the future of internet of everything - ieee · the future of internet of everything dr. jeffrey h....

THE FUTURE OF INTERNET OF EVERYTHING

Dr. Jeffrey H. Reed [email protected] http://www.wireless.vt.edu

Overview of IoE (or IoT)

  IoE envisions a world that is fully interconnected through the internet

  IoE creates a cyber-physical universe around us

  IoE will change the way we live, work and play

  IoE will transform the characteristics and operation of homes, cars, hospitals, factories, businesses and etc

Internet of Everything

2

Overview of Presentation

  Why do we need IoE?   IoE architectures   Development environments   Industrial IoE   Remaining challenges

Why do we need IoE?

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140366414003168

  IoE is applied in:   Industrial domain

  Public domain: Ex. Smart cities

  Health and wellness

  …

Why do we need IoE?

  IoE add productivity and comfort to our daily lives

 While I am driving back to home, dinner starts and thermostat adjusts the temperature of the home  My electric blanket adjusts its heat by communicating with a body temperature measuring wrist-band   I can locate my keys using my phone

Productivity

Comfort

TI’s NFC powered temperature sensor (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBCfB5JMbHE)

Example of Today’s IoT Devices

v  Fork -- let’s you know if your eating too fast.

v  Smart toothbrush – how long do you brush

v  Watering System v  Propane Tank v  Washing Machine v  Piggy Bank

http://www.slideshare.net/ValaAfshar/internet-of-thingsslideshare

v  Egg Tray v  Lighting Control v  Slow Cooker v  Trash Can v  Pet Feeder v  Socks v  Locks v  Shirt

Why do we need IoE?

  IoE has industrial benefits   Examples:

  Improving the efficiency of energy consumption through extensive machine instrumentation and data-analytics

  Proactive maintenance   Asset tracking   Remote control and monitoring   Agriculture   Healthcare

Source: www.gesoftware.com/predix

Big Picture of Growth

  GE Estimates the “Industrial Internet” will add $10 to $15 trillion to global GDP over the next 20 years

  Cisco forecast $19 trillion to economic value created by 50B IoE devices in 2020

  Gartner estimates IoE products, services and suppliers will generate incremental revenue exceeding $300 billion in 2020

  IDC forecast world market for IoE solutions grow from $1.9 trillion in 2013 to $7.1 trillion in 2020

Basic IoE Architecture

IoE Edges

Short-range communication

Gateway/hub

Internet

Service platform

Applications

Zigbee, Bluetooth, WiFi, White space, NFC, etc

Collect and Backhaul (Ethernet, 3G, 4G, satellite, dialup, fiber, etc)

IP

P2P, Cloud computing, etc

e-health, smart home, smart city, energy management, etc….

Sensors, GPS, actuators, thermostats, light bulb, electric blanket etc

Alternative Architecture: IP-at-the-edge

IoE Edges

Internet

Service platform

Applications

IP

P2P, Cloud computing, etc

e-health, smart home, smart city, energy management, etc….

Sensors, GPS, actuators, thermostats, light bulb, electric blanket etc

IP-at-the-edge = no Gateways

Development Environments 1/3

Apple’s HomeKit Platform (https://developer.apple.com/homekit/ )   HomeKit is a framework in iOS 8 that allows IoE app and

hardware developers to easily configure and control IoE accessories from iOS devices

  Bluetooth and WiFi are used for short range communication(Designing Accessories for iOS and OS X,WWDC14, https://developer.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2014/ , http://www.macrumors.com/2014/11/03/homekit-chips-device-makers/ )

  Gateway for remote control is likely going to be AppleTV http://www.macworld.com/article/2364315/apples-homekit-hub-may-already-be-in-your-house.html, http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2474991,00.asp

  Chip making (Apple-approved) partners are Broadcom, TI,

and Marvel. The chips are loaded with Homekit firmware http://www.forbes.com/sites/aarontilley/2014/11/03/apple-homekit-enabled-chips-are-already-shipping-to-smart-home-device-makers/, https://mfi.apple.com/MFiWeb/getFAQ.action

Development Environments 2/3

Google’s Nest developer program (https://developer.nest.com/ )   Provides the APIs developers can user to communicate with nest thermostat and smoke detectors (https://developer.nest.com/documentation/cloud/nest-api-intro )

