the future of network neutrality: lessons from the fcc-comcast decision
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
1/33
!"#$%"&'()**+,*%-'.,'/01+23+4'56'78896'*$+':+;+4%&'''%>#+;'*0'
+1%&)%*+'A$+*$+4'*6'%,'B,*+4,+*'C+41"=+'D401";+4'?BCD@6'A%>'1"0&%*",-'E4",="E&+>'0F'
,+*A04#',+)*4%&"*G6'%'H%4A","%,'*$+04G'0F'B,*+4,+*'",,01%*"0,'*$%*'2%#+>'BCD>'*4+%*'%&&'
B,*+4,+*'*4%FF"='*$+'>%2+I'J+=%)>+'*$">':I'M$">'E%E+4'+N%2",+>'*$+'3%>"='A04#",->'0F'*$+'
B,*+4,+*6'*$+04"+>'0F'",,01%*"0,'*$+'B,*+4,+*'A%>'3)"&*'0,6'&+1+&>'0F'E0*+,*"%&',+*A04#'
,+)*4%&"*G'4+-)&%*"0,'%,;'F",%&&G6'%,'%,%&G>">'0F'*$+':'A+&&'F04'%'>*40,-+4'
:
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
2/33
!" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
!
#/30%"*+"4*5(%5(6"
75()*8'9(1*5:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;!
#$%"&44>,3?N!3#'!3!6&$,#$*3??B!-,E(?&(7!H($(%, 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 AG!
4*590'815F"#$*'F$(6"?"J)%618%5("K3/=/L6",%(-*)."M161*5::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!N!
E%+%)%59%6:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;B!
!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
3/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" ;"
!
75()*8'9(1*5"! "#! *$7! A30&%3&0' 9>7".B' 10,0&C&30! %,?,37,'! O,>$,KE,%! APN! AII1N! $+,! H,',%3?!
M&KK(#*)3$*!M&KK*77*!QHMMR!%,)&5#*S,'!$+3$!T$+,!3:3*?3E*?*$B!&4!$+,!"#$,%#,$!
+37!+3'!3!>%&4&(#'!*K>3)$!!DK,%*)3#!?*4,0U@!"#!&%',%!$&!T>%,7,%:,!3#'!>%&K&$,!
$+,! &>,#!3#'! *#$,%)#,)$,'! #3$(%,!&4! $+,! >(E?*)! "#$,%#,$NUA! $+,! HMM! &($?*#,'! *$7!
"#$,%#,$! %,5(?3$&%B! >%*#)*>?,7! 3#'! 377,%$,'! *$7! V(%*7'*)$*! $&! ,#7(%,! T"#$,%#,$!
3)),77!&%!"#$,%#,$!6%&$&)&?=,#3E?,'!7,%:*),7!3%,!&>,%3$,'!*#!3!#,($%3?!K3##,%0UP!!
L#!-&:,KE,%!@N!AIIGN!$+,!HMMW7!A30&%3&0'9>7".B'10,0&C&30!.37!>($!$&!$+,!$,7$0!
2+,!HMM!.37!37/,'!$&!,:3?(3$,!.+,$+,%!M&K)37$N!3#!"#$,%#,$!O,%:*),!6%&:*',%!Q"O6RN!
.37!:*&?3$*#5!$+,7,!>%*#)*>?,7!&4!#,($%3?*$B!*#!$+,*%!'*7$%*E($*!&4!"#$,%#,$!7,%:*),!$&!
*$7!)(7$&K,%70!2+*7!>3>,%!.*??!(7,!$+,!HMMW7!D(5(7$!AIN!AII9!%(?*#5!QHMM=M&K)37$!
%(?*#5R!!M&K)37$W7!#,$.&%/!K3#35,K,#$!>%3)$*),7!37!3!5(*',!$+%&(5+!.+*)+!.,!
)3#!#3:*53$,!$+,!',E3$,!&:,%!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B0!
X#4&%$(#3$,?BN! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! *$7,?4! *7! ',)*','?B! )&K>?,Y0! D7! 3!
M%,77*?!F,7,3%)+!O,%:*),!F,>&%$!#&$,'N!T$+,%,!*7!#&!7*#5?,!3)),>$,'!',4*#*$*!
&4! Z#,$! #,($%3?*$B0WUC!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
4/33
O" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!',E3$,!*7!7&!K(%/B!*7!$+3$!%,?3$*:,?B!4,.!>,&>?,!(#',%7$3#'!$+,!
K,)+3#*)7!&4!#,$.&%/!'*7)%*K*#3$*U1!2+,!E37*)!*',3!E,+*#'!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!*7!
$+3$!"O67!3%,!)(%%,#$?B!E&(#'!EB!3!7B7$,K!.+,%,EB!$+,B!3%,!&E?*53$,'N!$+%&(5+!HMM!
"#$,%#,$!>&?*)BN!$&!K&:,!3??!'3$3!3)%&77!$+,!"#$,%#,$!*#!$+,!&%',%!*$!*7!%,),*:,'!Q$+3$!
*7N!$&!$%,3$!3??!'3$3!T#,($%3??BUR0!"#7$,3'N!K3#B!"O67!.&(?'!>%,4,%!$&!%,7,%:,!$+,!%*5+$!
$&!)+3%5,!'*44,%,#$!>%*),7!3#'!>%*&%*$*S,!$+,!$%3#74,%!&4!*#4&%K3$*!E37,'!!3E*?*$B!
$&!>3B!&%!$+,!$B>,!&4!*#4&%K3$*!E,*#5!$%3#74,%%,'0!
!2+*7!>3>,%!'&,7!#&$!7,,/!$&!E,!3!$,)+#*)3?!3#3?B7*7!&4!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B;
H,?$,#! #&$,7! $+3$! 3#7.,%*#5! ,:,%B! _(,7$*! 3E&($! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! T.&(?'!
%,_(*%,!3!E&&/N!#&$!3#!,773B0U^!"#7$,3'N!.+3$!$+*7!>3>,%!7,,/7!$&!'&!*7!(7,!$+,!HMMW7!
%(?*#5!$&!,Y>?3*#!7&K,!&4!$+,!)&%,!>%*#)*>?,7!&4!$+,!"#$,%#,$N!$3/,!3!K&%,!*#=',>$+!
?&&/! 3$! $+,! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! ',E3$,7! 3#'! ',5%,,7! &4! %,5(?3$*! >%&>&7,'N! 3#'!
,Y>?3*#!.+3$! $+,! %(?*#5!K,3#7! 4&%! $+,! 4($(%,! &4!#,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! *#!$+,! X#*$,'!
O$3$,70!!
! "#! +*7! E&&/! H' AE&,-N! O$3#4&%'! `3.! 6%&4,77&%! `3.%,#),! `,77*5!
377,%$7! $+3$! T3$! V(7$! $+,! $*K,! $+3$! $+,! "#$,%#,$! *7! %,K*#'*#5! (7! 3E&($! $+,!
,Y$%3&%'*#3%B!:3?(,!&4!4%,,'&KN!$+,!"#$,%#,$!*7!E,*#5!)+3#5,'!$&!$3/,!$+3$!4%,,'&K!
3.3Ba&(%!7&)*3?!3#'!>&?*$*)3?!*#7$*$($*!3%,!%3$*4B*#5!)+3#5,7!*#!$+,!"#$,%#,$!$+3$!
.*??! %,,7$3E?*7+! )$%&?N! 3#'N! *#! $(%#N! %,'(),! *##&:3$*! ! $+,! "#$,%#,$! 3#'! *#!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1!H,?$,#N!70-'>H'F&0I>%:'F&$0%,7"0B0!6%*#),$!X#*:,%7*$BN!b(?B!^N!AII 0!6%*#$0!M,#$,%!4&%!"#4&%K3$*!2,)+#&?&5B!6&?*)BN!J,>3%$K,#$!&4!M&K>($,%!
O)*,#),N!3#'![&&'%&.![*?7!O)+&&?!&4!6(E?*)!3#'!"#$,%#3$*?!D443*%7N!6%*#),$!X#*:,%7*$B0!@0!
^!AD"E0!@0!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
5/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" >"
!
7&)*,$B!5,#,%3??B0UG!J%3.*#5!(>!$+,!.&%/!3#'!*',37!&4!`,77*5!3#'!&$+,%!"#$,%#,$!
?,5*7?3$*! 7)+&?3%7! 3#'! >*,,%7N! $+*7! >3>,%! 7,,/7! $&! E%*'5,! E&$+! $+,! &:,%3??!
#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!',E3$,!$&!$+,!%,),#$!HMM=M&K)37$!%(?*#5!*#!&%',%!$&!3#7.,%!$+,!
%,7,3%)+!_(,7$*N!T[+3$!*7!$+,!4($(%,!&4!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$BcU!D#'N!>,%+3>7!K&%,!
*K>&%$3#$?BN!T[+3$!7+&(?'!*$!E,cU!
#$%"&44?3*#$7!
$+3$! M&K)37$! .37! 7,?,)$*:,?B! *#$,%4,%*#5! .*$+! )#,)$*! &4! 7>,)*4*)! "#$,%#,$!
3>>?*)3$*N!$+(7!:*&?3$*#5!)(K,%!4%,,'&K7!$&!&>,%3$,!3>>?*)3$*!3#'!7,%:*),7!
&4!$+,*%!)+&*),0!2+*7!*7N!3'K*$$,'?BN!3#!&:,%7*K>?*4*)3$*!&4!3!)&K>?,Y!)37,0!"#!&%',%!
$&! $%(?B! 3#3?BS,! $+,! )37,N! 3! K&%,! )&K>?,Y! (#',%7$3#'*#5! &4! +&.! "#$,%#,$!
)#,)$*!&>,%3$,!*7!#,),773%B0!d,%,!$+*7!>3>,%!.3?/7!3!4*#,!?*#,N!*#!*$7!3$$,K>$!$&!
E&$+!,Y>?3*#!$+,!"#$,%#,$W7!)&K>?,Y*$B!,#&(5+!7&!$+3$!$+,!%,3',%!)3#!(#',%7$3#'!$+,!
)37,!3#'!$+,!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!',E3$,N!E($!#&$!7&!$,)+#*)3?!3#!,Y>?3#3$*!$+3$!*$!
?&7,7!$+,!%,3',%!*#!3!7,3!&4!$,)+#*)3?!$,%K*#&?&5B0!!
