Enhancing International Students’Enhancing International Students’ Experiences:Experiences:

An Intercultural, Multi-Stakeholder An Intercultural, Multi-Stakeholder ApproachApproach

A Submission to

The Victorian Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources

prepared by

Emeritus Professor Joseph Camilleri OAMand

Dr Adrian Soh

for

17 August 2015

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Contents

Executive summary 3

Resetting the agenda 4

Room for improvement 5

Recent recommendations: Their strengths and weaknesses 9

The case for an intercultural, multi-stakeholder approach 14

International education in Victoria: Some next steps 17

References 21

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

International education makes a major contribution to the Australian economy. This submission focuses on the vital role of international students in the life of Australia’s universities. The State of Victoria is uniquely placed to take advantage of the immense opportunities presented by the large number of students enrolled at Victoria’s nine universities.

But to do this well we need to take account of the total student experience, which includes pre-arrival contact and advice; the educational experience itself; university life; and more generally life in Australia.

While Victoria must make every effort to attract a large and growing share of the international student market, attention must at the same be directed to the quality of the total student experience. The number of students (and their parents) prepared to entertain study in Australia depends on perceptions of the quality of what is on offer. In the long run such perceptions are more likely to be shaped by the word of mouth reports of students who have had direct experience of Australia and its educational institutions than by clever promotional and recruiting campaigns.

Victoria’s approach must therefore incorporate two strategic priorities. The first priority relates to the critical importance of culture. By its very nature international education involves all kinds of intercultural encounters involving teachers, international and domestic students, university administrators, government officials, and the wider community.

To ensure that these encounters are as productive and positive as possible each university has to provide its staff, in particular those that have extensive contact with international students, with an appropriate level of cultural competence. At the same time, international students must be given ample opportunities to experience the different facets of Australian society and culture, in a preliminary way before arrival in Australia, and more systematically during the course of their studies. Only in this way can they be expected to become active ambassadors for Victoria and its educational institutions.

The second strategic priority for Victoria is to develop coherent, transparent and accountable processes whereby the multiple stakeholders in higher education can effectively coordinate their efforts. To this end the Victorian Government should take the lead and establish a state-wide council comprising representatives of relevant Victorian government departments and agencies, all Victorian universities, international student associations, local government, business peak bodies, and a number of ethnic and other community organisations.

The council’s work should be supported by ad hoc working groups that focus not only on crisis response but also on educational innovation, international partnerships, professional development and program evaluation.

A strategic effort is needed to use effectively the networks international students and alumni have in their home countries, and so enhance Victoria’s global engagement, especially with Asian countries, notably China, India, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.

The university sector, in close collaboration with government, business and community organisations, must provide international students with structured opportunities for: a) interaction, both formal and informal, with domestic students; b) work integrated learning programs; c) workshops, visits and role play designed to expand the student’s future employment prospects; and d) short international projects that deliver firsthand knowledge and experience of the educational, university, professional or business environment of other countries in Asia and beyond.

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RESETTING THE AGENDA

To grasp how Victoria can become a world leader in international education, we must first survey the national landscape. International education contributes much to the Australian economy. In 2014 it earned Australia $17.6 billion in exports. Of this the higher education sector, which is the focus of this paper, accounted for $11.7 billion. In 2014 some 250,000 international students on student visas were enrolled at Australian universities, to which should be added the students enrolled at offshore campuses of Australian institutions (84,785 in 2013). In 2012 international student fees provided about 16 per cent of the total revenue of all universities. For many the percentage was over 20 per cent, and for a few over 30 per cent.

To the extent that this revenue helps fund a range of general university activities, including teaching and research, it can be said to benefit domestic as well as international students. According to one study revenue for international student fees subsidised each domestic student by around $1,600 (Beaton Wells and Thompson 2011). Other benefits include:

Job creation – in 2013 international students generated some 130,000 jobs nationallyA healthy stimulus to tourism – for every ten international students 3 family members and 2 friends visit Australia each yearSkilled migration – one in five internationals students gains permanent residency on graduation, thereby addressing a number of otherwise costly skill shortagesEnhanced research capacity – international students make up over 30 per cent of Australia’s postgraduate enrolments in management and commerce, agriculture, architecture, engineering, information technology and the natural and physical sciences.

The economic case for international education is a compelling one, and requires persistent attention. Yet, overemphasis of the economic gains does pose several risks.

Despite our best efforts continuing growth in the number of international students may be hard to sustain in the years ahead whether as a result of heightened international competition, the high cost of study in Australia, or more importantly the possible fall in demand as Asian, in particular Chinese, universities achieve higher standards in both teaching and research.

The current high dependence of several universities on international student fees may deflect attention from the need to place higher education in Australia on a sounder financial footing.

The frenetic push to get more international students to enrol in Australian institutions can overemphasise the quantitative rather than qualitative aspects of international education. The quality of education can become little more than a means to an end, rather than an end in itself.

The non-economic aspects of study and the non-economic gains will need to receive the attention they deserve. Two aspects are crucial here: the cultural aspects of education and the quality of Australia’s engagement with Asia, its societies, languages, cultures and polities.

