.Bach. In theDuetto (no.2)
Milhaudseestheoriginsofpolytonality.Heexplainsthatintheexamplethereisa
combinationofDminorintheupperpartandAminorinthelowerpart.Heeven
observesasuperpositionofanarpeggioofDminorand(abeatlater)toanotherof
Amajor.However,thecombinationofthesetwopartsallowsaverticalidentification
ofeachharmonyinthetonalityofthepiece.Inthearticle,Milhaudalsoproposes
possibilitiesofchordalsuperposition.Forinstance,inhissecondexample,Milhaud
suggeststhattwochordsmaybesuperposed.Forexample,overaCmajortriadone
cansuperposeaDflatmajortriad,Dmajor,Eflatmajor,Emajor,Fmajor,Fsharp
majoretc.Therearealsothevariableforms,Cmajor/Dmajor,Cminor/Dminor,C
major/Dminor,andCminor/Dmajor,andnaturally,theirpossiblereversion,i.e.,D
major/Cmajor,etc.Themanyexcerptsthatillustratepolytonalityintheliterature
andcitedbyMilhaudincludeStravinskyâsPetruchka(1911),RavelâsSonateforviolin
12PrecedentsofpolytonalityinBrazilianmusicappearsinAlbertoNepomucenoâsVariationssurunthĂšmeoriginalcomposedin1902.Intheworktherearepassagesinwhichthecomposersuperposestwodifferent tonalities, for instance,Amajor/Fsharpmajor;Cmajor/Fsharpmajor;Cminor/Amajor;D flatmajor/Gmajor. It is important tonotice thatNepomucenoâsworkdatesof15yearsbeforethearrivalofDariusMilhaudinRiodeJaneiro.
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
94
andcello(1920â22),andKoechlinâsHeuresPersanes(1913â19),amongothers.The
twoformerexcerpts illustrateharmonicsuperpositionofchords,while the latter
illustrates the superposition of melodic lines (B flat major/F major/E major/C
major/Dmajor)(seeMILHAUD,1923).
Therefore, there is an understanding, as Milhaudâs text suggests, that a
distinction between horizontal and vertical dimensions may be considered.
Dahlhausobserves,whenwritingoncounterpointinthetwentieth-centurymusic,
that:
Amongthetechniquesthatdissolvedtonalharmony,bi-orpolytonalityisnotablefor its tendency topromote a contrapuntalstyle.Although itappears toproceedfromthesuperimpositionofchordsofdifferentkeys(asinStrauss'sElektra),itispossible to consider the contrapuntalmanifestation (as inMilhaud) as the trulyrepresentativeone(DAHLHAUS,1980,p.850).13
Corroborating this assertion,Retidefinespolytonalityas âa compositional
methodwheretwomusicallineswhichareindifferentkeysappearcontrapuntally
juxtaposedâ(RETI,1962,p.79).Finally,Dahlhausraisesanimportantissueforthe
polytonalstyle.Hesaysthatâtonalatomizationof thestyleasawholerequiresa
particularly clear tonal characterization of the individual partsâ, otherwise there
would not be the recognition of tonality. Milhaud recognizes the problem and
attemptsa solutionwhencomposingworks inwhich thepolytonalmelodic lines
convergetoatonalcenter.Forinstance,inSaudadesdoBrasil,Op.67/I,Sorocaba,
thereisaBflatmajorchordâthetonicâtowhicharesuperposedchordsofCminor,
Cmajor,Dmajor,butallconvergetothetonalcenterofBflatinmm.17â20.Inthe
secondpieceoftheseries,Botafogo,thereisasuperpositionofFminorandFsharp
minor, which at the end of the first phrase (mm. 12â3) converges to C natural,
achievingclosureofamaintonalcenter.14
13ForanextensivediscussionofpolytonalityinMilhaudâsmusicseeKELLY,2003,pp.142â168.SeealsoCORRĂADOLAGO,2015and2016.14ItisimportanttonotethatVilla-LobospossiblyhadcontactwithMilhaudinBrazilbetween1917â19.ThereisevidenceofVilla-LobosparticipatingintheactivitiesoftheVeloso-Guerracircle.ThecoupleOsvaldoGuerraeNininhaVeloso-GuerrapromotedconcertswiththeFrenchmusicofthetimeinRiodeJaneiro.NininhaVeloso-GuerraalsopremieredseveralofMilhaudâsworksincludingthepianoversionofSaudadesdoBrasilwhichVilla-Lobosconductedtheorchestralversionin1931(seeCORRĂA DO LAGO, 2010, for a comprehensive report on the circle Veloso-Guerra and DariusMilhaud).