75()*8'9(1*5"(*"($%",%(-*)."
! 2+,! HMM=M&K)37$! %(?*#5N! *$7,?4! $%B*#5! $&! >3*#$! 3! 7*K>?*4*,'! :,%7*! &4!
*#4&%K3$*!$%3#74,%!!$+,!"#$,%#,$N!,Y>?3*#7!$+3$!T.+,#!3#! "#$,%#,$!(7,%!&>,#7!3!
.,E! >35,N! 7,#'7! 3#! ,K3*?N! &%! 7+3%,7! 3! '&)(K,#$! .*$+! 3! )&??,35(,N! $+,! (7,%W7!
)&K>($,%!(7(3??B!,7$3E?*7+,7!3!)#,)$*!.*$+!3#&$+,%!)&K>($,%!Q7()+!37!3!7,%:,%!
&%! 3#&$+,%! ,#'! (7,%7W! )&K>($,%R! (7*#5N! 4&%! ,Y3K>?,N! $+,! 2%3#7K*77*! M$%&?!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!G!`,77*5N!`3.%,#),0!H'AE&,-0!-,.!e&%/N!-e]!F3#'&K!d&(7,N!AII@0!6%*#$0!
@10!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
6/33
G" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
6%&$&)&?!Q2M6R0U9! d&.,:,%N!'3$3!*7! #&$! '*%,)$?B!$%3#74,%%,'! 4%&K!,! )&K>($,%! $&!
3#&$+,%0!D7!H,?$,#!,Y>?3*#7N!$+,!T*#4%37$%()$(%,!*7!E37*)3??B!3!7,$!&4!%&($,%7!Q$+*#/]!
K,$3?!E&Y,7!.*$+!,?,)$%*)7!*#7*',R!)#,)$,'!EB!?*#/7!Q$+*#/]!?!.*%,7R0!63)/,$7!
&4!'3$3!5,$!>377,'!4%&K!,!%&($,%!$&!3#&$+,%N!:*3!?*#/70!D!>3)/,$!*7!4&%.3%','!4%&K!
%&($,%! $&! %&($,%N!(#$*?! *$!3%%*:,7!3$! *$7!',7$*#3$*Uf! O&!#&.!&(%! (#',%7$3#'*#5!&4!
'3$3!$%3#74,%!!$+,!"#$,%#,$!7+&(?'!?&&/!7&K,$+*#5!?*/,!$+*7]!
&1F')%"B:B"?"P/619"Q/(/"R%S'%5915F"
!
! 2+*7!K&',?!&4!$+,! "#$,%#,$!.&%/7!4*#,!7&! ?!37!$+,%,! *7!?B!,!>*,),!&4!
'3$3!Q/#&.#!37!3!>3)/,$R!4&%!,:,%B!3:3*?3E?,!%&($,%0!8($!.+3$!+3>>,#7!*#!3!7*$(3$*!
.+,%,!$+,%,!3%,!$.&!&%!K&%,!>3)/,$7!3$$,K>$*#5!$&!E,!'*%,)$,'!EB!$+,!73K,!%&($,%c!!
J,>*)$*#5!7()+!3!7),#3%*&!5%3>+*)3??B!.&(?'!?&&/!7&K,$+*#5!?*/,!$+*7]!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!9!g3%$*#N!h,:*#!bN!M+3*%K3#0!iH&%K3?!M&K>?3*#$!&4!H%,,!6%,77!3#'!6(E?*)!h#&.?,'5,!
D53*#7$!M&K)37$!M&%>&%3$*!4&%!O,)%,$?B!J,5%3'*#5!6,,%=2&=6,,%!D>>?*)3$*Fi!!&E&%,7'J>CC$3".,0">3-'J>CC"--">3'?$7"3#0!D(5(7$!AIN!AII90!6%*#$0!A0!
f!H,?$,#N!AII^0!@0!!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
7/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" T"
!
&1F')%"B:!"?"U'0(1A0%"J/9.%(6"RS'%%V15F"#$)*'F$"/"E*'(%)"
[+3$!$+*7!'*35%3K!',>*)$7!*7!K(?$*>?,!>3)/,$7!377*5#,'!$&!$+,!73K,!%&($,%N!3??!$%B*#5!
$&! 5,$! $&! '*44,%,#$! ',7$*#3$*F! d&.! 7+&(?'! 3! %&($,%! ',)*',!.+*)+! >3)/,$! $&! ?,$!
$+%&(5+!4*%7$c!O&K,!K*5+$!73B!$+,!%&($,%!7+&(?'!3''%,77!>3)/,$7!*#!$+,!&%',%!$+,B!
3%%*:,N!E($! &$+,%7!3%5(,! $+,!%&($,%7!7+&(?'!E,!3E?,! $&!>%*&%*$*S,!>3)/,$7!E37,'!!
$+,*%! )$,#$! Q4&%! ,Y3K>?,N! ?,$$*#5! $+%&(5+! ,=K3*?! >3)/,$7! E,4&%,! e&(2(E,! :*',&!
>3)/,$7R0!2+*7!7*$(3$*!%,>%,7,#$7!$+,!)&%,!&4!$+,!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!_(,7$*!D7!
7)+&?3%7!j*)$&%*3!h&)7*7!3#'!63(?!8*V?!,Y>?3*#N!T2+,!"#$,%#,$!37!.,!)(%%,#$?B!/#&.!*$!
*7!E37,'!!3!7*K>?,!#,$.&%/!3%)+*$,)$(%,a3??!>3)/,$7!3%,!$%,3$,'!*#!$+,!73K,!.3BN!
3#'! *#! )37,! &4! ),7$*N! >3)/,$7! 3%,! $%,3$,'! ! 3! 4*%7$=*#k4*%7$=&($! E37*7! QZE,7$!
,44&%$W!%&($*#5!>%3)$*),R0U@I!O&!5*:,#!$+,!%&($,%!*#!H*5(%,!@0AN!*$!*7!4*%7$!',3?*#5!.*$+!
$+,!>3)/,$!4%&K!M&K>($,%!M0![+,#!$+,!>3)/,$!4%&K!M&K>($,%!8!3%%*:,7N!7*#),!$+,!
%&($,%! *7! E(7B! $+,! >3)/,$! +37! $&! .3*$;$&! E,! TE(44,%,'! *#! $+,! %&($,%W7! K,K&%BN!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@I!h&)7*7N!j*/$l%*3N!3#'!63(?![0b0!',!8*V?0!i-,$.&%/!-,($%3?*$B!3#'!M&K>,$*$*!
8,$.,,#!-,$.&%/7]!3!8%*,4!O/,$)+!&4!$+,!"77(,70i'A30&%&.>3>C".-'CP0@!Qb3#(3%BN!
AII9R]!@1=AC0!6%*#$0!@10!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
8/33
N" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
.3*$*#5!*$7!$(%#!(#$*?!$+,!&($5&*#5!?*#/!*7!4%,,0U@@![+,#!$+,!>3)/,$!4%&K!M&K>($,%!D!
3%%*:,7N!37!*#!$+,!'*35%3K!3E&:,N!$+,!%&($,%!E(44,%7!$+3$!>3)/,$!*#$&!*$7!K,K&%B!3#'!
>($7!*$!*#!?*#,!%*5+$!E,+*#'!$+,!>3)/,$!4%&K!M&K>($,%!80!8($!*4!>3)/,$7!3%%*:,!437$,%!
$+3#! $+,B! )3#! E,! 7,#$! &($N! $+,! #(KE,%! &4! >3)/,$7!.*??! 5%&.N! 3#'! ,:,#$(3??B! $+,!
%&($,%!.*??!%(#!&($!&4!K,K&%B0!H&%!,Y3K>?,N!*4!#&!3''*$*?!>3)/,$7!)3#!4*$!*#$&!$+,!
%&($,%! *#!H*5(%,!@0AN! $+,! T$+,! %&($,%! +37! #&!)+&*),! E($! $&!'*7)3%'!3!>3)/,$0! "$!)3#!
'*7)3%'! $+,! #,.?B! 3%%*:*#5! >3)/,$N! &%! *$! )3#! K3/,! %&&K! 4&%! $+,! #,.! >3)/,$! EB!
'*7)3%'*#5! 3#! &?',%! >3)/,$! .3*$*#5! *#! $+,! E(44,%N! E($! 7&K,$+*#5! +37! $&! E,!
'*7)3%','0U@A! "O67! .&(?'! ?*/,! $+,! 3E*?*$B! $&! ?&&/! 3$! $+,7,! >3)/,$7! 3#'! ',)*',! 4&%!
$+,K7,?:,7!.+*)+!>3)/,$7!$&!'*7)3%'!3#'!.+*)+!$&!>%*&%*$*S,0!D7!>%&4*$=K3Y*K*S*#5!
4*%K7N! $+,B!K*5+$! ?*/,! $&!K,$*S,! $+*7! >%*&%*$*S3$*N! )+3%5*#5!'*44,%,#$! >%*),7! $&!
'*44,%,#$! >3)/,$70! D#&$+,%! .3B! $&! $+*#/! 3E&($! >3)/,$! >%*&%*$*S3$*! *7! 37! >3)/,$!
'*7)%*K*#3$*!2+(7!K()+! &4!',E3$,!%,:&?:,7!3%&(#'!.+,$+,%!3#!"O6!%,$3*#7!$+*7!
%*5+$! $&! >%*&%*$*S,! ,! >3)/,$! &:,%! 3#&$+,%m$+3$! *7N! $&! '*7)%*K*#3$,! E,$.,,#!
>3)/,$7m3#'!$+(7!)*%)(K:,#$!>%*#)*>?,7!&4!)&K>?,$,!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B0!
#)/++19.15F"J/9.%(6"#$)*'F$"P1(#*))%5("
! !M&K>?3*#$7!3E&($!M&K)37$!),#$,%,'!3%&(#'!M&K)37$W7!$%,3$K,#$!&4!>3)/,$7!
&%*5*#3$*#5! 4%&K! 8*$2&%%,#$! 3>>?*)3$*N! 37! &>>&7,'! $&N! 4&%! ,Y3K>?,N! ,K3*?! &%!
5,#,%3?!.,E7*$,! ?&3'*#50!2+,!.3B!8*$2&%%,#$! 3>>?*)3$*!.&%/! *7! $+3$! *#7$,3'! &4!