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This submission proposes two strategic priorities and two objectives within each priority: Strategic Priority 1: Give due regard to the role of culture

Objective 1: Ensure university staff have an appropriate level of cultural competence

Objective 2: Expose international students to Australian society and culture

Strategic Priority 2: Adopt a multi-stakeholder approach

Objective 1: Establish national and Victorian coordinating bodies representing all relevant stakeholders

Objective 2: Each university to establish its own multi-stakeholder mechanisms.

ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT

Looking just at the raw figures one gets the distinct impression that international education in Australia is flourishing. The number of international students enrolled at Australian universities almost doubled from 124,707 in 2002 to 242,029 in 2010. Similarly, the level of student satisfaction appears rather high. In line with previous reports, the 2014 International Student Survey (ISS) found that 88 per cent of tertiary respondents were satisfied with their overall experience of international education in Australia.

These figures, while comforting, should be treated with caution. Any number of domestic and external factors can cause variations in international student enrolments form one year to the next. It is nevertheless worth noting that in 2014 Australian universities attracted 249,256 international students, which means virtually no overall growth over the preceding four years, despite a significant rise in student numbers from certain countries (e.g. Vietnam, Pakistan). All the indications are that future growth will be slower than in the past and harder to achieve.

As for the reported levels of satisfaction, they may not offer a fully accurate barometer of how international students view their experience in Australia. The findings of the 2014 student survey were based on the responses of only 27 per cent of students studying in participating institutions. It is not unreasonable to assume that the level of satisfaction would have been lower among the large majority of students who did not take part in the survey. We should, in any case, remember that the bulk of the respondents were Asian students, whose cultural background strongly predisposes them against expressing dissatisfaction with authority generally and established institutions in particular, even under the veil of anonymity.

These and other considerations have prompted federal and state governments, federal parliamentary committees as well as academics, universities and other stakeholders to publish a number of surveys and reports on the state of international education in Australia. These studies have varied widely in scope and quality, with some attempting to survey the entire field and others focusing on particular aspects of the student experience. Some have been more concerned with reviewing the current state of play, while others have placed the emphasis on recommendations for the future.

This review is based on an analysis of 14 studies conducted over the last five years, including four by federal government bodies, two arising from federal parliamentary inquiries, two by the Victorian government, one by the Council of Australian Governments, and one by the City of Melbourne. For purposes of convenience their assessments are considered under the following four headings:

Pre-arrival: information services provided to prospective international students on what Australia has to offer by way of courses, study modes, fees, accommodation, health, transport and other lifestyle options, costs and entitlements, and importantly the processes for obtaining student visas and the conditions attached to them.

Educational experience: content and method of teaching; adequacy of learning techniques, processes and resources; mentoring of students; suitability of assessment procedures; and evaluation of teacher and student performance. A critical consideration in all of this is the degree to which these elements are integrated into a coherent culturally sensitive pedagogy, including professional development for academic staff.

University life: welcoming arrangements; accommodation, health, counselling, financial and other services; interaction with domestic students; professional development of administrative staff.

Life in Australia: opportunities to learn about Australia, its history, values, multicultural policies, political and legal institutions, and economy; access to paid part-time or casual

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work or to work integrated learning; working conditions; and engagement with a cross-section of Australian society.

Pre-Arrival

Several reports have drawn attention to the important role played by education agents operating in the countries of origin. The 2015 Productivity Commission report identified the potential conflict of interests facing agents whose brief is supposedly to look after the interests of the students they advise but who are paid by universities with the express purpose of maximising the number of their enrolments.

The report cited complaints made to the Overseas Students Ombudsman indicating that agents often gave incomplete, misleading or inappropriate advice about educational providers and course options. Some students were misinformed about the educational institution to which they were assigned, while others were placed in sub-standard accommodation in Australia, for which they were unable to gain redress even after lodging complaints. The problem was compounded by the fact that many education providers had no written agreement with their agents, and that they often failed to investigate complaints made about their agents. More generally, there seemed to be no transparent monitoring of the performance of education agents.

Numerous other instances have come to light pointing to inadequate information and advice. The 2014 International Student Survey found that 93 per cent of students surveyed were satisfied with airport pickup services and 94% with university orientation programmes. However, 48 per cent and 51 per cent of respondents respectively were unaware of the existence of these services.

On the vexed issue of visa requirements, both the federal government's 2015 Draft National Strategy and the 2015 Productivity Commission report found that frequent changes to visa rules had made for a good deal of confusion and uncertainty on the part of students, and in some cases even on the part of education agents.

Educational experienceOne of the key concerns with the quality of education offered at most universities has to do with the English language competence of international students. If courses are taught in English and international students have less than full command of the written and spoken language, it is difficult to see how they can perform to their full capacity.

The 2009 Victorian Auditor General's report pointed to significant differences in the quality of language support services provided by different universities. Deficient language skills were associated with several pedagogical problems, including plagiarism, tensions between academics and students and between domestic and international students. The report could identify only one university as having collected data correlating international student command of English with their academic progress. The 2015 Productivity Commission report found that the costs of collecting such data would pose an added difficulty for less financially endowed universities.

It is clear that university English language requirements are not as rigorous or as consistently applied as they should be across the Australian university sector. It is equally clear that insufficient effort has been made to monitor the impact of poor English language skills on international student academic and employment progress.

