the future five

8/3/2019 The Future Five

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K. Naga Sumanth08KG1A1224

NIT - IT

The future five represent the most ultimate technologies that are

useful for the mankind relating the IT methodologies. These

technologies are currently under research; however some of

them are invented and are undergoing test drives. Let us have a

glance of these.


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January 7, 2012 [THE FUTURE FIVE]

Nalanda Institute of Technology | IT-Dept. 1

Abstract:-

The future five represent the most ultimate technologies that are useful for the mankind relating the ITmethodologies. These technologies are currently under research; however some of them are inventedand are undergoing test drives. Let us have a glance of these.

Dell froot Computer: - With the environment and sustainability firmly in mind the DellFroot concept saves the planet courtesy two projectors: One for the virtual keyboard, andanother for the monitor.

Swivel Technology: - Its a helpful solution for a tricky situation. The situation being: yourunning out of juice on your mobile phone. So what do you do? Remove the battery from theback of the phone; give it a few good turns around your index finger and its gathered enoughpower to last you a conversation or a safe trip to your charger and electric point.

Holographic versatile disc: - The Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) is an optical disctechnology developed can store up to six terabytes of data on an optical disc the same size asa CD, DVD or Blu-ray disc. It employs a technique known as collinear holography, whereby agreen and red laser beam are collimated in a single beam.

Machine Translation: - Machine translation can use a method based on linguistic rules,which means that words will be translated in a linguistic way the most suitable (orallyspeaking) words of the target language will replace the ones in the source language.

Integrated AI organs: - An AI organ is a man-made device that is implanted or integratedinto a human to replace a natural organ, for the purpose of restoring a specific function or agroup of related functions so the patient may return to as normal a life as possible.


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INDEX

Introduction.

Dell froot Computer.

Swivel Technology.

Holographic versatile disc.

Machine Translation.

Integrated AI organs.

Conclusion.

References.


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Introduction:-

Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge

of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or

methods of organization in order to solve aproblem or perform a specific function. It can also

refer to the collection of such tools, machinery,

and procedures. The word technology comes

from Greek (technologa); from

(tchn), meaning "art, skill, craft", and - (-

loga), meaning "study of-".The term can either

be applied generally or to specific areas:

examples include construction technology,

medical technology, and information technology.

Technologies significantly affect human as well as

other animal species' ability to control and adapt

to their natural environments. The human

species' use of technology began with the

conversion of natural resources into simple tools.

The prehistorical discovery of the ability to

control fire increased the available sources of

food and the invention of the wheel helpedhumans in travelling in and controlling their

environment. Recent technological

developments, including the printing press, the

telephone, and the Internet, have lessened

physical barriers to communication and allowed

humans to interact freely on a global scale.

However, not all technology has been used for

peaceful purposes; the development of weapons

of ever-increasing destructive power hasprogressed throughout history, from clubs to

nuclear weapons.

Technology has affected society and its

surroundings in a number of ways. In many

societies, technology has helped develop more

advanced economies (including today's global

economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure

class. Many technological processes produceunwanted by-products, known as pollution, and

deplete natural resources, to the detriment of

the Earth and its environment. Various

implementations of technology influence thevalues of a society and new technology often

raises new ethical questions. Examples include

the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of

human productivity, a term originally applied only

to machines, and the challenge of traditional

norms.

Philosophical debates have arisen over the

present and future use of technology in society,

with disagreements over whether technology

improves the human condition or worsens it.

Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar

movements criticise the pervasiveness of

technology in the modern world, opining that it

harms the environment and alienates people;

proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism

and techno-progressivism view continued

technological progress as beneficial to societyand the human condition. Indeed, until recently,

it was believed that the development of

technology was restricted only to human beings,

but recent scientific studies indicate that other

primates and certain dolphin communities have

developed simple tools and learned to pass their

knowledge to other generations.