$+3$! 7*#5?,! 2M6! )#,)$*! E,$.,,#! 3! 7*#5?,! )&K>($,%! 3#'! 3! 7*#5?,! 7,%:,%N!
T8*$2&%%,#$! ,K>?&B7! 3! ',),#$%3?*S,'! '*7$%*E($*! K&',?]! ($,%! *#! 3!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@@!H,?$,#N!AII^0!A!
@A!AD"EN!A=P0!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
9/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" W"
!
8*$2&%%,#$!Z7.3%KW!*7!3E?,!$&!'&.#?&3'!)$,#$!4%&K!$+,!&$+,%!)&K>($,%7a3??!:*3!
2M6!)#,)$*FU@P!D?$+&(5+N!37!HMM!I9=@9P!#&$,7N!8*$2&%%,#$!),!?3%5,?B!7,%:,'!
T(#?3.4(?!>(%>&7,7N!8*$2&%%,#$!3#'!&$+,%!>,,%=$&=>,,%!$,)+#&?&5*,7a+3:,!,#$,%,'!
$+,!K3*#7$%,3K0U@C!D7!7()+N!)(K,%7!(7*#5!8*$2&%%,#$!3>>?*)3$*!$&!'&.#?&3'!
?,53?!2j!7+&.7N!K&:*,7N!&%!3#B!7&%$!&4!4*?,!(7*#5!8*$2&%%,#$!3>>?*)3$*!,Y>,)$!$+,*%!
$%3#74,%!7>,,'7!$&!E,!437$,%!$+3#!$+,!$%3'*$*?!,=$&=,!2M6!)#,)$*N!7*K>?B!
E,)3(7,! $+,B! )3#! 5,$! ?*$$?,! >*,),7! &4! $+,! '3$3! 4%&K! 7&! K3#B! '*44,%,#$! 2M6!
)#,)$*F!
! d&.,:,%N! M&K)37$! 7(E7)%*E,%7! '*'! #&$! 4*#'! $+*7! $&! E,! $+,! )37,N! 3#'!
$+%&(5+&($! AIIG! )&K>?3*#,'! &4! 7?&.! 7>,,'7! (7*#5! 8*$2&%%,#$! 3>>?*)3$*F! L#!
D(5(7$! @GN! AIIGN! $+,! 8*$2&%%,#$=$%3)/*#5!.,E7*$,! 2&%%,#$H%,3/! >(E?*7+,'! 3! E?&5!
>&7$! 3))(7*#5! M&K)37$! &4! T$+%&$$?*#5UN! &%! 7?&.*#5N! 8*$2&%%,#$! .,E! 3)$*:*$BN! &%!
T$%344*)0U@1! "#!&%',%!$&! $,7$! $+,! :,%3)*$B!&4! $+,7,!)?3*K7N! $+,! D77&)*3$,'!6%,77! QD6R!
)'()$,'! $,7$7! ! M&K)37$W7! #,$.&%/! *#! &%',%! $&! 7,,! *4! M&K)37$! .37N! *#',,'N!
*#$,%4,%*#5!.*$+!8*$2&%%,#$!$%344*)0!L#!L)$&E,%!@GN!AIIGN!$+,!D6!3##&(#),'!*$7!$,7$!
%,7(?$7N!377,%$*#5!$+3$!TM&K)37$!M&%>0!3)$*:,?B!*#$,%4,%,7!.*$+!3$$,K>$7!EB!7&K,!&4!
*$7!+*5+=7>,,'!"#$,%#,$!7(E7)%*E,%7!$&!7+3%,!4*?,7!?*#,N!3!K&:,!$+3$!%(#7!)&(#$,%!$&!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@P!g3%$*#N!h,:*#!bN!M+3*%K3#0!iH&%K3?!M&K>?3*#$!&4!H%,,!6%,77!3#'!6(E?*)!h#&.?,'5,!
D53*#7$!M&K)37$!M&%>&%3$*!4&%!O,)%,$?B!J,5%3'*#5!6,,%=2&=6,,%!D>>?*)3$*Fi!!&E&%,7'J>CC$3".,0">3-'J>CC"--">3'?$7"3#0!D(5(7$!AIN!AII90!6%*#$0!A0!
@C!AD"E0!P0!!
@1!&77*E?,ko0
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
10/33
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
11/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" BB"
!
10,0&C&30!.+,#!*$!*#$,#$*??B!',5%3',7!3!$3%5,$,'!3>>?*)3$*U@f!L#!b3#(3%B!@@N!
AII9N!$+,!HMM!%,_(,7$,'!3!M&K)37$!%,7>,N!3#'! 7&!35%,,'! $&!$3/,!!$+,!K3V&%!
$37/! &4! &($?*#*#5! *$7! $%(,! )&KK*$K,#$N! &%! ?3)/! $+,%,&4N! $&! $+,! >%,7,%:3$*! &4!
#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B0!! "#7$,3'!&4!7*K>?B!V(K>*#5!*#$&!$+,!HMM!4*#3?!%(?*#5N!$+*7!>3>,%!
$3/,7!3#!*#=',>$+!?&&/!3$!$+,!7)&>,!&4!$+,!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!',E3$,0!6+*?&7&>+*)3?!
*',37! %,53%'*#5! "#$,%#,$! 4%,,'&K7! 3#'! *##&:3$*! ?3B! 3$! $+,! )&%,! &4!K()+! &4! $+,!
',E3$,0!"#!3''*$*N!$+,!7(E7,_(,#$!7,)$*!'%3.7!(>!$+,!.&%/!&4!7)+&?3%7!3)%&77!
$+,!$,?,)&KK(#*)3$*!7>,)$%(K!$&!,Y3K*#,!$+,!E,#,4*$7!3#'!'%3.E3)/7!&4! $+%,,!
>&$,#$*3?!>3$+7!$+,!HMM!K*5+$!$3/,!*#!%,5(?3$*#5!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$BN!3#'!+*#$7!3$!3!
>3%$*)(?3%?B!*#$,%,7$*#5!4&(%$+!>&77*E*?*$B!$+3$!K3B!%,4?,)$!$+,!*KK,'*3$,!4($(%,!&4!
#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!%,5(?3$*!
,%(-*).",%'()/01(2"?"#$%*)2"/58"@AA019/(1*5" "!! "#!*$7!%(?*#5N!$+,!HMM!3%5(,'!$+3$!T$+,!*##&:3$*!3#'!,Y>?&7*:,!5%&.$+!&4!$+,!
"#$,%#,$!p+37!E,,#q!'*%,)$?B!?*#/,'!$&!*$7!>3%$*)(?3%!3%)+*$,)$(%3?!',7*5#0UAI!8,+*#'!
$+,!"#$,%#,$W7!(#*_(,!3%)+*$,)$(%3?!',7*5#!?*,!$.&!)%()*3?!>%*#)*>?,7]!$+,!T,#'=$&=,#'U!
>%*#)*>?,!E(*?$!*#$&!$+,!"#$,%#,$W7!*#4%37$%()$(%,N!3#'!$+,!,:&?($*%B!3>>%&3)+!$&!
*##&:3$*! D#! (#',%7$3#'*#5! &4! $+,7,! $.&! *',37! *7! )%()*3?! $&! (#',%7$3#'*#5! $+,!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@f!iH&%K3?!M&K>?3*#$!&4!H%,,!6%,77!3#'!6(E?*)!h#&.?,'5,!D53*#7$!M&K)37$!
M&%>&%3$*!4&%!O,)%,$?B!J,5%3'*#5!6,,%=2&=6,,%!D>>?*)3$*Fi!H%,,!6%,77!M&K>?3*#$0!H*?,!-&0!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
12/33
B!" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
:3%*&(7!3>>%&3)+,7!7)+&?3%7!$3/,!!$+,!*77(,!&4!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$BN!*#7&43%!37!$+,*%!
3>>%&3)+,7!3%,!+,3:*?B!*#4?(,#),'!EB!,3%?B!"#$,%#,$!>%*#)*>?,70!
78%/6"*+"75(%)5%("755*D/(1*5"?"#$%"Y58+*?&7&>+B!3E&($!+&.!
#,$.&%/7! 7+&(?'! E,! E(*?$0! "$!)&(#7,?7! $+3$!3!#,$.&%/!7+&(?'! E,!/,>$!37! 7*K>?,! 37!
>&77*E?,!3#'! $+3$! $+,!*#$,??*5,#),!%,_(*%,'! *#!3!#,$.&%/!E,!:,7$,'! *#!$+,!,'5,N!&%!
,#'7! &4! 3! #,$.&%/0UA@"#! &$+,%! .&%'7N! B&(! 3??&.! $+,! )&%,! *#4%37$%()$(%,! &4! $+,!
#,$.&%/!$&!E,!$+,! ,! '&*#5!$+,! #3%%&.! $37/!&4!>3)/,$! $%3#74,%!'*7)(77,'! *#! $+,!
,3%?*,%!7,)$*N!.+*?,!$+,!K&%,!)&K>?,Y!3>>?*)3$*!$+3$!K3/,!(>!$+,!"#$,%#,$!Q$+3$!
*7N!.,E!E%&.7,%7N!,=K3*?N!,$)0R!3%,!',7*5#,'!3#'!%(#!EB!)&K>($,%7!$3>>,'!*#$&!$+,!
,'5,7!&4!$+,!#,$.&%/0!!L#,!),_(,#),!&4!$+,!,#'=$&=,#'!',7*5#N!`,77*5!,Y>?3*#7N!*7!
$+3$! *$! T,KE,'7! 3! :3?(,! $+3$! ,#)&(%35,7! *##&:3$*! *#! 3>>?*)3$*! 4&%! $+,!
#,$.&%/UAA! Q$+3$! *7N! ,#)&(%35,7! $+,! )%,3$*! &4! 3>>?*)3$*! $+3$! %(#! ! $+,!
"#$,%#,$R0!8,)3(7,!3>>?*)3$*!)%,3$&%7!'&!#&$!#,,'!$&!7,,/!>,%K*77*!$&!%(#!$+,*%!
3>>?*)3$*!!$+,!"#$,%#,$N!3#'!E,)3(7,!#,$.&%/!&.#,%7!3%,!(#3E?,!$&!7,?,)$*:,?B!