Several reports indicate that a number of international students are greatly dissatisfied with the quality of the feedback they get on assignments they submit, and more generally on the progress they are making during the course of their studies.

Another area of concern relates to increasing reliance on online teaching. The 2015 Productivity Commission report, while conceding that budgetary pressures were pushing universities to

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introduce new online courses, warned that such a shift could adversely affect the quality of teaching, certainly for international students, but also for domestic students. Five years earlier, the 2010 Council of Learning and Teaching report had found that inadequate staff-student interaction made it difficult for international students to get a clear sense of direction in their studies and the necessary support to adjust to a new learning environment. The 2014 International Student Survey found that 79 per cent of students were dissatisfied with the opportunities available to meet with their teachers.

University LifeThere is, of course, more the experience of life at a university than the course of study in which the student is enrolled. For international students, there is much to be gained from making friends and contacts, interacting with staff (not just academic staff) and especially with domestic students. For international students interaction is indeed the key to improved English language proficiency. It is a way of overcoming social isolation, and importantly it is an invaluable opportunity to learn more about the host country. Several reports indicate that such interaction is well below desired levels.

It is also the case that international students are under-utilised, especially when it comes to helping domestic students to improve their command of languages other than English.

From time to time instances have been reported of international students encountering difficulties in their dealings with university bureaucracies, including delays in the processing of forms, requests and complaints. The 2009 Victorian Auditor General suggested that in several cases prompt customer-service had not been forthcoming. These reports rely largely on anecdotal evidence, which points to the need for more careful and transparent monitoring of procedures and processes.

Life in AustraliaThe expectations of international students go beyond the quality of the courses they are studying. Several other considerations weigh heavily on their minds.

The first of these is paid work. The 2014 International Student Survey found that more than three quarters of respondents greatly valued access to paid work during the course of their studies as well as the ability to find work on completion of their studies. Paid work helps to cover at least a small part of the huge cost of international education. Secondly, it provides students with the work experience they need to enhance their future employment prospects.

However, the same survey found that only 12 per cent of international students at Australia’s universities had paid jobs in a field directly related to their studies, and another 24 per cent had paid work not directly related to their area of study. One reason given for this poor outcome was inadequate language competence. Another was the failure of the courses taught to equip students with the practical skills sought by employers. Yet another, often unacknowledged reason is the significant number of students whose employment is not officially recorded because their low pay and poor working conditions are in violation of existing laws. Access to useful and equitable paid work will be a key factor determining Australia’s future competitiveness in the internationals student market.

The second consideration has to do with living conditions in Australia, in particular accommodation, access to health services and transportation, and more generally the cost of living.

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The 2014 International Student Survey found that both the quality and cost of accommodation were especially problematic – only 51 per cent of students expressed satisfaction in this context. According to the parliamentary inquiry on international student welfare the inability of universities to build or find appropriate accommodation for many of their international students. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the problem is compounded when students are left to the mercy of unscrupulous landlords or more often subletting lease holders who overcharge, overcrowd or neglect the upkeep of the accommodation. A comprehensive study of housing for international students has yet to be undertaken.

Transport has been another contentious issue. Only recently have the Victorian and New South Wales governments introduced experimental public transport concessions for international undergraduate students (though still not for postgraduate students). This modest response follows years of complaints that existing arrangements discriminated against international students, while at the same time endangering their personal security and increasing their social isolation.

The 2013 parliamentary report on international student welfare identified access to health and child care services as a third area of concern. International students have had to contend with the high cost of health insurance, limited or costly provision of child care facilities, and a range of mental health problems exacerbated by social isolation, financial difficulties and anxiety about educational performance.

In responding to these challenges, international students have formed a number of country specific groups to represent their interests as well as the umbrella organisation formed in 2010, the Council of International Students Australia (CISA). But the readiness of both state and federal governments on the one hand and universities on the other to consult and liaise with these representative bodies is still in its infancy.

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RECENT RECOMMENDATIONS: THEIR STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

What emerges from the preceding survey is that, while international students continue to enrol in Australian universities in large numbers, much can be done to enhance the quality of their experience. As we shall see, the studies and reports of the last few years have generated a great many recommendations which merit close attention. They rest on the implicit, if not explicit, proposition that neither the continuing flow of new enrolments nor the apparently high proportion of satisfied students is cause for complacency.

Below we set out in point form a number of the recommendations contained in the studies and reports to which we have already referred (see “References” for publication details). Detailed analysis of these previous studies is essential for they reveal much about what needs to be done. In short, they tell us a great deal that is useful although, as we shall see, they are far from equal to the challenge.

The recommendations are grouped under the same four categories that informed our overview of the current situation. Within each category we have highlighted a number of recurring themes which appear on the left column, together with the names of one or more organisations that have proposed, and in some way committed themselves to, a particular policy change or initiative.

This is not an exhaustive list of the policy changes and projects which have been the subject of discussion. Nor does it name all the organisations and reports that have considered or recommended this or that course of action. The list is nevertheless sufficiently inclusive to convey the broad sweep of proposals, objectives and pilot projects to have emerged over the last five years. It identifies the main concerns of key stakeholders, in particular governments and universities, and the approaches they have so far developed in response to these concerns. This survey will help us to identify their strengths and their weaknesses.

