the future of geoinformatics (1)

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SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU-GEODETSKI FAKULTET UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB-FACULTY OF GEODESY Zavod za primijenjenu geodeziju, Katedra za upravljanje prostornim informacijama Institute of Applied Geodesy; Chair of Spatial Information Management Kačićeva 26; HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, web: www.igupi.geof.hr; Tel.:(+385 1)45 61 222; Fax:(+385 1)48 28 081 English Language for Academic Purposes THE FUTURE OF GEOINFORMATICS Authors: Martina Petrunić, univ.bacc.ing.geod. et geoinf. Bojana Rudić, univ.bacc.ing.geod. et geoinf.

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Page 1: The Future of Geoinformatics (1)

SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU-GEODETSKI FAKULTET UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB-FACULTY OF GEODESY Zavod za primijenjenu geodeziju, Katedra za upravljanje prostornim informacijama Institute of Applied Geodesy; Chair of Spatial Information Management Kačićeva 26; HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, web: www.igupi.geof.hr; Tel.:(+385 1)45 61 222; Fax:(+385 1)48 28 081

English Language for Academic Purposes

THE FUTURE OF

GEOINFORMATICS

Authors: Martina Petrunić, univ.bacc.ing.geod. et geoinf.

Bojana Rudić, univ.bacc.ing.geod. et geoinf.

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Table of Contents1.Introduction:Geoinformation and Geoinformatics 1

2.Branches of Geoinformatics and Important Things to Know 2

2.1.Branches of Geoinformatics 2

2.2.Open Geospatial Consortium 3

3. Where can we find geoinformatics?.................................................................4

4. Geographic Information System (GIS)...............................................................8

5. Geoinformatics in Croatia................................................................................10

6. The Future.......................................................................................................11

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1.Introduction:Geoinformation and Geoinformatics

Geoinformation is an abbreviation of geographic information. Geographic information is created by manipulating geographic (or spatial) data (generally known by the abbreviation geodata) in a computerized system.

Systems can include computers and networks, standards and protocols for data use and exchange between users within a range of different applications. Typical applications are land registration, hydrology, cadastral, land evaluation, planning or environmental observation. Geodata comes in many different forms, such as maps or images taken from the air or from space. Geodata may be stored in a database, which may possibly have special extensions for storing, handling, and manipulating spatial data.

Geoinformation is the useful output, produced by analyzing data with a kind of computer program called a "geographic information system", or GIS. The environment in which GIS operates (machines, people, networks) is called a "spatial information system" and is designed and created to respond to the strategic spatial information needs of people or organizations

Geoinformatics is the science and the technology which develops and uses information science infrastructure to solve the problems of geography, geosciences and related branches of engineering.

Geoinformatics has been described as "the science and technology dealing with the structure and character of spatial information, its capture, its classification

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and qualification, its storage, processing, portrayal and dissemination, including the infrastructure necessary to secure optimal use of this information" or "the art, science or technology dealing with the acquisition, storage, processing production, presentation and dissemination of geoinformation".

Geomatics is a similarly used term which encompasses geoinformatics, but geomatics also focuses on surveying. Geoinformatics has at its core the technologies supporting the processes of acquiring, analyzing and visualizing spatial data. Both geomatics and geoinformatics include and rely heavily upon the theory and practical implications of geodesy.

2.Branches of Geoinformatics

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Branches of geoinformatics include:

Geodesy Cartography Geographic Informatic Systems Global Navigation Satellite Systems Photogrammetry Remote Sensing Web Mapping

2.2.Open Geospatial Consortium

The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), an international voluntary consensus standards organization, originated in 1994. In the OGC, more than 400 commercial, governmental, nonprofit and research organizations worldwide collaborate in a consensus process encouraging development and implementation of open standards for geospatial content and services, GIS data processing and data sharing.

A predecessor organization, OGF, the Open GRASS Foundation, started in 1992. From 1994 to 2004 the organization also used the name Open GIS Consortium.

Most of the OGC standards depend on a generalized architecture captured in a set of documents collectively called the Abstract Specification, which describes a basic data model for representing geographic features. Atop the Abstract Specification members have developed and continue to develop a growing number of specifications, or standards to serve specific needs for interoperable location and geospatial technology, including GIS.

The OGC has three operational units:

-the Specification program

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-the Interoperability Program

-Outreach and Community Adoptio

3. Where can we find geoinformatics?

Today, based on many scientific and professional works, is oftenconsidered that geoinformatics is tool for local governments, state bodies and any other agency or service where is the primary job solving big problems or creating a strategy for decision-making. This is only half true because the most use of geoinformatics is solving problems at the state and regional level, but it definitely does not exclude the possibility of using geoinformatics technology in other situations, on the local and micro level.

Geoinformatics is used very often in industries, where it is controlled by artificial resources (electricity, water, gas, telecommunications) and natural resources (water resources, national parks).

Many fields benefit from geoinformatics, including urban planning and land use management, in-car navigation systems, virtual globes, public health, local and national gazetteer management, environmental modeling and

the Specification program

Outreach and Community

Adoption

the Interoperability

Program

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analysis, military, transport network planning and management, agriculture, meteorology and climate change, oceanography and coupled ocean and atmosphere modelling, business location planning, architecture and archeological reconstruction, telecommunications, criminology and crime simulation, aviation and maritime transport.