',)*',!.+*)+!>%&5%3K7!$&!3??&.!!$+,*%!#,$.&%/N!$+,!)(K,%!*7!4%,,!$&!)+&&7,!
+,%7,?4!.+*)+!3>>?*)3$*!$&!(7,0!
! "#!$+3$!%,7>,)$N!)(K,%!)+&*),N!3#'!#&$!#,$.&%/!>,%K*77*N!)+&&7,7!.+*)+!
3>>?*)3$*! 7()),,'! 3#'! .+*)+! '&! #&$0! H,?$,#! 3%5(,7! $+3$! $+,! ,#$*%,! #,$.&%/!
#,($%3?*$B! ',E3$,! )3#! E,! $%3),'! $&! ',E3$,7! &:,%! $+,! :3?(,! &4! $+,! ,#'=$&=,#'!
>%*#)*>?,0! H,?$,#! ,Y>?3*#7! $+3$! T#,($%3?*$B! %,5(?3$*! *7! 5,#,%3??B! 7(>>&%$,'! EB!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!A@!`,77*5N!`3.%,#),0!M&',!A0I0!A!,'0!-,.!e&%/N!-e]!837*)!8&&/7N!AII^0!6%*#$0!@@@0!AA!AD"E)!@@@0!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
13/33
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
14/33
BO" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
78%/6"*+"75(%)5%("755*D/(1*5"?"YD*0'(1*5/)2"#$%*)2"*+"755*D/(1*5"
! "#!+*7!3#3?B7*7!&4!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!>%&>,#$7N!2*K![(N!6%&4,77&%!&4!`3.!
3$! $+,! X#*:,%7*$B! &4! j*%5*#*3N! #&$,'! $+3$! T#,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! 3'+,%,#$7! :*,.! $+,!
*##&:3$*!>%&),77!37!3!7(%:*:3?=&4=$+,=4*$$,7$!)&K>,$*$*UAG!2+,!E37*)!*',3!E,+*#'!
$+*7!>+*?&7&>+B!*7!$+3$!(7,%7!7+&(?'!E,!$+,!(?$*K3$,!3%E*$,%7!&4!)&K>,$*$*!E,$.,,#!
3>>?*)3$*N!.+,%,!$+,!T4*$$,7$U!3>>?*)3$*N!$+,!,!$+,!K&7$!(7,%7!)+&&7,!$&!(7,N!
7(%:*:,0!O()+!3!>+*?&7&>+BN![(!#&$,7!*#!3!?,$$,%!+,!>,##,'!$&!$+,!HMM!.*$+!`,77*5N!
T,#)&(%35,7!>&?*)*,7!$&!,#7(%,!3!43*%!4*5+$!3K!)&K>,$*#5!*##&:3$*FUA9![*$+&($!
$+,! 377(%3#),! $+3$! 3??! 3>>?*)3$*! 3%,! 5*:,#!,_(3?! )+3#),! $&!)&K>,$,N! $+,! ,#$*%,!
7(%:*:3?=&4=$+,=4*$$,7$!*',3!43??7!3>3%$0!
! "#! >3%$*)(?3%N!-*)+&?37!,$*$*:,!
)),%#7!3!>%&4*$=K3Y*K*S*#5!"O6!+37!*4! ?,4$!(#%,7$%3*#,'!EB!#,($%3?*$B! ?,5*7?3$*]!
Tp"O67q!+3:,!*#),#$*:,7!$&!43:&%!$+,*%!&.#!7,%:*),7N!3>>?*)3$*!3#'!)$,#$!3#'!/*??!
)&K>,$*#5!7,%:*),7a2+(7N!$+,!3)),77!>%&:*',%7!.*??!E,!3E?,!$&!',$,%K*#,!.+&!.*??!
E,!$+,!.*##,%!*#!7,3%)+N!)$,#$!3#'!K3#B!&$+,%!3>>?*)3$*!3#'!7,%:*),70UAf![(!
3?7&!7$%,77,7!$+,!*K>&%$3#),! &4! $+,!)(K,%!*#!$+*7!>+*?&7&>+BN! 3%5(*#5!$+3$!$+,!
E37*)! >%*#)*>?,! E,+*#'!3#$*='*7)%*K*#3$*! %(?,7! *7! $&! ! T5*:,!$-&%-! $+,! %*5+$! $&! (7,!
#=+3%K4(?! #,$.&%/! 3$$3)+K,#$7! &%! 3>>?*)3$*N! 3#'! 5*:,! *##&:3$&%7! $+,!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!AG![(N!2*K0!i-,$.&%/!-,($%3?*$BN!8%&3'E3#'!J*7)%*K*#3$*i!b&(%#3?!&4!
2,?,)&KK(#*)3$*!3#'!d*5+!2,)+#&?&5B!`3.!A!Qb(#,!1N!AIIPR]!@C@=@9I0!6%*#$0!
@C^0A9!`,77*5N!`3.%,#),N!3#'!2*K![(0!iF,]!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
15/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" B>"
!
)&%%,7>'*#5! 4%,,'&K! $&! 7(>>?B! $+,K0UPI! h&)7*7! 3#'! 8*V?! 377,%$! $+3$! *4! #,$.&%/!
#,($%3?*$B!.,%,!$&!E,!%,>,3?,'N!T)(K,%!)+&*),!*#!$+,!3>>?*)3$*!K3%/,$!*7!?*/,?B!
$&!E,!)(%$3*?,'a*#!$+,!#,.!7*$(3$*!$+,!)+&*),!4&%!3!#,$.&%/!K3B!*K>?B!)$%3*#,'!
3)),77!$&!7&K,!$B>,7!&4!)$,#$0UP@!!
2+,!)#,)$*!+,%,!E,$.,,#!$+*7!,:&?($*%B!$+,&%B!&4!*##&:3$*!!3#'!$+,!
4*5+$!4&%!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!*7!)?,3%;*#!&%',%!4&%!)(K,%7!$&!>%&>,%?B!)+&&7,!$+,!
T4*$$,7$U! 3>>?*)3$*N! $+,B!K(7$! E,!3E?,! $&! )+&&7,! $+,*%! 3>>?*)3$*!4%,,?BN!%3$+,%!
$+3#! V(7$! 4%&K! .+*)+! 3>>?*)3$*! +3:,! #,5&$*3$,'! ',3?7! .*$+! "O670! "#! &%',%! $&!
>%,7,%:,!$+,!K,%*$&)%3)B!$+3$!$+*7!,:&?($*%B!$+,&%B!%,?*,7!N!$+,!>?3$4&%K;$+3$!
*7N!$+,!#,$.&%/;K(7$!%,K3*#!#,($%3?0!!
! 2+,%,!*7!3#!3%5(K,#$!$&!E,!K3',!$+3$!$+,!',)?3%3$*!$+3$!$+*7!,:&?($*%B!
*##&:3$*!$+,&%B!?,'!$&!$+,!"#$,%#,$W7!5%&.$+!,#535,7!*#!3!E*$!&4!3! 8>-0'=>.L'&%#>'
8%>80&%'=>.'43??3)B!&4!)3(73$*!d&.,:,%N!37![(!377,%$7N!T"#$,%#,$!J3%.*#*3#7!3%5(,!
$+,*%! *##&:3$*! $+,&%B! *7! ,KE&'*,'! *#! $+,! Z,#'=$&=,#'W! ',7*5#! 3%5(K,#$0UPA! 2&!
>%&>,#$7!&4! $+,!,:&?($*%B! $+,&%B!&4! *##&:3$*N! $+,!,Y$%3&%'*#3%B!5%&.$+!&4!
$+,!"#$,%#,$N! T$+,! 437$,7$!5%&.*#5!)&KK(#*)3$*! #,$.&%/!*#!+*7$&%BN! p7,%:,7q!37!
,:*',#),!&4!$+,!7(>,%*&%*$B!&4!3!#,$.&%/!',7*5#,'!3?!,:&?($*%B!>%*#)*>?,70U PP!
2+(7! 43%N! $+,! "#$,%#,$! 3#'! $+,! ,:&?($*%B! >%*#)*>?,7! *$! 5%,.! .*$+! +3:,! E,,#!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!PI![(N!AIIP0!@CA0!
P@!h&)7*7N!j*/$l%*3N!3#'!63(?![0b0!',!8*V?0!i-,$.&%/!-,($%3?*$B!3#'!M&K>,$*$*!
8,$.,,#!-,$.&%/7]!3!8%*,4!O/,$)+!&4!$+,!"77(,70i'A30&%&.>3>C".-'CP0@!Qb3#(3%BN!AII9R]!@1=AC0!6%*#$0!AA0!
PA![(N!AIIP0!@C^0!
PP!AD"E)'(M4)'
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
16/33
BG" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
*#7,>3%3E?,0! D7! $+,7,! 7)+&?3%7! 3%5(,N! 7,>3%3$*#5! $+,! $.&! .&(?'! (#',%)($! *$7!
7(%:*:3?=&4=$+,=4*$$,7$! *##&:3$*N! 3#'N! EB! ,Y$,#7*N! $+,! "#$,%#,$W7! &%*5*#3?!
3%)+*$,)$(%3?!',7*5#0!!!
,%(-*).",%'()/01(2"?"C%D%06"*+"E%F'0/(1*5"! D77,77*#5!$+,! %&&$7! &4! $+,! #,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B! ',E3$,N!O)&$$!g3%)(7!3%5(,7!
$+3$!$+,!:,%B!#&$*!$+3$!#,($%3?*$B!K(7$!E,!'*7)(77,'!*K>?*,7!3!43*?(%,!*#!#,$.&%/!
)&K>,$*$*! g3%)(7! 3%5(,7! $+3$! $+,! ',E3$,! 7+&.7! $+3$! T(#',%?B*#5! E%&3'E3#'!
)&K>,$*$*! *#!$+,!XO!+37!E,,#!,%&','!$&! $+,!>&*#$!.+,%,! )$,#$!>%&:*',%7! 3#'!
,#'=(7,%7! 3%,! #&! ?,%! ):*#),'! $+3$! )&K>,$*$*! *7! 7(44*)*,#$! $&! *#+*E*$!
3#$*)&K>,$*$*:,!)'()$!!$+,!>3%$!&4!#,$.&%/!&>,%3$&%70UPC!g3%)(7!3%5(,7!$+3$!*#!