This submission seeks to fill some of the gaps in the existing body of recommendations.

Pre-Arrival

Recruiting

Productivity Commission 2015

Austrade to mount seminars to update and deepen the knowledge of education and immigration agents.

Provide agents with more frequently updated materials in other languages. Vary incentives for agents in line with the quality of students they recruit, linking

pay to the outcome of students studying in Australia. Educational institutions to ensure greater transparency in agent fees. Universities to take a more direct role in student recruitment, including despatch

of university staff to countries of origin to supervise the agents they employ.

Visa Arrangements

Draft National Strategy 2015

Streamline international student visa requirements, which have become increasingly complex following a succession of changes over the last few years – the federal government has committed itself to further streamlining with a view to ensuring the competitiveness of the visa student program.

Streamlining could also apply to existing arrangements for electronic visa applications.

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Quality of education

English Language SkillsUniversity of Sydney 2010

Draft National Strategy 2015

Victoria Auditor General 2009

English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses for credit to be developed in faculties most involved in international student programs.

A language competency assessment for all international students to be conducted at the conclusion of their studies, as a measure of the value added to the degree.

Bi-lingual programs to be considered, especially at the professional masters level.

Universities to review language support services and integrate these into key performance indicators.

Online courses to be adapted to international students' languages.

Universities to revert back to IELTS tests to assess English skills of international students and to gather statistics of educational attainment compared to previous English skill competence.

Broadening the CurriculumAgenda for Australian Higher Education 2013

Draft National Strategy 2015

Prof W. Purcell Universities Australia

Universities to work more closely with private education providers and TAFEs with a view to providing international students with a more varied education.

Introduce more work-integrated learning for international students through local businesses, larger business organisations and government programs.

Short-term projects at international universities to be given credit towards courses provided by Australian universities.

Dual-degree PhD programs to be developed whereby PhD students have dual supervisors and spend at least one year in the other country – with supervisor-to-supervisor relationships helping to expand research networks.

Improving quality of International StudentsSydney University 2010; Draft National Strategy 2015

Draft National Strategy 2015

Universities to enhance international connections through hosting of international conferences (including area studies conferences) and collaboration in world class international research networks -- a special university research seed fund to be established for this purpose

Australian Government to create new Quality Indicators for Learning and Teaching by improving the existing University Experience and Graduate Destination surveys and creating a new Employer Satisfaction survey to assess generic skills, technical skills and work readiness of higher education graduates.

Australian government to support international postgraduate research students through the International Postgraduate Research Scholarships and Australian Postgraduate Awards.

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Quality of university life

Social Inclusion

Australian Learning and Teaching Council 2010

Universities Australia 2013

Improve communication between domestic and international students by revamping teaching methods to allow for assessment tasks that involve peer feedback, icebreakers, social tutorials and allocation of seats or tables in classes.

University student clubs and societies to be re-established with funds from university budgets and directed towards extracurricular activities where international and domestic students can mix informally.

Improved communicationVictorian Government 2013; H of R Standing Committee 2013; University of Sydney 2010; COAG 2010; City of Melbourne 2013

Victorian Auditor General 2009

The Commonwealth Government, state governments, local governments, universities and other stakeholders to set up international student consultative committees.

Improve communication between international students and university general staff, especially those engaged in administration and service provision.

Service Provision

University of Sydney 2010

Draft National Strategy 2015

University to arrange for an adequate supply of affordable childcare for international students and funds and faculty based strategies to accommodate students with disabilities.

Universities to collaborate with international student bodies, community organisations and government agencies to provide employment workshops with a focus on job-seeking, employee rights, resume writing, tax and visa information.

Life in Australia

Service ProvisionH of R Standing Committee 2013

Draft National Strategy 2015

University of Sydney 2010; Australian Senate 2009

University of Sydney 2010

Information regarding health, housing, transport, work and safety issues on federal government, state government and university websites to be centralised.

Universities to work with investors, property developers, education peak bodies, students and governments to investigate ways to improve the availability, affordability and quality of accommodation, including increasing purpose-built student accommodation on or near campus.

Initiate short-term action to meet the demands of international students, including reservation of on-campus beds for first year students and attention to expanded home stay arrangements.

Ensure that University’s accommodation database is accurate, up to date and supported by the resource and expertise to screen potential leases and rental properties.

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Social InclusionCity of Melbourne 2013

Australian Education International, 2011

Research and identify ways to connect international students with other students, families and communities and so reduce social isolation and enhance inclusion.

Establish interest-based programs (e.g. an art or conservation program) that allow international students to work with domestic students and local community groups.

Mount soft-skills workshops (developing problem solving, communication and interpersonal skills) that include both international and domestic students.

EmploymentAustralian Senate 2009

The Department of Immigration and Citizenship to review the 20 hour per week limit on work for international students.

Student SecurityCOAG 2010 Universities to draw up Provider Student Safety Plans detailing university

security services, emergency phone numbers, how to contact police and public transport services.

ConsultationH of R Standing Committee 2013

The Australian government to work more closely with the Council of International Students Australia (CISA) on policy formulation and information dissemination.