High-Tech:-High tech is technology that is at the cutting

edge: the most advanced technology currently

available. It is often used in reference to micro-

electronics, rather than other technologies. The

adjective form is hyphenated: high-tech or high-

technology. (There is also an architectural style

known as high tech.)

There is no specific class of technology that is

high tech the definition shifts over time so


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products hyped as high tech in the 1960s would

now be considered, if not exactly low tech, then

at least somewhat obsolete. This fuzzy definition

has led to marketing departments describing

nearly all new products as high tech.

Because the high-tech sector of the economy

develops or uses the most advanced technology

known, it is often seen as having the most

potential for future growth. This perception has

led to high investment in high-tech sectors of the

economy. High-tech startup enterprises receive a

large portion of venture capital; however, if

investment exceeds actual potential, as hashappened in the past, then investors can lose all

or most of their investment. High tech is often

viewed as high risk, but offering the opportunity

for high profits.

Like Big Science, high technology is an

international phenomenon, spanning continents,

epitomized by the worldwide communication of

the Internet. Thus a multinational corporation

might work on a project 24 hours a day, with

teams waking and working with the advance of

the sun across the globe; such projects might be

in software development or in the development

of an integrated circuit. The help desks of a

multinational corporation might thus employ,

successively, teams in Kenya, Brazil, the

Philippines, or India, with the only requirement

fluency in the mother tongue, be it Spanish,

Portuguese or English.

High-tech sectors:-

The sector approach classifies industries

according their technology intensity, product

approach according to finished products.

Aerospace

Artificial Intelligence Biotechnology

Software

Electrical Engineering

Photonics

Nanotechnology

Nuclear Physics Robotics

Telecommunications

So as such on the line of evolution the future is

going to see some awesome technologies relating

Computing, Holography Dell Froot

Concept.

Power and Emergencies Swivel

Technology.

Very large scale mass storage of data

Holographic versatile disc.

Communication throughout the world

Machine translation.

Medical Advancements AI Organs.

These five are considered to be the greatest

technologies of the future. Hence the name

Future Five for this Documentary.

Let us now see One by One in a detailed view.


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Dell Froot Computer

Howd you like a desktop computer that works

without any physical keyboard or monitor?

The company Dell has announced a contest Dell

Regeneration Green Computing Technology

Contest, dedicated to, as the name implies, the

development of concepts of environmentally

friendly computers. One of the participants in the

contest has become a Mexican designer Paulina

Carlos, presented a work called Froot.

Computer Froot is a car made from bio-friendly

materials, and is responsible for the high-tech

pair of projectors, one of which laser is more

interactive. This decision is justified by a fairly

simple reasons: there is no need to use the

monitor and keyboard that can adversely affect

the environment.

Building a computer is made of easily processed

materials such as polymers based on starch.

Probably, such a machine would be interesting

for many different types of users.

Instead of connecting to a traditional monitor or

USB keyboard, the Froot features a pair of

projectors - one that casts the keyboard on a

tabletop, and the other one that projects the

computer screen on the wall. Besides the small

projection hump in the middle, the left-hand side

contains the ports, and the right has a slot-

loading DVD drive.

The design uses a colorful case that would be

made out of biodegradable starch-based

polymer. There isnt any mention of a mouse

though, so you might need to get that on your

own.

Perhaps we get a doubt here that it will need

walls to project the images and a smooth surfacefor keyboard.

The concept is being under improvement to use

the holographic projections to make it a best in

the Computing , Virtually real world in the future.

Let us see how holography works here,


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Holography:-

Holography (from the Greek hlos, "whole"

+ graf, "writing, drawing") is a technique

that allows the light scattered from an object tobe recorded and later reconstructed so that when

an imaging system (a camera or an eye) is placed

in the reconstructed beam, an image of the

object will be seen even when the object is no

longer present. The image changes as the

position and orientation of the viewing system

changes in exactly the same way as if the object

were still present, thus making the image appear

three-dimensional. This effect can be seen in thefigure on the right where the orientation of the

mouse is significantly different in the two images

and its position relative to other parts of the

scene has changed. The holographic recording

itself is not an image it consists of an apparently

random structure of either varying intensity,

density or profile.