3#!,#:*%K,#$!.+,%,!$+,%,!*7!?B!,!"O6!E,+3:*#5!37!3!K&>&?B!*#!3!5*:,#!3%,3N!
$+,B!?3)/!*#),#$*:,7!$&!,#7(%,!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$BN!.*$+&($!%,5(?3$*! *#$,%:,#$*!
2+(7N! +,! 3%5(,7! $+3$! $+,! %,3?! >%&E?,K! *#! %,5(?3$*#5! #,$.&%/7! ?*,7! #&$! *#!
Tp3'V('*)3$*#5q! $+,! 7$%()$(%,! &4! >3BK,#$7N! E($! %3$+,%! $+,! ',)?*#,! *#! ,44,)$*:,!
)&K>,$*$*!4&%a"#$,%#,$!3)),77!*#!$+,!X#*$,'!O$3$,70UP1!g3%)(7!K3B!*#',,'!E,!%*5+$!
*#!377,%$*#5! $+3$! $+,! ?3)/!&4! )&K>,$*$*! E,$.,,#!"O67! )%,3$,7! $+,7,!>%&E?,K7! &4!
#,($%3?*$B!:*&?3$*F!8($!.*$+&($!3!'%37$*)!*#)%,37,!*#!E%&3'E3#'!)&K>,$*$*N!$+,!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
PC!g3%)(7N!b0!O)&$$0!i-,$.&%/!-,($%3?*$B]!$+,!F&&$7!&4!$+,!J,E3$,!*#!$+,!X#*$,'!O$3$,70i!"#$,%,)&K*)7!CP0@!Qb3#(3%BN!AII9R]!PI=PG0!6%*#$0!PP0!
P1!AD"E0!PP0!H&%!K&%,!*#4&%K3$*!!E%&3'E3#'!)&K>,$*$*!3#'!$+,!,)&K*)!
K&',?7!4&%!"O67!&>,%3$*#5!*#!K&>&?*7$!,#:*%K,#$7N!)*',%!h&)7*7!3#'!',!8*V?W7!,Y3K*#3$*!&4!)&K>,$*$*!E,$.,,#!#,$.&%/7!Q"#$,%,)&K*)7N!b3#(3%B!AII9RN!3#'!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
17/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" BT"
!
43)$!&4!$+,!K3$$,%! *7!$+3$!$+,!HMM!K(7$!%(?,!E37,'!!.+3$! $+,!#,$.&%/!)(%%,#$?B!
?&&/7!?*/,N!#&$!.+3$!*$!7+&(?'!?&&/!?*/,0!!
&7*$*!E,)3K,!K&%,!#(3#),'N!.*$+!3!7$%,%!,K>+37*7!!$+,!
)$*#5,#)*,7! (#',%! .+*)+! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! %(?,7! K*5+$! K3/,! 7,#7,! 3#'! $+,!
?*K*$7! &4! 7()+! >&?*)*,70U! P^! F,),#$! #,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B! %,5(?3$*! 7(55,7$*! +3:,!
%3#5,'! 4%&K!3??&.*#5! "O67! $&! 7,?4=%,5(?3$,! $+,*%!>3)/,$! '*7)%*K*#3$*N! ! $&!+*5+?B!
)$%3*#*#5!%,5(?3$*!&4!"O6!*#:,7$K,#$N!>%*),7!3#'!_(3?*$B0!"#!E,$.,,#!$+,7,!$.&!
,Y$%,K,7!?*,!3!T%3#5,!&4!>&77*E?,!#='*7)%*K*#3$*!%(?,7!$+3$!)$%3*#!E($!'&!#&$!
4(??B! ,?*K*#3$,! #,$.&%/!>?3$4&%K!>%&:*',%7W! 3E*?*$B! $&!'*7)%*K*#3$,0UPG! D#3?B7,7!&4!
$+,7,! $+%,,! 3>>%&3)+,7N! 37!.,??! 37! $+,! %,)&5#*$*! &4!(#),%$3*#$B! %,53%'*#5! $+,*%!
(?$*K3$,!),_(,#),7N!7,$7!$+,!7$35,!4&%!3!4&(%$+!3>>%&3)+!4&%!$+,!HMM]!%(?*#5!!3!
)37,=EB=)37,! E37*7N! )&KK*$$*#5! >,%K3#,#$?B! #,*$+,%! $&! "O6! '*7)%*K*#3$*! #&%!
#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B0!
@36%59%"*+"E%F'0/(1*5" "
! "#! $+*7! 7),#3%*&N! #&! 7>,)*4*)! #,($%3?*$B! %,5(?3$*! ,Y*7$N! 3#'! "O67! 3%,!
(#%,7$%3*#,'! *#!>3)/,$!'*7)%*K*#3$*N!)$%3*#,'!?B!EB!5,#,%3?!3#$*$%(7$!?3.0P9!
H&%! $+,! >(%>&7,7!&4! $+*7!>3>,%N!.,!377(K,! $+,! "O6! &>,%3$,7!37! 3!K&>&?B!*#! *$7!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!P^!83(,%N!b&+3##,7!g0!iJB#3K*)!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
18/33
BN" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
5*:,#!K3%/,$s! $+3$! *7N! $+,%,!3%,! #&!)&K>,$*$&%7! &44,%*#5!)(K,%7! %*:3?! "#$,%#,$!
7,%:*),0!D7!%&:*',%!7*',!&4!$+,!K3%/,$!3#'!
#&$!!$+,!7(E7)%*E,%N!$+3$!*7!*$!.*??!E,!3!:,%7*!&4!0I>N-"E&E!>%*)*#50UPf!D7!>?*)3$*!7()+!37!\&&5?,q!E,!3??&.,'!$&!(7,!KB!>*>,7c!2+,!"#$,%#,$!)3#W$!
E,!4%,,!*#!$+3$!7,#7,a4&%!3!\&&5?,!&%!e3+&&!&%!j#,!&%!3#BE&'B!$&!,Y>,)$!$&!(7,!
$+,7,! >*>,7! p4&%q! 4%,,! *7! #($7uUCI! 2+*7! )?,3%! 7$3$,K,#$! &4! "O6! *#$,#$*! $&! )+3%5,!
3>>?*)3$*! 4&%! "#$,%#,$! (7,! ?*/,! 7(E7)%*E,%7! 7(>>&%$7! $+,! 377,%$*! $+3$! $+,!
#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B! ',E3$,! 7,%:,7! ?3%5,?B! 37! 3! T>%&YB! 4&%! $+,! ',,>,%N! E($! 7$3??,'N!
',E3$,!&:,%!&:,%3??!)&K>,$*$*!*#!$+,!,?,)$%*)!)&KK(#*)3$*!7,%:*),7!7,)$&%NUC@!
E,$.,,#!T$+,!?3%5,!)$,#$!>%&:*',%7!Q?*/,!\&&5?,R!3#'!$+,!?3%5,!#,$.&%/!>%&:*',%7!
Q?*/,!j,%*S!3#'!M&K)37$R0UCA!e,$!,:,#!*4!$+,!',E3$,!*7!3!E3$$?,!&:,%!$+,!'*:*7*!&4!
"#$,%#,$! >%&4*$7N! 37! M+%*7$&>+,%! e&&N! 6%&4,77&%! &4! `3.! 3$! j3#',%E*?$! X#*:,%7*$BN!
377,%$,'!*#!3!',E3$,!.*$+![(N!$+3$!3?,!'&,7!#&$!K,3#!5&:,%#K,#$!7+&(?'!3??&.!
#,$.&%/!>%&:*',%7!$&!%,5(?3$,!$+,K7,?:,7N!3#'!$+(7!'&K*#3$,!$+,!',E3$,0!
! "#!&%',%!$&!*??(7$%3$,!.+3$!3!)&KK*$K,#$!$&!3#!3E7,#),!&4!%,5(?3$*!.&(?'!
K,3#! 4&%! 3! 5*:,#! #,$.&%/N!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
19/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" BW"
!
)&K>3#B!.,%,!#&$!E&(#'!EB!?3.!$&!$%,3$!,3)+!)3??!,_(3??B0!>?*)3$*N!p?*/,?Bq!'*7$&%$!$+,!K3%/,$!3#'!$+,!4($(%,!
&4!3>>?*)3$*!',:,?&>K,#$0UCC!
! X#$*?! %,),#$?BN! X#*:,%7*$B! &4! 6,##7B?:3#*3! 6%&4,77&%! \,%3?'! H3(?+3E,%W7!
377,%$*! $+3$! T3$! $+*7! >&*#$N! *$!.&(?'!3>>,3%! $+3$! $+,! >%&E?,K7! p.*$+!3E7,#),!&4!
%,5(?3$*q! 3%,! 3??! >&$,#$*3?! >%&E?,K7N! #&$! 3)$(3?! >%&E?,K7UC1! +,?'! 7&K,! K,%*$0!
d&.,:,%N!$+,!%,7(?$7!&4!D6!3#'!,$,!355%,77*:,?BNUC^!5%3#$*#5!$+,*%!3>>?*)3$*!7>,,'7!43%!
437$,%!$+3#!$+,*%!)&K>,$*$&%7W0!"#!7(KN!37![(!7())*#)$?B!#&$,7N!T$+,!%,),#$!+*7$&%*)3?!
%,)&%'!5*:,7!5&&'!%,37!$&!_(,7$*!$+,!,44*)3)B!&4!7,?4=%,5(?3$*!*#!$+*7!3%,30UCG!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!CP!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
20/33
!X" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
&'00"E%F'0/(1*5"
! H(??! %,5(?3$*!,#)&K>377,7!T',$3*?,'!%,5(?3$*!&4! *#:,7$K,#$N!>%*),7N!3#'!
$+,! _(3?*$B! 3#'! )'*$*!&4!3)),77! $&! $+,! #,$.&%/NUC9! .+,%,! "O67! 3%,! 4&%E*'',#!
4%&K!,:,#! $+,!7?*5+$,7$!>3)/,$!>%*&%*$*S3$*N! ,:,#! *4!#,),773%B! '(,!$&! 3! T)?&55,'U!
#,$.&%/!&:,%E(%',#,'!.*$+!>3)/,$70!O$3#4&%'! `3.!6%&4,77&%!8%(),! L.,#! 3%5(,7!
$+3$!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!>&?*)*,7!T)&(?'!?B!E,!*K>?,K,#$,'!$+%&(5+!',$3*?,'!>%*),!