This brief survey tells us a good deal about the kind of forward thinking governments and universities have been doing as they try to position Australia to take full advantage of international student mobility. The thinking thus far is useful n some important respects, but quite limiting in others. The main strengths and weaknesses of what is on offer may be summarised as follows:

StrengthsGenerally, governments and universities have come to value the contribution that internationals students can make to university budgets, to the development of international research partnerships and other forms of collaboration, and to the economy as a whole.Both governments and universities now appreciate that performance has to improve if Australia is to continue to attract large numbers of international students in the face of severe competition and potentially adverse currents over which it may have little control.A wide range of proposals aimed at improving student satisfaction are now under consideration or in early stages of implementation.There now exists a greater sense on the part of key stakeholders (including governments and universities) that improved performance depends on more effective collaboration.Several of the proposals address directly what may have been previously considered a secondary objective, but one which is crucially important, namely the whole study experience, which includes not only teaching and learning, but employability and living conditions, including accommodation, health, transport and safety.Some of the recommendations also indicate a growing appreciation that for international students employability means maximising future employment prospects in the home country, the host country and third countries.

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A good number of recommendations, if implemented, will no doubt produce improved outcomes for international students, and may make Australia an even more desirable country of destination. But the bulk of the proposals and ideas currently on the table are short on ambition, in the sense that the primary underlying concern appears to be how to increase the number of student enrolments and to a lesser extent how to use international education to develop high-quality international research partnerships. Both are laudable aims, but only part of a larger and richer canvas.Other critically important objectives, notably the quality of the total life experience of the international student while in Australia, are considered, but usually only as means to an end. As a result, what constitutes a high quality experience is reduced to a number of practical considerations (e.g. employment prospects, accommodation, transport), all of which required sustained attention, but so do the personal and social dimensions of the experience. The complex but crucial issues of cultural interaction and social inclusion, as they impact on accommodation, health care, transport and work arrangements, need to be addressed head-on.Some of the recommendations (e.g. bi-lingual university programs, production of materials in multiple languages) appear to be poorly thought through. Many questions remain largely unanswered: How would such programs impact on the need for students to have high levels of English language proficiency? How would domestic students handle bi-lingual programs? If other languages are to be introduced in teaching, which languages are to be chosen, for which courses, to serve what purposes?Many of the recommendations are stated in such general terms that it is often difficult to see how they would be implemented, by whom, with what resources, within what timelines, and how progress might be measured and monitored. To state the core of the problem as succinctly as possible, many of the recommendations are thin when it comes to identifying where responsibility lies for implementation. As a consequence we are still some distance from developing an accepted methodology for determining which recommendations have been adopted and how they are being implemented.Insofar as recommendations have been adopted, whether by individual universities or by the higher education sector as a whole, we do not as yet have an agreed framework for measuring progress, comparing experiences, or for developing a body of useful lessons learnt. Similarly, there is a lack of clarity on how actions taken are to be made accountable and transparent. Existing higher education reporting and data gathering mechanisms, often cumbersome and less than fully revealing, are not well fitted for this purpose.Perhaps the most striking gap in the reports to date, at least from an organisational point of view, is the reluctance to acknowledge the role of multiple stakeholders. Even where such acknowledgement is given, there is little or no attempt to articulate concrete ways in which the interests, priorities, insights and resources of different stakeholders, including international students and their representative organisations and potential international educational partners, can be integrated into consultation and decision-making processes, and importantly in the different stages of implementation.

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THE CASE FOR AN INTERCULTURAL, MULTI-STAKEHOLDER APPROACH

International students have played a major role in expanding the international reach of the Australian university sector. This trend is likely to continue even though the demand for places in both undergraduate and postgraduate courses may fluctuate from year to year in less than fully predictable ways. This uncertainty reinforces the need for imaginative strategies which are as much concerned with the quality of what is offered as with the size of the student market.

In addressing the question of quality three key considerations should be kept in mind:

The number of students (and their parents) prepared to entertain study in Australia cannot but be influenced over the longer term by perceptions of the quality of what is on offer. In the longer term such perceptions are less likely to be shaped by clever promotional and recruiting campaigns than by the word of mouth reports of students who have had direct experience of Australia and its educational institutions.

The quality of life international students experience while in Australia is critically important for securing future enrolments in an increasingly competitive market. But it is just as important for cementing in the eyes of our Asian neighbours a favourable view not only of our universities but of our other institutions, and of the society as a whole. Suitably impressed international students can become invaluable ambassadors for individual institutions and for the wider connection with Australia.

Precisely because we are dealing with the qualitative aspects of the experience of international students, these need to be evaluated using a range of both quantitative and qualitative methods, and such evaluation must periodically inform planning, policies and methodologies.

If the total experience of our international students -- not just the quality of the courses and research facilities we offer – is to achieve the desired level of excellence, then the planning process must incorporate two strategic priorities which to date have not received the attention they deserve.

Strategic priority 1: Give due regard to the role of culture All education is at its core a cultural phenomenon. The content and form of education, what and how it is taught, the organisation of the curriculum, student-teacher relationships, attitudes to study and work, all these reflect cultural assumptions and practices. In the case of international students, the cultural factor is even more conspicuous given that the students come from different cultural and language backgrounds, and bring therefore to their study different experiences, expectations, ways of studying, and social, cultural and spiritual needs.