The importance of the spatial dimension in assessing, monitoring and modelling various issues and problems related to sustainable management of natural resources is recognized all over the world.

Geoinformatics becomes very important technology to decision-makers across a wide range of disciplines, industries, commercial sector, environmental agencies, local and national government, research, and academia, national survey and mapping organisations, International organisations, United Nations, emergency services, public health and epidemiology, crime mapping, transportation and infrastructure, information technology industries, GIS

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consulting firms, environmental management agencies), tourist industry, utility companies, market analysis and e-commerce, mineral exploration, etc.

Many government and non government agencies started to use the spatial data for managing their day to day activities.

4. Geographic Information System (GIS)

A geographic information system is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographically referenced data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used to mean geographical information science or geospatial information studies; these latter terms refer to the academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and database technology.

A GIS can be thought of as a system—it digitally creates and "manipulates" spatial areas that may be jurisdictional, purpose, or application-oriented. Generally, a GIS is custom-designed for an organization. Hence, a GIS developed for an application, jurisdiction, enterprise, or purpose may not be necessarily interoperable or compatible with a GIS that has been developed for some other application, jurisdiction, enterprise, or purpose. What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial data infrastructure (SDI), a concept that has no such restrictive boundaries.

Therefore, in a general sense, the term describes any information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information for informing decision making. The term GIS-centric, however, has been specifically defined as the use of the Esri ArcGIS geodatabase as the asset/feature data repository central to computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) as a part of enterprise asset management and analytical software systems. GIS-centric certification criteria has been specifically defined by NAGCS, the National Association of GIS-Centric Solutions. GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data in maps, and present the results of all these operations. Geographic information science is the science underlying geographic concepts, applications, and systems.

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GIS is useful tool for gathering and analysing information. It is widely recognized technology and as such it has many applications. Some of the most popular uses are: natural hazards monitoring, transport, emergency management, geology etc. GIS can significantly support the management of the cementery. The information which is contained in the GIS can be easily modified and updated. Queries may be created and the results of it can be presented graphically

Examples of use are:

GIS may allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency response times and the movement of response resources (for logistics) in the case of a natural disaster;

GIS might be used to find wetlands that need protection strategies regarding pollution;

GIS can be used by a company to site a new business location to take advantage of GIS data identified trends to respond to a previously under-served market. Most city and transportation systems planning offices have GIS sections; and

GIS can be used to track the spread of emerging infectious disease threats. This allows for informed pandemic planning and enhanced preparedness.

GIS can be used by utility integrity management personnel to determine high consequence areas in the event of catastrophic infrastructure or integrity failures within populated sensitive areas.

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5. Geoinformatics in Croatia

In Croatia there is a standardized and homogeneous system (CROTIS - Croatian Topographic Information System) developed by the State Geodetic Administration (SGA), along with surveying and geoinformatics companies.

In the Netherlands, 80% of computer data based on geoinformatics, in Croatia only about 20-30%.

Significant use of geoinformatcs in Croatia is present in HCR, the State Geodetic Administration, Plinacro, the Ministry of Defence, Iskon Internet, etc. (highly intelligent systems with automated analysis).

The main problem here is lack of information citizens have about the existence and capabilities of geoinformatics.

Because of Internetization people are users of geoinformatics and they are not aware of that(cadastre,land register, etc.)

Fulfillment of obligations to the EU is impossible without the use of Geoinformatics (for example the EU Water Framework Directive)

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6. The future

Geoinformatics is considered to be science of 3rd millennium (because of rapid development and applications in almost all areas of human activity).

Use of geoinformatics has no spatial or thematic restrictions.

Since it is still a discipline in development is not yet pervasive as it should be.

GIS is technology of the future that creates jobs and brings great savings and new business opportunities.

People should use geoinformatics both in natural and technical sciences and whenever the subject of our research is geolocation on Earth.

Geoinformatics and GIS in the future will be increasingly important because there are already setting standards for making all kinds of documents in digital form like:

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Map of underground waters management Map of hydrogeological objects and phenomena Map of the protective zone Geological map Map of mineral resources Map of renewable energy sources Land administration State survey Municipal infrastructure and geographic information systems Regulation of construction and agricultural land Urban development and planning

And in the end, one interesting story:

Between super-powered hacker computers and keystroke recording malware, traditional passwords may no longer be secure enough. A computer scientist Bill Cheswick has created map based passwords that could be more secure than traditional typed in passwords.

Speaking at the New York Institute of Technology Cyber Security Conference, Cheswick described how users could memorize the exact spot on a satellite photo, with the longitude and latitude serving as the access code. By zooming down trough the map to the high level of resolution, users can graphically produce a nearly unbreakable password that neither people nor viruses could track.

The key idea is that you have a data set with very deep data, and you have to drill down. You could drill down on a map of anything. Probbably better if it's a map of some place you've never been, so you are not tempted to pick your childhood home. You could have a 10 digit latitude, and a 10-digit longtitude, then you have an unbrea 20-digit password.