%,5(?3$*N! 3#! 3>>%&3)+! $+3$! +37! &4$,#! 43*?,'N! *#! $+,! >37$N! $&! *K>%&:,! )(K,%!
.,?43%,! %,?3$*:,! $&! .+3$! K*5+$! +3:,! E,,#! ,Y>,)$,'! (#',%! 3#! (#%,5(?3$,'!
K&>&?B0UCf! L$+,%! 7)+&?3%7! +3:,! )3??,'! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! %,5(?3$*! *#! $+,*%!
7$%,7$! *#)3%#3$*! T?3('3E?,! *#! K3#B! %,7>,)$7N! pE($q! #&$! >%3)$*)3?! #&%!
',7*%3E?,0U1I! e,$! $+,! 3%5(K,#$7! 353*#7$! 4(??! %,5(?3$*!3%,! #&$! ?*K*$,'! $&!#,$.&%/!
#,($%3?*$B!&>>,#$7;[(!377,77,7!$+,!(7,!&4!4(??!7$%()$(%3?!%,7$%*)$*!$&!>%&K&$,!
#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!37!T>&$,#$*3??B!)&(#$,%>%&'()$*:,0U1@!!!
! d&.,:,%N! 83(,%! 377,%$7!$+3$!$+,! *',3! $+3$!4(??! %,5(?3$*! *7! T$+,!*#,:*$3E?,!
&($)&K,!&4!3#B!4&%K!&4!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!>&?*)BU!*7!#&$!#,),773%*?B!$%(,s!E,7*',7N!*$!
*7! T%3%,?B! >%&K&$,'! 37! 3! ',7*%3E?,! >&?*)B! )+&*),0U1A! H3(?+3E,%! 7(55,7$7! $+3$! 4(??!
#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B! %,5(?3$*!.&(?'! )%,3$,! 3! 5&:,%#K,#$! &:,%7*5+$! ,#:*%K,#$!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!C9!83(,%N!AIIG0!1PA0!
Cf!L.,#N!8%(),!g0!2+,!-,$!-,($%3?*$B!J,E3$,]!2.,#$B=H*:,!e,3%7!D4$,%!X#*$,'!O$3$,7!
j0!D2t2!3#'!@AI!e,3%7!D4$,%!$+,!D)$!$&!F,5(?3$,!M&KK,%)0!O$3#4&%'N!MD]!O$3#4&%'!"#7$*$($,!4&%!($,%! 3.!3#'!O,)(%*$B!F,>&%$!AA0^]!C1C=C^10!6%*#$0!C^P0!
1@![(N!AIIP0!@CA0!
1A!83(,%N!AIIG0!1CA0!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
21/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" !B"
!
.+,%,!T$+,!4&)(7!&4!)&K>,$*$*!7+*4$7!4%&K!>?,37*#5!$+,!)(7$&K,%!$&!K3#*>(?3$*#5!
$+,!%,5(?3$&%U1P!3#'!)%,3$,7!3#!*#)(KE,#)B!3':3#$35,!$+3$!'*7)&(%35,7!)&K>,$*$*!
3$!$+,!"O6!?,:,?0!L.,#N!&>>&7,'!$&!3#B!#,($%3?*$B!%,5(?3$*!.+3$7&,:,%N!3%5(,7!$+3$!
37! 3! %,7(?$N! )(K,%7! 3%,! TE,$$,%=7,%:,'! EB! %,5(?3$,'! Q3#'! $+,%,4&%,! +&>,4(??B!
7+&%$,%=?*:,'R!K&>&?B!$+3#!EB! %,5(?3$,'! Q3#'! $+,%,4&%,! ?*/,?B! 7,K*=>,%K3#,#$R!
K&>&?B0U1C!2+,!*#+,%,#$!'*44*)(?$B!*#!7,$$*#5!>%*)*#5!$+3$!,#)&(%35,7!3>>?*)3$*!
*##&:3$*!3#'!>%&>,%!#,$.&%/!E,+3:*&%!K3/,7!4(??!%,5(?3$*!#,*$+,%! *',3?N!#&%!3!
>%3)$*)3?!>&77*E*?*$B!*#!$+*7!',E3$,0!
,*5>&%$,%7! %,)&5#*S,! $+,! #,,'! 4&%! 7&K,! 4&%K! &4! '*7)%*K*#3$*! *#! K3#35*#5! 3!
#,$.&%/0![(!,Y>?3*#7! $+3$!#&E&'B!%,3??B!E,?*,:,7! *#!7B7$,K7!$+3$!)&K>?,$,?B!E3#!
'*7)%*K*#3$*!d,!,Y>?3*#7!$+3$!*#!,K>?&BK,#$N!TB&(!.3#$!$&!E,!3E?,!$&!4*%,!>,&>?,!
.+&! 3%,! ?&(7B;$&!'*7)%*K*#3$,!!$+,! E37*7! &4!3E*?*$B0U11! 2+*7! 7$3$,K,#$! 7,%:,7! $&!
)&(#$,%!$+,!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!&>>,#$7!.+&!$+*#/!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!7,%:,7!37!3!
TK3#'3$,! $&! %&??=&($!3!'(KE! #,$.&%/! *#4%37$%()$(%,0U1^![(!'&,7! #&$! E,?*,:,! $+3$!
T$+,!43)$!$+3$!3#!3E7&?($,!E3#!!'*7)%*K*#3$*!.&(?'!E,!%*'*)(?&(7!(#',%K*#,7!$+,!
)37,! 4&%!'*7)%*K*#3$*! ?3.70U1G! 2+(7!#='*7)%*K*#3$*!%(?,7!)3#!>%&:,!$&!E,!3#!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1P
!H3(?+3E,%N!AIIG0!^fP0!1C!L.,#N!AIIG0!@@0!
11![(N!3#'!e&&N!AIIG0!1GG0!
1^!83(,%N!AIIG0!1PA0!
1G![(N!3#'!e&&N!AIIG0!1GG0!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
22/33
!!" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
,44,)$*:,! )&K>%&K*7,! E,$.,,#!$+,! $.&!%,5(?3$&%B!,Y$%,K,7N!>%,7,%:*#5!$+,!TE,7$=
,44&%$U!>%*#)*>?,7!&4!>3)/,$!$%3#74,%!.*$+&($!*K>&7*#5!>%*)*#5!%,5(?3$*!$+3$!K*5+$!
*K>,',!"#$,%#,$!5%&.$+!3#'!*##&:3$*!
! 2&!E,!43*%N!&4!$+,!$+%,,!%,5(?3$&%B!>3$+7N!#='*7)%*K*#3$*!%(?,7!3%,!+3%',7$!
$&!7$%*)$?B!',4*#,0!D7!83(,%!#&$,7N!T.+,$+,%!#='*7)%*K*#3$*!%(?,7!3%,!K,3#*#54(?!
.*??!',>,#'!!$+,a7>,)*4*)3$*!&4!$+,!%(?,70U19!"#!3!V&*#$!%,>&%$!?3B*#5!&($!>&77*E?,!
TO),#3%*&7! 4&%! $+,!-,$.&%/!-,($%3?*$B!D%K7!F3),NU! 7,:,%3?!7)+&?3%7!))?(',!$+3$!
TO&K,!7&%$!&4!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!%(?,7!K3B!K3/,!7,#7,!$&!>%&$,)$!353*#7$!&E:*&(7!
3E(7,7!&4!K3%/,$!>&.,%N! $&!'*7)*>?*#,! $+,! 3%K7! %3),N! 3#'! $&!>%&:*',!(#),%$3*#$B=
%,'()*#5!5(*'3#),a37!$&!.+3$!$+,!%(?,7!&4!$+,!%&3'!.*??!E,0U1f!!
L>>,#$7! &4! #='*7)%*K*#3$*! ?3.7N! *#! 7&K,! %,7>,)$7N! %,?B! (>! 5&&'=
43*$+!*',37!3E&($!"O6!>%3)$*),7!$+3$!$+,!D6!3#'!&%$7!!M&K)37$W7!#,$.&%/!
K3#35,K,#$!'*%,)$?B!)$%3'*)$0! H&%!,Y3K>?,N!.%*$*#5! 4&%! $+,!MD2L! "#7$*$($,N! d3?!
O*#5,%!3%5(,7!$+3$!T*$!*7!#&$!)?,3%!$+3$!,:,#!3!%,37E?,!#='*7)%*K*#3$*!%(?,!*7!
%,_(*%,'! 4&%! "#$,%#,$! 7,%:*),7N! 5*:,#! $+,! 43)$! $+3$! E%&3'E3#'! 7,%:*),! >%&:*',%7!
3)$*#5! (#*?3$,%3??B! ?3)/! $+,! 3E*?*$B! $&! 4&%,)?&7,! )$,#$! >%&:*',%70U I! M&K)37$W7!
$+%&$$?*#5!&4!8*$2&%%,#$!$%344*)N! *#!,77,#),N!4&%,)?&7,7!8*$2&%%,#$!)$,#$!>%&:*',%70!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!19!83(,%N!AIIG0!1CI0!
1f!`,+%N![*??*3K!d0N!O+3%!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
23/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" !;"
!
O*K*?3%?BN!L.,#W7!>%&(#),K,#$!$+3$!T3)),77!'*7)%*K*#3$*!*#!E%&3'E3#'!7,%:*),!
p*7q!3!'&(E$4(?!>%&>&7*$*!3$!E,7$NU @!*7!*$7,?4!3#!*#)%,37*#5?B!'&(E$4(?!>%&>&7*$*!!
! 2+*7!>3>,%!%,$(%#7!#&.!$&!$+,!HMM=M&K)37$!%(?*#5N!.+,%,!$+,!HMM!.37!5*:,#!
$+,! &>>&%$(#*$B! $&! )+&&7,! .+*)+! ,! &4! $+,7,! ?,:,?7! &4! %,5(?3$*! *$! .3#$,'! $&!
>(%7(,! *#! ,Y3K*#*#5! M&K)37$W7! 8*$2&%%,#$! >3)/,$! '*7)%*K*#3$*! D! %(?*#5! $+3$!
M&K)37$!)&(?'!)$*#(,!$+*7!>3)/,$!'*7)%*K*#3$*!.&(?'!E,!3!7,%*&(7!7,$E3)/!4&%!