In Australia’s case, the cultural factor assumes even greater significance given that the vast majority of international students are from Asian countries, that is, from cultures with which Australian institutions have until recently found it difficult to engage. Of the ten countries that currently provide the largest number of students nine are from Asia: China, India, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Nepal, Singapore, South Korea and Pakistan. Though we can reasonably expect a gradual increase in the number of students coming from the Middle East and Latin America, Asia will remain by far our principal source of international students. This presents Australia’s educational institutions with a considerable challenge but also an immense opportunity.

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Two objectives are vital to the success of this strategy:

Objective 1: Ensure university staff have an appropriate level of cultural competenceIf a university is to engage seriously in the business of international education, if it is to provide an effective teaching, learning and research environment for a large number of international students, then both academic and general staff should be able to communicate in ways that are culturally sensitive and empowering. This requires knowledge and understanding of both the pitfalls and immense potential of intercultural encounters. It also requires some basic knowledge of the cultural backgrounds of international students, at least of those cultures heavily represented within the university.

For this purpose two types of professional development programs will be needed: a) a basic program designed for the majority of staff; and b) a more intensive and challenging program designed for members of staff who have sustained interaction with international students in academic, administrative, or service delivery contexts.

Objective 2: Expose international students to Australian society and culture International students have much to gain from effective engagement with Australian society, that is to say, interaction that goes beyond study requirements and attending to the practical necessities of life (e.g. accommodation, shopping, transport, health). Each university should devise it own program comprised of two key elements:

a) basic introduction to Australian society, culture, economy, politics, law (e.g. guest lectures, workshops, on-line modules) – not confined to orientation week; and

b) a structured program designed to foster sustained interaction with domestic students (within and outside the study environment) and a range of community groups and organisations enabling students to pursue their interests in affordable ways (e.g. conservation, sport, art, music) and importantly to connect with locally based communities who share their cultural/national background.

The content and method of such a program would be designed to give international students a better feel for the highly diverse multicultural fabric of Australian society. Additionally, the program would encourage and equip them to become effective ambassadors for Australia and its universities once they return home – a range of university bodies, including alumni offices, would need to be in involved in the design and delivery of the program. Finally, the program would seek to make more effective use of the time internationals students spend in Australia to promote interest in and knowledge of their countries and languages, not least among domestic students.

Strategic Priority 2: Adopt a multi-stakeholder approachInternational study necessarily involves the encounter of many cultures, but it also involves a great many stakeholders in both the home and host countries. In an earlier period, study at a university was generally understood as centred on the direct relationship between student and teacher, and to some extent between student and department. Over recent decades dramatic changes have occurred within and outside universities. Government generally and bureaucracy in particular now exercise a decisive influence – not just in disbursing funds, but in determining how funds are to be used, setting research and teaching priorities and benchmarks, and establishing detailed reporting and monitoring procedures. Though federal governments have primary carriage of key functions in the management of the higher education sector, state governments continue to exercise certain governance functions, but more importantly they see universities as critical to their business and innovation strategies.

At the same time industry itself has become a more conspicuous player, entering into research and development partnerships, and largely shaping the vocational pathways to which universities

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must adjust. The membership profile of university councils strikingly reflects this trend. Community organisations have also come to play a significant though less sharply defined role. Partly in response to these multiple pressures universities have acquired larger bureaucracies that now have a ubiquitous presence in all facets of university teaching and research.

Complex as these relationships now are, international education is doubly complex. For, in addition to all the stakeholders named above, account must be taken of international students, their needs and expectations and those of their families, communities, governments and future employers, which fund study abroad and in large measure shape the career opportunities open to students on return to their home countries. If the educational experience Australia offers its international students is to realise its full potential and yield benefits to all concerned, it is crucial that policies and decision-making processes integrate in culturally appropriate ways the interests and priorities of all relevant stakeholders both in Australia and internationally.

Objective 1: Establish a national coordinating body representing all relevant stakeholders

The purpose of this coordinating body would be to develop a national framework that sets key benchmarks for the development of international education in universities, monitors progress in the implementation of policies, and publishes periodic reports that compares performance with benchmarks. These, however, will need to be set with sufficient flexibility to allow for the different circumstances of each university and provide adequate space for universities and their staff and student bodies to develop programs and initiatives that are original and creative.

The coordinating body should represent federal and state governments, universities, international student bodies as well as business and community organisations. It should also actively and regularly consult with educational, business, government and other institutions in those countries which provide the bulk of Australia’s international students.

Objective 2: Each university to establish its own multi-stakeholder mechanisms

The purpose here would to provide one or more mechanisms whereby the university can periodically engage with a range of stakeholders to review and evaluate existing university policies, processes and programs. Opportunities should also be created to consider difficulties that may have been encountered as well as innovative proposals and new partnerships able to deliver improvements in the quality of students’ experiences.

The aim should be to bring together relevant university managers, senior academics (especially those involved in overseeing courses attracting large numbers of international students), as well as undergraduate and postgraduate representatives of international student bodies, local government, local business and local community organisations. The university’s international office would be in most cases the logical unit to perform such liaising and coordinating functions, though to maximise outcomes significant capacity building and professional development programs for staff attached to international offices and health, counselling and other services may be necessary.