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
95
InExample14,thetonalityofthethemeiscenteredaroundCasindicatedby
theprolongedbeams,howeveronlyinm.19theCmajortriadappears.Thechorale
sectionthatfollowsinmm.21â33doesnotdefinethetonalityofCmajoraswould
beexpected.Infact,thesectionalludestochorale-partwriting,butitispolytonalin
harmoniccharacteristic.Example15showsareductionofthechoralesectioninthe
PrelĂșdio,inwhichpolytonalityisexpressedbythesuperpositionofdifferentlines.
In theExample, theprolongedbeams indicatethesuperpositionofdifferentkeys
(tonalregions).ThefirstcomprisingthetopthreevoicesexpressesCmajorbetween
mm.21â7(indicatedbytheprolongedbeams)emphasizingitsdominant(V)inm.
25throughtheaugmentedsixthchord(asadiminishedthird)inm.24.Infact,this
chordisapointofconvergenceinwhichthethreelowervoicesâmodulateâtowards
Gmajorinmm.24â33.Thefirstsegmentofthelowervoices,mm.21â4,expressesA
minorthroughitsdominantharmony(V),andinthesecondsegmentmm.24â33,G
majorisestablishedthroughoutuntiltheendofthechoralesection.Inmm.28â33,
in the top voices, Bminor is constantly heard and remains static producing the
sensationofanewtonalcenter.Additionally,analternativereadingofthepassage
could consider the B minor static triad as simply complementing the G major
tonalitywithitsmajorseventh.
Example15:mm.21â32;BachianasBrasileirasno.9,firstmovement.
ThefuguesubjectbeginscenteredinFminor(Dorian).Despitethelackofkey
signature, the tonality is established by the presentation of the fugue subject in
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
96
whicheachof thepresentations inFminor isprecededbya cadentialdominant
which guarantees the tonic (V7, with the leading noteâE naturalâresolving to F;
indicatedbythearrowinEx.16a).Theanswers(A)inCminorareprecededbyan
applied augmented sixth chord (6+ of G) followed by V/V. Thus, the process of
subjectandanswerischaracterizedbythetraditionaltreatmentoftonic(subject)
andvminor(answer).InExample16,thefirstcolumn(Ex.16a)presentsthesubject
inthetonicprecededbyitsdominantharmony(V7);thesecondcolumn(Ex.16b)
shows the beginning of the answers presented in the minor fifth (v) which are
precededbyitsappliedaugmentedsixthandthedominant(V/V).
Example16aâb:presentationsofthefuguesubject;BachianasBrasileirasno.9,second
movement.
TheaccomplishmentbetweenstylisticfeaturesofBachianmusicandVilla-
Lobosâsstylisticcompositionalqualitiesmayberepresentedbythechoraletheme
inthedevelopmentsection.TheexcerptshowninExample17iscenteredinEflat
major,which isemphasizedbythecadence inmm.50â1.Thewholeprogression
fromm.45readsinEflat:iiâI6/4Vâii6IVâvi4/3iiiâV4/3iiâI6V7âI.Thenewthemeis
presentedasamodelandsequence,descendingstepwisefromAflatinitsbeginning,
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
97
leading to B flat and E flat (indicated in Ex. 17 by the prolonged beams). The
consolidationofthesequentialthematicfigureandthecleartonalexpressionofE
flatmajormayrepresentthesynthesisofBachianelementsthatthechoraletheme
accomplishes.
Example17:mm.45â51,BachianasBrasileirasno.9,secondmovement.
In spite of the lack of a âstrictâ stretto section, exposition 2 (mm. 72â92)
presents the fugue subject abbreviated to threemeasures insteadof theoriginal
four.Theeffectisofastrettosectionproducedbytheanswersanticipatedinone
measure.Inm.82beginsasectionofelaborationofthechoraletheme.Themain
characteristics present are: 1) it is sequential; 2) it projects a circle of fifths
progression in Cminor: iâivâflat VIIâIIIâVIâiiÂșâvâI; and 3) it presents the fugue
subject.The sequences arederived from the chorale themeand they complete a
circleof fifthssequence fromtonic(Cminor) to tonic, that is,CâFâBflatâE flatâA
flatâDâGâC. The progression delineated by this sequence ofharmonies ismainly
diatonicassuringtheexpressionofCminor.Thepresentationofthefuguesubject
beginning in m. 82 is also abbreviated in its size, and in m. 85 begins a false
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
98
presentation of the subject producing again the impression of a stretto, but the
subjectpresentationisrapidlyabandonedinmm.86ff(seeEx.18).
