the furnace of civil war
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The Furnace of Civil War. 1861-1865 Chapter 21. Bull Run (Manassas Junction). The North expected a quick victory Lincoln and Northern Army defeated July 21, 1861 @ Bull Run Psychological and political victory for the South. George McClellan. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Furnace of Civil War
1861-1865
Chapter 21
Bull Run (Manassas Junction)
• The North expected a quick victory
• Lincoln and Northern Army defeated July 21, 1861 @ Bull Run
• Psychological and political victory for the South
George McClellan
• 1861 – After Bull Run, Lincoln gives McClellan control of the Army of the Potomac
• Good organizer and drillmaster
• Perfectionist who wouldn’t take risks
• Too cautious
Seven Days’ Battles
• June 26 – July 2, 1862• McClellan finally attacks the South toward
Richmond• Lee counterattacks McClellan and drove the
North back to the coast• UNION strategy becomes TOTAL WAR
– 1 – suffocate the South w/ blockade– 2 – liberate slaves to undermine South’s
economy
Emancipation Proclamation
• In 1863 Lincoln declares that all slaves in Confederate States still in rebellion are free.
• Did not free a single slave.
Lee Towards Gettysburg
• Lincoln replaced McClellan with A.E. Burnside after loss at Antietam
• Dec. 13, 1862 – Fredericksburg (Southern victory)
• May 2-4, 1862 – Chancellorsville (Southern victory)
Lee Toward Gettysburg
• Lee wanted to follow big victories with an invasion of the North through Pennsylvania
• Gettysburg – General George Meade in charge of Union troops
• 92,000 Blue• 76,000 Gray• July 1-3, 1863 – Union victory broke the
heart of the Confederate charge
William Tecumseh Sherman• U.S. Grant takes
control of Union Army
• Grant wins at Vicksburg
• Georgia was open to invasion
• Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman led Union forces to Atlanta in Sept. 1864
Sherman’s Tear Through The South
• Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground in November 1864
• Cut a 60 mile path of horror from Atlanta to Savannah burning everything in his way
• Burned, stole, pillaged, and destroyed Georgia
• Sherman made it up through SC and into NC by the war’s end
Election of 1864
• Republicans joined with War Democrats to temporarily create the Union Party
• Lincoln candidate for president• Andrew Johnson (TN) to be vice-president• Soldiers sent to oversee voting (and ensure
people voted for Lincoln)• Lincoln defeats George McClellan • 212-21 in Electoral College
Ulysses S. Grant
• 100,000 men under Grant set out for Richmond
• Cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia
• Lee surrenders in April 1865
Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination
• April 14, 1865• 5 days after Lee’s
surrender• John Wilkes Booth, a
pro-Southern actor, shot Lincoln in the head
• Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C.
The Civil War• 600,000 total dead
• 1,000,000 killed or wounded
• The USA lost the heart of its young male population
• $15 Billion cost of war
The Ordeal Of Reconstruction
1865-1877
Chapter 22
Reconstruction
• The challenge: How to reunite the nation?
• South was physically destroyed by war, and revolutionized socially by the emancipation of the slaves
• Jefferson Davis was arrested and imprisoned for two years, eventually released
Reconstruction
• All rebel leaders were pardoned by Andrew Johnson Dec. 25, 1868
• A CIVILIZATION HAD COLLAPSED
• The economic and social order of the South had been crushed!
• Banks and businesses closed, runaway inflation, factories closed, and transportation was completely broken down
Reconstruction
• Agriculture was almost hopelessly crippled• Slave-labor system collapsed• Not until 1870 did the South produce 1860
harvest numbers (because of new western farms)
• Planter aristocrats humbled• Lost investment and capital of slaves –
worthless land
Black Churches Spring Up
Black Baptist Church – 500,000 members by 1870
• African Methodist Episcopal Church – 400,000 members by 1870
The Freedmen’s Bureau
• Primitive welfare organization to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education for blacks and poor whites.
• Bureau taught 200,000 blacks to read and write
Andrew Johnson• Lincoln’s Union Party running mate to gain
support of War Democrats
• Intelligent, able, forceful, honest, devoted to duty and people
• Champion of states’ rights
• buried with a copy of the Constitution
Presidential Reconstruction“10 percent” of voters from the 1860
presidential election had to take an oath of loyalty and the state could be readmitted to the Union
• Johnson agreed with Lincoln’s plan
• Radical Republican tried to push the Wade-Davis Bill through Congress– called for 50% to take the oath
• Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill
Reconstruction Republicans
• 1- Moderate Group – (majority)
• Majority of Republicans agreed with Lincoln to restore states as quickly as possible (10% plan)
• 2 – Radical Group (minority)
• Believed South should suffer punishment before being restored
• Radicals wanted to uproot Southern structure, punish planters, and protect blacks with federal power
Black Codes
• Laws designed to regulate affairs of emancipated blacks
• Aim: to ensure a stable and subservient workforce
• Created tough work contracts with severe penalties to keep blacks in their place
Congressional Reconstruction
• 3/5 Compromise abolished with 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments
• Blacks now 5/5 of a person – 1 whole
• South had more political power
• Dec. 6, 1865 – Johnson announces that South had met requirements for re-entry
• Congress vehemently disagreed
Johnson’s Clash with Congress
• March 1866 – Civil Rights Bill – passed by Republicans, which gave blacks American citizenship and struck against Black Codes
• Johnson vetoes the bill
• April 1866 – Congress overrides Johnson’s veto
14th Amendment
• 1- conferred rights, citizenship (no vote), to blacks
• 2 – reduced proportion of representation if a state refused blacks the right to vote
• 3 – disqualified former Confederate leaders from holding office who served then seceded.
• 4 – guaranteed the federal debt, and repudiated Southern debt
Radical Republican Leaders
Senator Charles Sumner Congressman Thaddeus Stevens
Radicals
• Radicals wanted to keep the South out of the House and Senate as long as possible to keep federal power
• They wanted to bring drastic change to the South’s society and economy
Military Reconstruction Act 1867
• South broken into 5 military districts
• Each commanded by a Union general
15th Amendment
• Passed by Congress in 1869
• Ratified in 1870
• Gave adult black males the right to vote
• By 1877, all federal forces leave the South
• “Stolen Election”
Blanche K. Bruce
• 1868-1876
• 14 black congressmen
• 2 black senators
• Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce become Senators from Mississippi
The Ku Klux Klan
• # of secret societies are formed in post-war South
• “Invisible Empire of the South” or KKK
• Founded in Tennessee in 1866 by Nathan Bedford Forrest – ex-Confederate officer
Nathan Bedford Forrest• Flogged, mutilated, and
murdered many
• Tried to keep blacks from exercising their new freedoms
• Force Acts (1870-1871) – federal troops given permission to stamp out secret societies – KKK too well organized
Impeachment
• Congress was annoyed by Johnson’s obstruction and vetoes
• Tenure of Office Act – 1867 – kept president from firing cabinet members
• Johnson fired Edwin M. Stanton in 1868
Impeachment
• US House votes 126-47 to impeach Johnson for “high crimes and misdemeanors”
• Articles of impeachment for disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt and reproach
• Johnson NOT impeached by Senate by a margin of one vote
Alaska• 1867 – Russian Alaska
had been over hunted and became an economic liability for Russia
• Secretary of State William Seward signed a treaty to buy Alaska for $7.2 million
• “Seward’s Folly” was ridiculed