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INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS IN VICTORIA: SOME NEXT STEPS

Victoria is playing a key role in the development of international education in Australia. All Victorian universities have a keen interest in expanding their international student enrolments, and several universities are in the process of revamping their international student programs and processes.

The table below gives a clear indication of the crucial role of international students in the total student intake of Victoria’s universities. For most of them it is a major revenue stream and a vital element of their budgetary strategies.

International Student Numbers in Victorian Universities

UniversityNo of

International students

% of total student population

Federation University Australia 6,332 48.9%

RMIT University 26,590 46.3%

Monash University 22,140 34.3%

Victoria University 9,199 33.9%

Swinburne University of Technology 9,016 28.4%

The University of Melbourne 14,166 27.1%

La Trobe University 7,629 22.5%

Deakin University 7,468 16.3%

University of Divinity 142 9.1%

Source: Universities Australia http://www.australianuniversities.com.au/directory/student-numbers/

Yet, much remains to be done. To translate some of the thinking outlined in this paper into the Victorian context, a number of practical steps are proposed in response to the questions listed in the Victorian Government’s current discussion paper on international education. Of the 24 questions posed, eight questions have been selected as the ones most relevant to the issues canvassed in this paper.

Q 1: How can Victoria draw on the strengths of our international education sector to become the Education State?

It is critically important for the Victorian government to take a lead in bringing all key stakeholders together in two different but complementary ways:

a. Formation of a state-wide council comprising representatives of relevant Victorian government departments and agencies, all nine universities, local government, business peak bodies, and a number of ethnic and other community organisations – its purpose would be to consult widely and establish a best practice framework covering the four key areas examined in this submission: pre-arrival arrangements, quality of education, quality of university life, quality of life outside the university.

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b. Formation of ad hoc working groups that focus not only on crisis response (addressing particular problem areas which may arise from time to time), but also on innovation, in particular developing pilot projects involving clusters of universities, or major initiatives involving the whole of the university sector in Victoria.

Q3: How can Victoria capitalise on market opportunities such as short course programs, summer schools, executive education and consultancy projects (both on and off shore)?

A short program would be especially valuable if it could be offered in the students’ home countries prior to arrival in Australia. Such a program would familiarise the students with Australian university culture, course options and related career pathways, the practical aspects of living in Australia, and an introduction to key aspects of the Australian landscape, including geography, society, economy and politics. Adequately trained academic and general staff from Victorian universities would need to be directly involved in the delivery of these programs.

A number of more advanced on-shore summer schools could be offered to students wishing to learn more about Australia’s business environment, legal system, political institutions, multicultural policies and programs, urban planning, energy conservation and efficiency programs, and relations with Asia.

Where appropriate the summer schools could be allocated credit points towards a range of degrees. Non credited summer schools could also be an option to cater to a range of interests that fall outside the scope of a formal degree, and which may appeal to both domestic and internationals students – either during or on completion of their studies.

Q16: Victorian institutions and governments have been leaders in student experience initiatives; how do we stay ahead of the pack?

a. Victoria prides itself on its multicultural landscape, its social cohesion and its development of highly innovative intercultural and interfaith programs. A conscious effort is therefore needed to develop closer consultation and coordination between Victorian government departments and agencies with responsibilities for economic development, education and multicultural affairs. One department or agency should be assigned the task of facilitating inter-departmental consultation and coordination in this area.

b. One of the key tasks of such intra-governmental coordination should be to expose international students to Victoria’s multicultural landscape in business, sport, the arts, the media, and professional life. For this purpose some small grants or scholarships should be made widely available (perhaps with some or all of the funding provided by corporate sponsorships).

c. At the same time a sustained effort is needed to make effective use of the contacts and networks that international students (especially postgraduate/research students) and alumni have in their home countries, and so enhance Victoria’s global engagement, especially with Asian countries, notably China, India, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.

d. Universities with the support and encouragement of the Victorian government should establish more effective linkages and synergies between multiculturalism and international education, which means closer engagement with business and industry as well as the community sector. To illustrate:

- Universities and government departments should consider expanding partnerships with major sporting bodies and promote the participation of international students in

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Australian sports as a social engagement mechanism. The Australian Football League and several of its Victorian AFL clubs are investing a good deal of energy

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into introducing internationals students to Australian Rules football. The Carlton Football Club, which is strategically placed in terms of its proximity to a number of centrally located universities and city campuses, is developing a three-year diversity strategy that has international students as one of its key components.

- Formation of partnerships involving universities, travel companies, the Victorian and local governments would greatly enhance student safety and reduce risks of damaging incidents. Such companies could include major airlines that provide the bulk of international student travel services between the home country and Victoria.

- International students that have a particular cultural or religious background could be introduced to the relevant cultural or religious organisations in Victoria (e.g. Muslim students could be brought into contact with the Islamic Council of Victoria and its member organisations).

Q17: Given the consistent feedback that more international students would like to socialise with local students and communities, what innovative approaches and stakeholders can be engaged to facilitate this?

The key here is to inject into the student experience structured opportunities for:

a. Interaction, both formal and informal, with domestic students; the communities which share the student’s national or cultural background, and other community organisations (in such areas as conservation, various forms of volunteering, sport, the arts, tourism, and other recreational pursuits);

b. Work integrated learning programs;

c. Workshops, visits and role play designed to expand the student’s future employment prospects;

d. International projects whereby students can be hosted for relatively short periods (e.g. two to six weeks) by a university in a third country with a view to widening their international experience and providing them with firsthand knowledge of the university, professional or business environment of that country).