Example18:mm.82â5,BachianasBrasileirasno.9,secondmovement.
Thefinalcodaofthemovementcomprisesapolytonalcadenceconvergingto
pitchCinthelastmeasure.InExample19,theprolongedexternalbeamsindicate
the progression centered in C and the internal prolonged beams indicate the
differenttonalregionsthatproducethepolytonaleffect.So,inmm.95â6,thetop
threevoicesmaketonalsenseinDflatmajorinaprogressionfromitsVtoI.Atthe
sametime,inthethreelowvoices,theprogressionbeginscenteredinC,butinm.
96,itchangestoaprogressioninEflatmajor(mm.96â7;Vâ2âI5+).Inm.97,inthe
topvoices, thedominantofC isemphasizedbyasecondarydominant(V/V)and
progressestothefinalcadenceVâIinmm.98â9.Inthelowervoicesinmm.97â9,C
majorisemphasizedbytheprogressionI7âiiâVâI.
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
99
Example19:finalcadence,mm.95â9;BachianasBrasileirasno.9,secondmovement.
ConcludingremarksThemainargumentofthistextisconcernedwithVilla-Lobosâsapproachto
music composition in the fugues ofBachianas Brasileiras. By acknowledging his
readingofDâIndyâscompositiontreatiseVilla-Lobosalsorecognizeshisknowledge
of rules and practices of fugue composition. Further evidence that support this
argumentmaybecorroboratedbyVilla-Lobosâsowndescriptionoftheseworksin
1947andpublishedbytheVilla-LobosMuseumin1972.Inthesedescriptionsthe
composer refers to scholastic fugue (fugue dâĂ©cole) and how he adheres to and
transgressesthesecompositioninstructions.Ifononehand,hechallengesthestrict
rules of fugue dâĂ©cole by composing âinformalâ fugues titled âconversationâ
(conversa), on the other, he adheres to specific procedures such as subject and
answersatdistanceofaperfectfifth,expositions,episodes,pedalpointsandstretto
sections. For instance, the fugue from Bachianas no. 1, subtitled âconversationâ,
denotesitsinformalcharactereveninthecomposerâsdescription,andpayshomage
toSatiroBilhar,by,accordingtoVilla-Lobos,alludingtohisplayingstyle.However,
the fugue also presents skillful use of counterpoint procedures such as
augmentationofsubjectandcounter-subject,allusiontodouble-fugue,andstretto
section.The fugue fromBachianasno.7, alsoa âconversationâ, isreferredby the
composer as a free style distinct from the school fugue and presents in the
expositionthesubjectanditsanswersinthedistanceofconsecutivefifthsanddo
Revista MĂșsica â Programa de PĂłs-Graduação em MĂșsica da Escola de ComunicaçÔes e Artes da Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo, v. 18, n. 1, 2018.
100
not present a traditional stretto section, for instance. The compact fugue of
Bachianas no. 8, observes the traditional instructions of fugue dâĂ©cole in the
exposition of subject and answers, in addition of presenting clearly designed
expositions and episodes. Finally, fugue fromBachianasno. 9, the only onewith
thematicrelationshipwithitsprelude,alsoismoretraditionalinthecompositional
proceduresadopted.Forinstance,therearesectionsofexpositionandepisodes,and
astrettosection.However,polytonalityisutilizedintheworkdenotingVilla-Lobos
intentionofrejectingtraditionaltonality.Therefore,thestructuralcomponentsofa
fuguedâĂ©colearekeptfunctionalandtheyrepresentalearnedskillbythecomposer.
Ultimately,Villa-Lobosshowsushisability,hiscraftmanshipinfuguecomposition,
andhischronologicallydistantinheritanceofthelearnedstyle.
Theconsolidationofthesecharacteristics,stylisticallusionstothemusicofJ.
S.Bach, andofBrazilianmusicmoodsprovided the composerwith theelements
which he composed his fugues; these are neoclassical fugues in the twentieth-
centurymusicpanorama,andareexamplesofanationalisticneoclassicmusic.