  Google-Nest is pushing for a mesh-network based network protocol called Thread (http://www.threadgroup.org/About.aspx )

  Remove gateways. No single point of failure.   Short-range communication is through WiFi and IEEE 802.15.4

  Companies such as Mercedes-Benz have signed up into the program (They make “works with nest” products)

https://developer.nest.com/

Development Environments 3/3   Qualcomm development network :

  Qualcomm provides hardware and software tools for building IoE apps

  Qualcomm led the establishment of the Allseen Alliance under the Linux Foundation Allseen Alliance (https://allseenalliance.org/ )

  has more than 100 member companies

  is less than 2 years old

  Alljoyn:   Open-source software framework for interoperable

IoE

  Lets developers write applications that can discover and communicate with near-by devices regardless of brand and operating system

  Meant to be the “language of IoE”

https://developer.qualcomm.com/dragonboard-8094-development-kit-based-snapdragon-810-processor-apq8094

IoT Standardization Efforts

ICC OIC ALLSEEN

3GPP oneM

2M

IET

S

ISA ISO IEEE IE

TF

EPC

glob

al

Thread

Interoperability

IoT Standards (1/4)

RFID related standards   RFID based Electronic Product Code (EPC) standard from EPCglobal

  ISO/IEC 15961-1:2013, ISO/IEC 15962:2013 (address data protocol between RFID tag and RFIC reader)

IoT Standards (2/4)

Wireless communication standards   IEEE 802.15.4 (PHY for Zigbee, ISA100.11a, etc)   IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)   IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n/ af (WiFi)   IEEE 802.15.7 (Visible light communication)   IEEE 1901 (Broadband over power line)   3GPP’s LTE (LTE has provision in for “Machine-

type-communications”)   IEEE 801.16p/b (WiMax enhancements to support

M2M)   etc

IoT Standards (3/4)

Network and Data-link layer standards   Thread

  Supported by Google-nest and partners   It pushes for a mesh-type network architecture

  IETF’s 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over low-power Wireless Personal Networks)

  IP for is applied even for small devices   IP based IEEE 802.15.4

  ISA100.11a   Industrial use   IETF 6LOWPAN network layer   IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer   Modified IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

IoT Standards (4/4)

Service layer standardization efforts:   Allseen alliance

  Open-Internet Consortium (OIC)

  Industrial-Internet Consortium (IIC)

  oneM2M

  Consortium of ICT-related standardization bodies and companies

Industrial IoE

  Industrial IoE is driven by improvement of efficiency, reliability, and productivity   Currently, only 37% of the currently connected “things” are industrial equipment   Cisco expects the share of industrial IoE to surpass consumer IoE in 2017 ttp://blogs.cisco.com/news/the-internet-of-things-moving-beyond-the-hype/

  Industrial IoE appears to have stronger momentum for growth

https://www.ihs.com/articles/insights/things-explodes.html

Data Analytics and Industrial IoE

  Data analytics plays a huge role in Industrial IoE

  Data analytics uses row data to examine and draw conclusions.

  GE is transforming itself from industrial machinery maker, to an advanced data analytics company (https://hbr.org/2014/11/digital-ubiquity-how-connections-sensors-and-data-are-revolutionizing-business)

  GE is developing a proprietary industrial IoE and big data analytics software called Pardix

  Alternative platforms exist   Example: IzoT

IzoT Industrial IoE Platform (http://www.echelon.com/izot-platform)

Data Analytics and Industrial IoE

  Most corporate executives believe big data analytics is important (http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture-Industrial-Internet-

Changing-Competitive-Landscape-Industries.pdf)

Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC)

  The goal is to create reference architectures, use-cases and test-beds for the industrial internet   Plans to release technology and security guidelines   Founded by five companies by March, 2014   Currently, more than 120 members

Source: http://www.echelon.com/izot-platform

IoE in the Oil and Gas Industry

  Predictive maintenance   Pipeline monitoring   Automated field operation   Real-data based managerial and financial decisions   Asset tracking   Environmental monitoring   People monitoring   Closed-loop control   Health and safety

Outcomes:   Reduces down time   Improves safety

Oil and Gas Industry have implemented aspects for the IoE for many years, but scope and integration will improve with time.