Q19: How can Victoria better leverage its extensive alumni of international graduates to build profile and generate increasing economic activity particularly in trade and investment?

The first steps must be taken when international students are still pursuing their studies in Australia. They need to have a clear sense of what a continuing association with the university can offer them, by way of continuing education, professional networking, and international engagement.

Where a university has a large concentration of alumni in a particular country (e.g. China, India, Vietnam) every effort should be made to establish a chapter of the alumni association in that country. Such chapters should be encouraged (and given every possible support) to promote the two-way flow of students between their countries and Australia, establish new scholarships, develop joint pilot projects and commission consultancies that can advise on new initiatives and training programs.

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Q22: The Commonwealth Government hold important levers in supporting our global competitiveness. What are the most important areas of reform and action that the Commonwealth Government should take to best support growth in international education in Victoria?

Two initiatives could greatly enhance Australia’s attractiveness as the country of destination for international education:

a. Establish well funded educational and research projects involving universities in Australia and the students’ home countries with a view to strengthening area studies, that is, Australian studies in key Asian countries, and Asian studies in Australia.

b. Support through grants, scholarships and fellowships – in a much more focused way than is currently the case – international research partnerships that involve both academic staff and research students. Key topics for research collaboration should include the major transnational challenges in non-military security, with particular reference to the Asia-Pacific region (e.g. climate change, cross-border population movements; transnational organised crime; illicit financial flows; disease-based threats, natural disasters).

Q23: Given their broad responsibilities, what are the top three areas where closer collaboration between state and local government will deliver maximum gain for international education?

a. Mount local community programs in which international students can play an active role (as volunteers, guest speakers, or resource people).

b. Develop innovative spaces and processes at the local level (outside of the university environment), where international students can freely express their impressions of life in Australia, areas where student experience can be improved, and hopes for future engagement between Australia and their home countries.

c. Involve international students in projects designed to give greater energy and depth to sister city relationships.

Q24: What are the opportunities for closer engagement with business and industry as partners in the sector’s growth and sustainability?

Two areas require sustained attention:

a. Creating greater opportunities for appropriately supervised and carefully assessed work integrated learning programs;

b. Encouraging internationals students to attend occasional lectures, workshops, conferences and other functions sponsored by government as well as business and industry, which explore projects and initiatives aimed at: sustainable regional economic growth and employment; development of infrastructure; innovation in renewable energy development and energy efficiency; and best practice in governance and diversity management.

Victoria can lead Australia in the development of international education. Such leadership depends on using imaginatively Victoria’s invaluable assets, namely its vibrant multicultural ethos, its social inclusion policies and the acknowledged quality of its universities. Placed within an appropriate multi-stakeholder framework, international students offer a unique passport to mutually rewarding economic and cultural engagement with Asia and the rest of the world.

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REFERENCES Arkoudis, S., Yu, X., Baik, C., Borland, H., Chang, S., Lang, I., Lang, J., Pearce, A. and Watty, K., 2010, Finding Common Ground: Enhancing Interaction between Domestic and International Students, Australian Strawberry Hills: Learning and Teaching Council.

Australian Education International, 2011, Enhancing the International Student Experience. Canberra: Australian Government.

Australian Government, 2015, Draft National Strategy for International Education. Canberra: Australian Government.

Australian Government Department of Education and Training, 2014, International Student Survey 2014. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Education and Training.

Australian Commonwealth Parliament, 2013, Australian House of Representatives Standing Committee on Education and Employment, International Education Support and Collaboration. Canberra: Australian Commonwealth Parliament.

Australian Commonwealth Parliament, 2009, Australian Senate Education, Employment and Work Relations Reference Committee Welfare of International Students. Canberra: Australian Commonwealth Parliament.

Beaton-Wells, M. and Thompson, E., 2011, The Economic Role of International Student Fees in Australian Universities. Melbourne, University of Melbourne.

City of Melbourne, 2013, A Great Place to Study International Student Strategy 2013-2017. Melbourne: City of Melbourne.

Council of Australian Governments, 2010, International Students Strategy for Australia. https://www.coag.gov.au/node/307

Department of State Development Business and Innovation, 2014, International Education Strategy for Victoria 2014-2018. Melbourne: State Government of Victoria, Melbourne

Marginson, S., Nyland, C., Sawir, E., Forbes-Mewett, H., 2010, International Student Security. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

Marginson, S. and Sawir, E., 2011, Ideas for Intercultural Education. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.

Productivity Commission, 2015, International Education Services, Productivity Commission Research Paper. Canberra: Australian Government.

Victorian Auditor General, 2009, International Students Risks and Responsibilities of Universities. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer.

Universities Australia, 2013, Agenda for Australian Higher Education. Canberra: Universities Australia.

University of Sydney, 2010, Review of Student Support for International Students at the University of Sydney. Sydney: University of Sydney.

Victorian Auditor General, 2009, International Students Risks and Responsibilities of Universities. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer

Victorian Government, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport & Resources 2015, International Education Discussion Paper July 2015, Melbourne: State of Victoria.

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