$+,!>%,7,%:3$*!&4!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!3#'!.&(?'!7,$!3!>%,),',#$!$+3$!.&(?'!?*/,?B!
?,3'! &$+,%! "O67! $&! ,#535,! *#! 7*K*?3%! >%3)$*),7N! .*$+&($! $+,! $+%,3$! &4! 4,',%3?!
*#$,%:,#$*!8B!)$%37$N!3!%(?*#5!353*#7$!M&K)37$!)&(?'!7,$!3!7$%!>%,),',#$!4&%!
$+,!%&?,!&4!$+,!HMMN!>&?*)*#5!$+,!#,$.&%/!$&!,#7(%,!$+,!)$*#(,'!%,7>,)$!&4!#,$.&%/!
#,($%3?*$B0! 2+,! 4&??&.*#5! 7,)$*! 3#3?BS,7! $+,! HMMW7! %(?*#5N! 3#'! ',$3*?7! $+,! 7&K,!
>&$,#$*3?!*K>?*)3$*!&4!*$7!',)*7*!
C%66*56"+)*="($%""&443%$B! ?*#,7! .*$+! F,>(E?*)3#!
M+3*%K3#! h,:*#! g3%$*#! 3)$*#5! 37! $+,! 7.*#5! :&$,N! $+,! H,',%3?! M&KK(#*)3$*!
M&KK*77*! &%',%,'! M&K)37$! $&! 7$&>! $+%&$$?*#5! >,,%=$&=>,,%! $%344*)0 A! 2+,!
M&KK*77*! ))?(','! $+3$! M&K)37$W7! T'*7)%*K*#3$&%B! 3#'! 3%E*$%3%B! >%3)$*),! p&4!
$+%&$$?*#5! 8*$2&%%,#$!>3)/,$7R! (#'(?B! 7_(,?)+,7! $+,! 'B#3K*)!E,#,4*$7! &4! 3#! &>,#!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!^@!L.,#N!AIIG0!@@0!
^A!h%3:,$7N!J3:*'0!iM&K)37$!L%',%,'!$&!D??&.!H%,,!H?&.!&4!H*?,!O+3%*#5!2%344*)0i!
[*%,'!g353S*#,r7!i2+%,3$!`,:,?i!8?&50!D(5(7$!@N!AII90![,E0!
n+$$>]kkE?&50.*%,'0)&KkAGE7$%&/,^kAII9kI9k4))=',)?3%,7=)&0+$K?o0!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
24/33
!O" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
3#'!3)),77*E?,!"#$,%#,$!3#'!'&,7!#&$!)$*$($,!%,37E?,!#,$.&%/!K3#35,K,#$0U P!
2+,! M&KK*77*! &%',%,'!M&K)37$! $&! '*7)?&7,! *$7! #,$.&%/!K3#35,K,#$! >%3)$*),7!
.*$+*#!PI!'3B7N!,#'!*$7!>3)/,$!'*7)%*K*#3$*!EB!$+,!,#'!&4!$+,!B,3%N!3#'!',$3*?!$+,!
#,.!K3#35,K,#$! >%3)$*),7! ! *$! >%&K*7,7! $&! 4&??&.0! 2+*7! 7,)$*! 3#3?BS,7! $+,! HMM!
F(?*#5! 3#'! *$7! )#,)$*! $&! $+,! >+*?&7&>+*)3?! 3%5(K,#$7! 7(%%&(#'*#5! "#$,%#,$!
*##&:3$*N!37!.,??! 37!$+,! >%,),',#$! $+,! %(?*#5! 7,$7! 4&%! 4($(%,! #,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!
)37,70!!
K'(01515F"($%"&44"E'015F"
! `*/,! K3#B! &4! $+,! 7)+&?3%7! )*$,'! *#! $+,! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! 7,)$*! &4! $+*7!
>3>,%N! $+,! HMM! %(?*#5! ,Y>%,77,7! >3%$*)(?3%! )),%#7! &:,%! .+3$! >3)/,$!
'*7)%*K*#3$*!K*5+$!K,3#! 4&%! "#$,%#,$! )&K>,$*$*! "#!>3%$*)(?3%N! $+,!HMM!%(?*#5!
#&$,'! $+3$!8*$2&%%,#$! :*',&! '*7$%*E($*!T>&7,7!3!>3%$*)(?3%! )&K>,$*$*:,! $+%,3$! $&!
M&K)37$W7! :*',&==',K3#'! QZjLJWR! O,%:*),NU^C! 7&! M&K)37$! +37! )&K>,$*$*:,!
*#),#$*:,7! $&! $+%&$$?,! *$7! $%344*)0! H(%$+,%N! $+,! M&KK*77*! 4&(#'! $+3$! M&K)37$W7!
>3)/,$!'*7)%*K*#3$*!)$*$($,7!3!:*&?3$*!&4!$+,*%! A30&%3&0'9>7".B'10,0&C&30;3#'!
$+3$! $+,*%! >%3)$*),7! 3%,! T#&$! ZK*#*K3??B! *#$%(7*:,W! E($! *#:37*:,! 3#'! &($%*5+$!
'*7)%*K*#3$&%B0U 1!!
! "#! 3%5(*#5! 353*#7$! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! >%*#)*>?,7N! O*#5,%! 73B7! $+3$! T*#!
?3BK,#W7!$,%K7N!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!*7!3E&($!$+,!>&?*$*)7!&4!,#:B]!*4!3!.,E7*$,!)3##&$!
344&%'! ),%$3*#!E,??7! 3#'!.+*7$?,7N! $+,#! *$7! %*:3?7! 7+&(?'! #&$! E,!3??&.,'! $&!3)_(*%,!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!^P!HMM!F(?*#5!I9=@9PN!AII90!@0!!
^C!AD"E0!P0!!
^1!AD"E0!AC0!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
25/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" !>"
!
7()+!,#+3#),K,#$70U ^!8B!)$%37$N!$+,!M&KK*77*!377,%$7!$+3$!T*#!?3BK,#W7!$,%K7N!
M&K)37$!&>,#7!*$7!)(7$&K,%7W!K3*?!Q8*$2&%%,#$!>3)/,$7R!E,)3(7,!*$!.3#$7!$&!',?*:,%!
K3*?!#&$!E37,'!!$+,!3''%,77!&%!$B>,!&4!7$3K>!!$+,!,#:,?&>,!E($!!$+,!$B>,!&4!
?,$$,%! )$3*#,'! $+,%,*#0U^G! M&K)37$W7! 377,%$*! $+3$! *$7! 8*$2&%%,#$! >3)/,$!
'*7)%*K*#3$*! *7! #,),773%B! .,%,! )$%3'*)$,'! EB! $+,! #(K,%&(7! ,Y>,%$7! .+&!
7(EK*$$,'!$,7$*KB!$&!$+,!HMMN!.+&!3%5(,'!$+3$!$+,!>%3)$*),7!M&K)37$!,K>?&B,'!
T3%,! *??=$3*?&%,'! $&! $+,! )&K>3#BW7! >%&4,77,'! 5&3?! &4! )&KE3$*#5! #,$.&%/!
),7$*U 9!
! e,$!*$!*7!*#)%,'*E?B!*K>&%$3#$!$&!,Y3K*#,!V(7$!+&.!$+,!HMM!)+&7,!$&!,:3?(3$,!
$+,! M&K)37$! )37,;#&$! $+%&(5+! $+,! ,7$3E?*7+K,#$! &4! >,%K3#,#$! >%*#)*>?,7! E($!
*#7$,3'!$+%&(5+!3!)+&*),!$&!T3'V('*)3$,!'*7>($,7!%,53%'*#5!4,',%3?!"#$,%#,$!>&?*)B!!
3!)37,=EB=)37,!E37*70U f!
#$%"4/6%
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
26/33
!G" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
5(*'3#),!$&!)(K,%7!3#'!$+,!*#'(7$%B!T.*$+&($!(#'(?B!$B*#5!&(%!+3#'7!7+&(?'!$+,!
/#&.#!43)$7!)+3#5,0U!O,)'N!$+,!HMM!377,%$7!$+3$!E,)3(7,!"#$,%#,$!#,$.&%/7!3%,!7&!
)&K>?,YN! $+,B! 3%,! #&$! )*',#$! $+3$! 3! T,=7*S,=4*$7=3??! 3>>%&3)+! *7!5&&'!>&?*)B0U!
H*#3??BN! $+,! HMM! 3%5(,7! $+3$! $+,! %,7$%3*#$! 3! )37,=EB=)37,! 3>>%&3)+! E%*#57! E,7$!
)&K>?,K,#$W7!$+,!M&KK*77*W7!%,)&5#*$*!$+3$!TE%&3'E3#'!7,%:*),7!7+&(?'!,Y*7$!
*#!3!K*#*K3?!%,5(?3$&%B!,#:*%K,#$!$+3$!>%&K&$,7!*#:,7$K,#$!3#'!*##&:3$*!*#!3!
)&K>,$*$*:,!K3%/,$0UG@!!
! 2+,!HMMW7!3%5(K,#$7!>%,7,#$,'!+,%,!$,??!(7!$.&!*K>&%$3#$!$+*#57!3E&($!+&.!
$+,B!:*,.!$+,!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!',E3$,0!H*%7$N!$+3$!$+,!M&KK*77*!)3%,7!3E&($!$+,!
>%,7,%:3$*!&4! $+,!,#'=$&=,#'!>%*#)*>?,N!$+,!3%)+*$,)$(%3?!',7*5#!$+3$!,#7(%,7! $+,!
T&>,#!)+3%3)$,%!3#'!,44*)*,#$!&>,%3$*!&4!$+,!"#$,%#,$NUGA!3#'!7&!%,V,)$7!$+,!*',3!&4!
3#! 3E7,#),! &4! 3#B! %,5(?3$*! 3$0! D$! $+,! 73K,! $*K,N! $+,! HMM! 7+&.7! 3! 7*K*?3%!
%,?()$3#),!$&!,#535,!*#!3#B!7$%*)$N!>,%K3#,#$!,7$3E?*7+K,#$!&4!#,($%3?*$B!%,5(?3$*N!
>,%+3>7!%,)&5#*S*#5!$+3$!T3!4(??!7,$!&4!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!%(?,7!*7!#,3%?B!*K>&77*E?,!