  Why do we need IoE?   IoE architectures   Development environments   Industrial IoE   Remaining challenges ¤  Complexity ¤  Privacy/Security

¤  Spectrum

Security: Major Challenge in IoE

  All devices and sensors will have cyber presence   Traditional cybersecurity approaches not sufficient   Multi-layer security is necessary

Gateways should be secured

IoE edges should be secured

Increasing Supply Chain & SCADA Security Threats

•  SCADA Security – DHS: US u:lity's control systems hit by advanced cyber aAack – Eugene Kaspersky: Stuxnet has gone rogue. Russian nuclear power plant was reportedly “badly infected” by the rogue Stuxnet virus. – NY Times reports cousins of Stuxnet: Duqu, Flame and Gauss

•  Counterfeit is a Security Concern – APEX & Designer Summit: Current value of counterfeit electronic components is es:mated at approximately $10b annually. Counterfei:ng costs the US economy between $200b -‐ $250b annually. Overall global counterfeit goods es:mated at $3.9T – U.S. Senate CommiAee on Armed Services iden:fied suspect components in the supply chains for the CH-‐46 Sea Knight helicopter, the C-‐17 military transport aircraa, the P-‐8A Poseidon sub hunter, and the F-‐16 fighter

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Why SCADA/ICS Need New Security Solutions for IoE

  Attack surfaces are greatly increased.   Too many variations of hardware and software   Legacy equipment 20+ years (don’t fix it if it isn’t broken)   Threats from manipulating input data   Real-time protection needed   Threats are behind the firewall   Dormant threats are hard to find   Signature techniques are dead

Example of Security Approach Developed and Spun Out from Virginia Tech

❑  Power Fingerprinting (PFP) detects anomaly with power analysis and signal processing

For more info. see http://www.pfpcyber.com

http://www.darkreading.com/perimeter/power-consumption-technology-could-help-enterprises-identify-counterfeit-devices/a/d-id/1318782?

Quantitative Metrics for Security

Compare with the Baseline

Acquire New Baseline?

Power Analysis Non-‐Contact

Probe

PFP Signal Processing

Anomaly? Alert

yes

no

0 2 4 6 8 10 12-20246

Acquire

Power or RF Signal

2 4 6 8 10 12 14x 10

8

Frequency

02468

1012

Communication Challenges

  Integrated networks (probably a characteristic of 5G)   Machine-to-Machine Communications in later 4G

  Very long battery life   Automated deployment and de-confliction   Spectrum availability and uniformity across national boundries

Spectrum Scarcity: Another Challenge for IoE

  Each IoE connection is expected to generate small amount of traffic   But the number of connection is very high   Additional spectrum is needed to carry IoE   We are already under spectrum deficit including for LMR.   Spectrum sharing with government may be the solution   Example: The 3.5 GHz band, where military radars operate, is now open for shared use   May be possible for private LTE networks

Source: FCC http://www.hightechforum.org/spectrum-deficit-disorder/

Wireless@VT is deeply involved in research studying the technical and regulatory issues related to spectrum sharing

Towards Software-Defined IoT Devices

  Interoperability a challenge in IoT   One solution is making IoT devices highly flexible to support multiple protocols

  Software-Defined-Radio (SDR) is a good candidate to implement flexible IoT devices

  SDRs present their own challenges:

Interoperability

Prototype of MIMO capable Software-defined IoT GW assembled at W@VT

SDR Challenge Our Solution Research Status Poor RF performance • Spectrum sensing

supported, intelligent RF control •  Addresses potential RF issues through intelligent control

- Prototype is developed and tested

Poor handling of high-data rate waveforms

•  Firmware/OS level waveform development

- Prototype is under development

Cognitively controlled RF Front-end’s prototype

Conclusions

  Technology is about to transform the world through IoE   Industrial IoE will help pave the way for consumer IoE   Standards will be a HUGE issue   IoE presents unique communication challenges:

  Integration with various wireless network   Low data-rate, large volume of links -- the “one-bit” challenge

  Power   Spectrum resources   Security   Automatic deployment and maintenance.