Working:-

Holography is a technique which enables a light

field, which is generally the product of a light

source scattering off objects, to be recorded and

later reconstructed when the original light field is

no longer present (due to the absence of the

original objects. Holography can be thought of as

somewhat similar to sound recording, whereby a

sound field created by vibrating matter, likemusical instruments or vocal chords, is encoded

in such a way that it can be reproduced later

without the presence of the original vibrating

matter.

Holograms are recorded using a flash of light that

illuminates a scene and then imprints on a

recording medium, much in the way a

photograph is recorded. A hologram, however,

requires a laser as the light source, since lasers

can be precisely controlled and have a fixed

wavelength, unlike white light, which contains

many different wavelengths.

A shutter is required when taking a photograph

to limit the time in which the film is exposed to

light. Holography also requires a specific

exposure time, and this can be done using a

shutter, or by electronic timing of the laser.

This laser beam is generally aimed through a

series of elements that change it in different ways

- see following Figure. The first element is a beam

splitter, which divides the beam into two

identical beams, each aimed in different

directions:

One beam, known as the illumination or

object beam, is spread using lenses and

directed onto the scene using mirrors, in

order to illuminate it. Some of the light

scattered (reflected) from this

illumination falls onto the recording

medium.

The second beam, known as the reference

beam, is also spread through the use of

lenses, but is directed so that it doesn't

come in contact with the scene, and

instead travels directly onto the recording

medium.


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There are several different materials which can

be used as the recording medium. One of the

most common is silver halide photographic

emulsion which uses the same materials as

photographic film but with much higher grain

density, i.e. of much higher resolution. A layer of

the recording medium is attached to a

transparent substrate which is normally glass, but

may be plastic.

On the recording medium, the light waves of the

two beams intersect and interfere with each

other. It is this interference pattern that is

imprinted on the holographic medium. The

pattern itself is seemingly random, as this pattern

represents the way in which the scene's light

interfered with the original light source, but not

the original light source itself. The interference

pattern can be said to be an encoded version of

the scene, requiring a particular key, that is, the

original light source, in order to view its contents.

This missing key is provided later by shining a

laser, identical to the one used to record the

hologram, onto the developed film which then

recreates a range of the scene's original light.

When the original reference beam illuminates the

hologram, it is diffracted by the recorded

hologram to produce a light field which is

identical to the light field which was originally

scattered by the object or objects onto the

hologram - see above Figure. When the object is

removed, an observer who looks into the

hologram "sees" the same image on his retina as

he would have seen when looking at the original

scene. This image is known as a virtual image.


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Swivel Technology

Mind you, this is not a Green concept and

neither does it claim to be Eco Friendly. Its just

a helpful solution for a tricky situation. Thesituation being: you running out of juice on your

mobile phone. So what do you do? Remove the

battery from the back of the phone; give it a few

good turns around your index finger and its

gathered enough power to last you a

conversation or a safe trip to your charger and

electric point.

This technology is developed to help us in the

emergency situations for getting a little power

back up. Various models are developed and this is

one successful model. However there are two

theories to support this.

1. Theory 1:- This theory states that due to

the static electricity produced while

rotating, the charge is collected and

routed to recharge.

2. Theory:- Now this states that there are

electrodes placed inside around the

turner which is attached to fractionate

items. So while rotating they collideproducing charge to reroute.

This is currently under development and the

experiments are going on to increase the

recharge rate per revolution.


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Holographic Versatile Disc

The Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) is an optical

disc technology developed between April 2004

and mid-2008 that can store up to severalterabytes of data on an optical disc the same size

as a CD, DVD or Blu-ray disc. It employs a

technique known as collinear holography,

whereby a green and red laser beam are

collimated in a single beam. The green laser reads

data encoded as laser interference fringes from a

holographic layer near the top of the disc. A red

laser is used as the reference beam to read

servoinformation from a regular CD-stylealuminium layer near the bottom.