ReferencesCHAPIN, Keith. Learned Style and Learned Styles. In: MIRKA,Danuta (ed.). The OxfordHandbookofTopicTheory.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,pp.301â29,2014.
CORRĂADOLAGO,ManoelAranha.OCĂrculoVeloso-GuerraeDariusMilhaudnoBrasil.RiodeJaneiro:RelerEditora,2010.
_______________________.âAdDissonantiamperConsonantiamâ:TheScopeandLimitsofDariusMilhaudÂŽsSystemofâPolytonalitĂ©Harmoniqueâ:TheImmanentandPoieticLevels(Part1).RevistaBrasileiradeMĂșsica,v.28,n.2,pp.265â304,2015.
_______________________.âAdDissonantiamperConsonantiamâ:TheScopeandLimitsofDariusMilhaudÂŽs System of âPolytonalitĂ© Harmoniqueâ: The Esthesic Level (Part 2). RevistaBrasileiradeMĂșsica,v.29,n.1,pp.181â215,2016.
DAHLHAUS,Carl.Counterpoint.InSADIE,Stanley(ed.).TheNewGroveDictionaryofMusicandMusicians,1sted.Vol.4,pp.833â851.London:Macmillan,1980.
DâINDY,Vincent.CoursdeCompositionMusicale.Paris:A.DurandetFils,Ăditeurs,1909.
DUDEQUE,Norton.âIntertextualityandStylizationinVilla-LobosâsBachianasBrasileirasNÂș1â,MusicaTheorica,2,pp.19â51,2017.
GEDALGE,AndrĂ©.TraitĂ©deLaFugue.Paris:Enoch&Cie,Ăditeurs,1901.
JARDIM,Gil.OEstiloAntropofågicodeHeitorVilla-Lobos. SãoPaulo:EdiçãoPhilarmoniaBrasileira,2005.
KELLY, Barbara L. The Tradition and Style in the Works of Darius Milhaud 1912â1939.Aldershot,Hants,England;Burlington,VT:Ashgate,2003.
KOECHLIN,Charles.âLeretourĂ Bachâ,Larevuemusicale8,no.1,pp.1-12,Nov.1926.
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras By Heitor Villa-Lobos: Neoclassicism and Learned Style
101
MESSING, Scott. Neoclassicism in Music from the Genesis of the Concept through theSchoenberg/StravinskyPolemic.Rochester:UniversityofRochesterPress,1988.
MUSEUVILLA-LOBOS.Villa-Lobos,SuaObra.RiodeJaneiro:MEC/MuseuVilla-Lobos,1972.
MILHAUD,Darius.BrĂ©sil.LaRevueMusicalen.1,pp.60â1,1920.
___________.PolytonalitĂ©etAtonalitĂ©.LaRevueMusicalen.4,pp.29â44,1923.
NĂBREGA,Adhemar.RoteirosdeVilla-Lobos.In:PresençadeVilla-Lobos,4Âșvolume.RiodeJaneiro:MEC/DAC/MuseuVilla-Lobos,pp.7â26,1969.
PLESCH,Melanie.TheLearnedStyleinArgentineMusic:TopicSimultaneityandRhetoricsofIdentityintheWorkofCarlosGuastavino.RevistaPortuguesadeMusicologian.4,v.1,pp.121â40,2017.
RATNER,Leonard.ClassicMusic:Expression,Form,andStyle.NewYork:SchirmerBooks,1980.
RĂTI,Rudolph.TonalityinModernMusic(Tonality,Atonality,Pantonality).NewYork:CollierBooks,1962.
TARASTI, Eero.Heitor Villa-Lobos: The Life and Works, 1887-1959. London: McFarland,1995.
VILLA-LOBOS, Heitor. Solfejos Originais e SĂŽbre TĂȘmas de Cantigas Populares, Para Ensino de Canto OrfeĂŽnico. Rio de Janeiro: IrmĂŁos Vitale, 1946.
WALKER, Paul. Fugue, §8, 20th century. In SADIE, Stanley and John Tyrrell (eds.) The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd ed. Vol. 9, pp. 330â331. London: Macmillan, 2001.
WHEELDON, Marianne. Anti-Debussyism and the Formation of French Neoclassicism.JournaloftheAmericanMusicologicalSociety,v.70,n.2,pp.433â74,2017.
WRIGHT,Simon.Villa-Lobos.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1992.