Servoinformation is used to monitor the position

of the read head over the disc, similar to the

head, track, and sector information on a

conventional hard disk drive. On a CD or DVD this

servoinformation is interspersed amongst the

data. A dichroic mirror layer between the

holographic data and the servo data reflects the

green laser while letting the red laser pass

through. This prevents interference from

refraction of the green laser off the servo data

pits and is an advance over past holographic

storage media, which either experienced too

much interference, or lacked the servo data

entirely, making them incompatible with current

CD and DVD drive technology.

Standards for 100 GB read-only holographic discsand 200 GB recordable cartridges were published

by ECMA in 2007, but no holographic disc product

has appeared in the market. A number of release

dates were announced, all since passed.

Current optical storage saves one bit per pulse,

and the HVD alliance hopes to improve this

efficiency with capabilities of around 60,000 bits

per pulse in an inverted, truncated cone shapethat has a 200 m diameter at the bottom and a

500 m diameter at the top. High densities are

possible by moving these closer on the tracks:

100 GB at 18 m separation, 200 GB at 13 m,

500 GB at 8 m, and most demonstrated of5 TB

for 3 m on a 10 cm disc.

The system uses a green laser, with an output

power of 1 watt which is high power for a

consumer device laser. Possible solutions include

improving the sensitivity of the polymer used, or

developing and commoditizing a laser capable of

higher power output while being suitable for a

consumer unit.


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Holographic Versatile Disc structure

1. Green writing/reading laser (532 nm)

2. Red positioning/addressing laser (650 nm)

3. Hologram (data)(shown here as brown)

4. Polycarbonate layer5. Photopolymeric layer (data-containing layer)

6. Distance layers

7. Dichroic layer (reflecting green light)

8. Aluminium reflective layer (reflecting red light)

9. Transparent base P. Pit pattern

HVD is not the only technology in high-capacity,

optical storage media. InPhase Technologies was

developing a rival holographic format called

Tapestry Media, which they claim will eventually

store 1.6 TB with a data transfer rate of 120

MB/s, and several companies are developing TB-

level discs based on 3D optical data storage

technology. Such large optical storage capacities

compete favourably with the Blu-ray Disc format.

However, holographic drives are projected to

initially cost around US$15,000, and a single disc

around US$120180, although prices are

expected to fall steadily.

Machine Translation

Machine translation, sometimes referred to by

the abbreviation MT (not to be confused with

computer-aided translation, machine-aided

human translation MAHT and interactive

translation) is a sub-field of computational

linguistics that investigates the use of computer

software to translate text or speech from one

natural language to another.

On a basic level, MT performs simple substitution

of words in one natural language for words in

another, but that alone usually cannot produce a

good translation of a text, because recognition of

whole phrases and their closest counterparts in

the target language is needed. Solving thisproblem with corpus and statistical techniques is

a rapidly growing field that is leading to better

translations, handling differences in linguistic

typology, translation of idioms, and the isolation

of anomalies.

Current machine translation software often

allows for customisation by domain or profession

(such as weather reports), improving output by

limiting the scope of allowable substitutions. This

technique is particularly effective in domains

where formal or formulaic language is used. It

follows that machine translation of government

and legal documents more readily produces

usable output than conversation or lessstandardised text.

Improved output quality can also be achieved by

human intervention: for example, some systems

are able to translate more accurately if the user

has unambiguously identified which words in the

text are names. With the assistance of these

techniques, MT has proven useful as a tool to

assist human translators and, in a very limited

number of cases, can even produce output that

can be used as is (e.g., weather reports).

The progress and potential of machine translation

has been debated much through its history. Since

the 1950s, a number of scholars have questioned

the possibility of achieving fully automatic

machine translation of high quality. Some critics

claim that there are in-principle obstacles to

automatizing the translation process.

Translation Process:-

The human translation process may be described

as:

1. Decoding the meaning of the source text;

and

2. Re-encoding this meaning in the target

language.


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Behind this ostensibly simple procedure lies a

complex cognitive operation. To decode the

meaning of the source text in its entirety, the

translator must interpret and analyses all the

features of the text, a process that requires in-depth knowledge of the grammar, semantics,

syntax, idioms, etc., of the source language, as

well as the culture of its speakers. The translator

needs the same in-depth knowledge to re-encode

the meaning in the target language.

Therein lies the challenge in machine translation:

how to program a computer that will

"understand" a text as a person does, and thatwill "create" a new text in the target language

that "sounds" as if it has been written by a

person.

This problem may be approached in a number of

ways.

Approaches:-

Machine translation can use a method based onlinguistic rules, which means that words will be

translated in a linguistic way the most suitable

(orally speaking) words of the target language will

replace the ones in the source language.

It is often argued that the success of machine

translation requires the problem of natural

language understanding to be solved first.

Generally, rule-based methods parse a text,

usually creating an intermediary, symbolic

representation, from which the text in the target

language is generated. According to the nature of

the intermediary representation, an approach is

described as interlingual machine translation or

transfer-based machine translation. These

methods require extensive lexicons with

morphological, syntactic, and semantic

information, and large sets of rules.

Given enough data, machine translation

programs often work well enough for a native

speaker of one language to get the approximate

meaning of what is written by the other native

speaker. The difficulty is getting enough data ofthe right kind to support the particular method.

For example, the large multilingual corpus of data

needed for statistical methods to work is not

necessary for the grammar-based methods. But

then, the grammar methods need a skilled

linguist to carefully design the grammar that they

use.

To translate between closely related languages, atechnique referred to as shallow-transfer

machine translation may be used.

Rule-based

The rule-based machine translation paradigm

includes transfer-based machine translation,

interlingual machine translation and dictionary-

based machine translation paradigms.

Transfer-based machine translation

Interlingual

Interlingual machine translation is one instance of

rule-based machine-translation approaches. In

this approach, the source language, i.e. the text

to be translated, is transformed into an

interlingual, i.e. source-/target-language-independent representation. The target language

is then generated out of the interlingua.

Dictionary-based

Machine translation can use a method based on

dictionary entries, which means that the words

will be translated as they are by a dictionary.


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Statistical

Statistical machine translation tries to generate

translations using statistical methods based on

bilingual text corpora, such as the Canadian

Hansard corpus, the English-French record of the

Canadian parliament and EUROPARL, the record

of the European Parliament. Where such corpora

are available, impressive results can be achieved

translating texts of a similar kind, but such

corpora are still very rare. The first statistical

machine translation software was CANDIDE from

IBM. Google used SYSTRAN for several years, but

switched to a statistical translation method inOctober 2007. Recently, they improved their

translation capabilities by inputting

approximately 200 billion words from United

Nations materials to train their system. Accuracy

of the translation has improved.

Hybrid MT

Hybrid machine translation (HMT) leverages the

strengths of statistical and rule-based translation

methodologies.[ Several MT companies (Asia

Online, LinguaSys, Systran, PangeaMT, UPV) are

claiming to have a hybrid approach using both

rules and statistics. The approaches differ in a

number of ways:

Rules post-processed by statistics: Translations

are performed using a rules based engine.

Statistics are then used in an attempt to

adjust/correct the output from the rules engine.

Statistics guided by rules: Rules are used to pre-

process data in an attempt to better guide the

statistical engine. Rules are also used to post-

process the statistical output to perform

functions such as normalization. This approach

has a lot more power, flexibility and control when

translating.

Integrated AI Organs

An artificial organ is a man-made device that is

implanted or integrated into a human to replace

a natural organ, for the purpose of restoring a

specific function or a group of related functions

so the patient may return to as normal a life as

possible. The replaced function doesn't

necessarily have to be related to life support, butoften is.

Implied by this definition is the fact that the

device must not be continuously tethered to a

stationary power supply, or other stationary

resources, such as filters or chemical processing

units. (Periodic rapid recharging of batteries,

refilling of chemicals, and/or cleaning/replacing

of filters, would exclude a device from beingcalled an artificial organ.) Thus a dialysis machine,

while a very successful and critically important

life support device that completely replaces the

duties of a kidney, is not an artificial organ. At

this time an efficient, self-contained artificial

kidney has not become available.

Reasons:-


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Reasons construct and install an artificial organ,

an extremely expensive process initially, which

may entail many years of ongoing maintenance

services not needed by a natural organ, might

include:

Life support to prevent imminent death

while awaiting a transplant (e.g. artificial

heart)

Dramatic improvement of the patient's

ability for self care (e.g. artificial limb)

Improvement of the patient's ability to

interact socially (e.g. cochlear implant)

Cosmetic restoration after cancer surgeryor accident

The use of any artificial organ by humans is

almost always preceded by extensive

experiments with animals. Initial testing in

humans is frequently limited to those either

already facing death, or who have exhausted

every other treatment possibility. (Rarely testing

may be done on healthy volunteers who are

scheduled for execution pertaining to violent

crimes.)

Although not typically thought of as organs, one

might also consider replacement bone, and joints

thereof, such as hip replacements, in this context.

Examples:-

Eye

The most successful function-replacing artificial

eye so far is actually an external miniature digital

camera with a remote unidirectional electronic

interface implanted on the retina, optic nerve, or

other related locations inside the brain. The

present state of the art yields only very partial

functionality, such as recognizing levels of

brightness, swatches of color, and/or basic

geometric shapes, proving the concept's

potential. While the living eye is indeed a camera,it is also much more than that.

Various researchers have demonstrated that the

retina performs strategic image preprocessing for

the brain. The problem of creating a 100%

functional artificial electronic eye is even more

complex than what is already obvious. Steadily

increasing complexity of the artificial connection

to the retina, optic nerve or related brain areas

advances, combined with ongoing advances in

computer science, is expected to dramatically

improve the performance of this technology.

For the person whose damaged or diseased living

eye retains some function, other options superior

to the electronic eye may be available.


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Limbs

Artificial arms with semi-functional hands, some

even fitted with working opposable "thumbs"

plus 2 "fingers", and legs with shock absorbing

feet capable of allowing a trained patient to even

run, have become available. While the meaning

of "full mobility" is debated, steady progress is

made.

Beyond Restoration:-

It is also possible to construct and install an

artificial organ to give its possessor abilities which

are not naturally occurring. Research is

proceeding, particularly in areas of vision,

memory, and information processing, however

this idea is still in its infancy.

Some current research focuses on restoring

inoperative short-term memory in accident

victims and lost access to long-term memory in

dementia patients. Success here would lead to

widespread interest in applications for personswhose memory is considered healthy to

dramatically enhance their memory of far beyond

what can be achieved with mnemonic

techniques. Given that our understanding of how

living memory actually works is incomplete, it is

unlikely this scenario will become reality in the

near future.

One area of success was achieved in 2002 when aBritish Scientist, Kevin Warwick, had an array of

100 electrodes fired into his nervous system in

order to link his nervous system into the internet.

With this in place he carried out a series of

experiments including extending his nervous

system over the internet to control a robotic

hand, a form of extended sensory input and the

first direct electronic communication between

the nervous systems of two humans

Another idea with significant consequences is

that of implanting a Language Translator for

diplomatic and military applications. While

machine translation does exist, it is presently

neither good nor small enough to fulfill its

promise.

This might also include the existing (and

controversial when applied to humans) practice

of implanting subcutaneous "chips" (integrated

circuits) for identification and location purposes.

An example of this is the RFID tags made by

VeriChip Corporation.


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Conclusion:

Hence as we are in the Digital age the purpose of this document is to explain the top most technologies for

the next generation. Hoping that they will be useful to mankind as per all needs.

References;

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.futuretechs.com

Other resources.
http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.futuretechs.com/http://www.futuretechs.com/http://www.futuretechs.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.google.com/

the future five

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