$&!',7*5#0UGP!"#!3'V('*)3$*#5!)37,=EB=)37,N!$+,!HMM!)$*#(,7!$&!?&&/!$&!*$7! A30&%3&0'
9>7".B'10,0&C&30!37!3!$,K>&%3%BN!5,#,%3?!7,$!&4!3#$*='*7)%*K*#3$*!%(?,70!2&!H,?$,#N!
7()+! 3! >&?*)B! *7! *',3?0! d,! 3%5(,7! $+3$! T*4! *$! *7! >&77*E?,! $&! K3*#$3*#! $+,! $+%,3$! &4!
%,5(?3$*!.+*?,!?,3:*#5!$+,!*77(,!(#%,7&?:,'N!$*K,!.*??!$,3)+!(7!K&%,!3E&($!.+3$!
%,5(?3$*N!*4!3#BN!*7!#,,','0UGC!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!G@!AD"E!@f0!
GA!AD"E0!P@0!
GP!83(,%N!AIIG0!1C10!
GC!H,?$,#N!AII^0!@I0!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
27/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" !T"
!
#$%"4*=9/6("@AA%/0Z"/58"/"J*(%5(1/002",%3'0*'6"&'(')%"
! L#!O,>$,KE,%!CN!AII9N!V(7$!$.&!.,,/7!34$,%!$+,!HMM!%,?,37,'!*$7!4(??!%(?*#5N!
M&K)37$!4*?,'!3#!3>>,3?!.*$+!$+,!X0O0!M&(%$!&4!D>>,3?7!4&%!$+,!J*7$%*)$!&4!M&?(KE*3!
M*%)(*$N! 3%5(*#5! $+3$! $+,! HMM! &:,%7$,>>,'! *$7! V(%*7'*)$*! *#!%,V,)$*#5! +&.! 3#! "O6!
)+&&7,7! $&! >%*&%*$*S,! >3)/,$7! ! *$7! #,$.&%/0G1! "#! 4*?*#5! *$7! 3>>,3?N! M&K)37$!
K3*#$3*#,'! $+3$! *$!'*'! #&$! $+%&$$?,! $%344*);E($! $.&!.,,/7! ?3$,%N! !O,>$,KE,%! @fN!
AII9N!M&K)37$!)&K>?*,'!.*$+!$+,!4*%7$!>3%$!&4!$+,!HMMW7!&%*5*#3?!%(?*#5!3#'!',$3*?,'!
$&!$+,!HMM!',$3*?7!&4!+&.!*$7!#,$.&%/!$+%&$$?,'!3#'!$3%5,$,'!8*$2&%%,#$!$%344*)0!O$*??N!
M&K)37$!377,%$7!$+3$!*$!#,:,%!*#7>,)$7!$+,!)$,#$7!&4!3!>3%$*)(?3%!>3)/,$N!?B!.+*)+!
3>>?*)3$*! $+3$! >3)/,$! &%*5*#3$,'! 4%&K0G^! `,77*5N! *#! 3! ?,$$,%! >,##,'! $&! $+,! HMM!
4&??&.*#5!*$7!M&K)37$!%(?*#5N!3%5(,7!$+3$!$+,!:,%B!43)$!$+3$!$+,!HMM!T+37!*',#$*4*,'!
7$3$,K,#$7!K3',!EB!M&K)37$!$+3$!.,%,N!3$!3!K*#*K(KN!#&$!$%(,N!%3*7,7!7*5#*4*)3#$!
_(,7$*! 3E&($! M&K)37$W7! E,+3:*&%apM&K)37$q! +37! 3#! ,$+*)3?! &E?*53$*! $&! ',3?!
$%($+4(??B!.*$+!$+,!%,5(?3$&%!)+3%5,'!>%*K3%*?B!.*$+!>%&$,)$*#5!$+3$! *#4%37$%()$(%,!
4&%K!+3%K4(?!E,+3:*&%0UGG!!
! %&$,)$,'!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$BN!$+,!HMMW7!',)?*#*#5!$&!
)&KK*$! $&! &($?*#*#5! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! %,5(?3$*! K,3#7! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! *7!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!G1!h%3:,$7N!J3:*'0!iM&K)37$!D>>,3?7!HMM!2+%&$$?*#5!L%',%0i![*%,'!g353S*#,r7!
i2+%,3$!`,:,?i!8?&50!O,>$,KE,%!CN!AII90![,E0!n+$$>]kkE?&50.*%,'0)&KkAGE7$%&/,^kAII9kIfk)&K)37$=3>>,3?*0+$K?o0!
G^!h%3:,$7N!J3:*'0!iM&K)37$!J*7)?&7,7!2+%&$$?*#5!6%3)$*),7!=!8*$$&%%,#$!23%5,$,'0i!
[*%,'!g353S*#,r7!i2+%,3$!`,:,?i!8?&50!O,>$,KE,%!@fN!AII90![,E0!n+$$>]kkE?&50.*%,'0)&KkAGE7$%&/,^kAII9kIfk)&K)37$='*7)?&70+$K?o0!
GG!iF,]!8%&3'E3#'!"#'(7$%B!6%3)$*),7N![M!J&)/,$!-&0!IG=1A0i!`,$$,%!$&!H,',%3?!
M&KK(#*)3$*!M&KK*77*!O$3#4&%'N!MD]!O$3#4&%'!`3.!O)+&&?N!D(5(7$!AIN!AII90!6%*#$0!10!
!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
28/33
!N" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
>%&$,)$,'!?B!*#!$+*7!*#7$3#),N!.*$+&($!5(3%3#$,,!$+3$!*$!.*??!E,!>%&$,)$,'!4&%!4($(%,!
)37,=EB=)37,!,Y3K*#3$*!&4!"O6!%,5(?3$&%B!>&?*)*,70!2+(7!$+,!?,%=$,%K!4($(%,!&4!
#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$BN!3$!?,37$!5*:,#!$+,!)$,Y$!&4!$+*7!HMM!%(?*#5N!*7!#&$!,#$*%,?B!)?,3%0!
8($!37!$+*7!>3>,%W7!))?(7*!7(55,7$7N!$+,!>&?*$*)3?!)?*K3$,!&4!$+,!AII9!,?,)$*N!
3#'!K&7$!#&$3E?B!$+,!,?,)$*!&4!83%3)/!LE3K3!!-&:,KE,%!CN!AII9N!E&',7!.,??!4&%!
3!K&%,!4*%K?B!,7$3E?*7+,'!HMM!)&KK*$K,#$!$&!$+,!>%*#)*>?,7!&4!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B0!
4*590'815F"#$*'F$(6"?"J)%618%5("K3/=/L6",%(-*)."M161*5"! D#B! )%,'*E?,! 377,77K,#$! &4! $+,! 4($(%,! &4! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! %,_(*%,7! $+,!
,Y3K*#3$*!&4!.+,%,! *$!+37!E,,#0!2&! $+3$!,#'N!$+*7!>3>,%!+37!,Y3K*#,'!E&$+! $+,!
$,)+#*)3?!(#',%>*##*#57!&4!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$BN!37!.,??!37!*$7!+*7$&%B!7,,#!$+%&(5+!
$.&! K3V&%! *',37! &4! "#$,%#,$! *##&:3$*$+,! ,#'=$&=,#'! >%*#)*>?,! 3#'! $+,!
,:&?($*%B!3>>%&3)+0!"#!3''*$*N!$+,!>3>,%W7!3#3?B7*7!&4!$+,!HMM=M&K)37$!',)*7*!
7&(5+$!$&!#&$!7*K>?B!V(K>!*#$&!.+*)+!%,5(?3$*!$+,!HMM!)+&7,!$&!>%&>&7,s!*#7$,3'N!
*$! 3#3?BS,'! $+,! .&%/! &4! K3#B! "#$,%#,$! 7)+&?3%7! 3)%&77! $+,! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B!
7>,)$%(K!!*#!&%',%!$&!?3B!&($!.+*)+!$+%,,!%,5(?3$&%B!>%*#)*>?,7!$+,!HMM!.>$7E!+3:,!
)+&7,#0!
! 2+3$!$+,!HMMW7!%(?*#5!'*'!#&$!(?$*K3$,?B!3#7.,%!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$BW7!4($(%,!*#!
$+,! X#*$,'! O$3$,7! '&,7!#&$!K,3#! $+,! *77(,!.*??! 4&%,:,%!+3#5! *#!?*KE&0!J(%*#5! $+,!
)&(%7,!&4!+*7!6%,7*',#$*3?!)3K>3*5#N!#&.=6%,7*',#$=,?,)$!83%3)/!LE3K3!>%&>&7,'!
(7*#5!$+,!"#$,%#,$!$&!*#)%,37,!5&:,%#K,#$!$%3#7>3%,#)BN!3#'!>%&K*7,'!$&!>%,7,%:,!
#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B0!O>,3/*#5!3$!\&&5?,W7!)3K>(7!*#!g&(#$3*#!j*,.N!M3?*4&%#*3!*#!?3$,!
AIIGN! LE3K3! 4*%K?B! 7$3$,'! $+3$! +,! .&(?'! T$3/,! 3! E3)/7,3$! $&! #&! ,! *#! p+*7q!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
29/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" !W"
!
)&KK*$K,#$! $&!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B0UG9! D4$,%!+*7! :*)$&%B!!-&:,KE,%! CN!AII9N!+*7!
)3K>3*5#W7! T2,)+#&?&5B! D5,#'3U! $(%#,'! (>! ! $+,!LE3K3=8*',#! $%3#7*$*! $,3K!
.,E7*$,N! M+3#5,0\&:0! DK! &$+,%! 5&3?7N! $+,! 35,#'3! >?,'5,7! $&! T7(>>&%$! $+,!
>%*#)*>?,!&4!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!$&!>%,7,%:,!$+,!E,#,4*$7!&4!&>,#!)&K>,$*$*!!$+,!
"#$,%#,$0UGf!!
D7! 4&%! +&.! $+*7! >?,'5,! .*??! $%3#7?3$,! $&! $+,! HMMN! ! -&:,KE,%! @CN! AII9N!
LE3K3W7! $%3#7*$*! $,3K! 3>>&*#$,'! $.&! ?=$*K,! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! 3':&)3$,7N!
O(73#!M%3.4&%'!3#'!h,:*#![,%E3)+N!$&!+,3'!+*7!HMM!F,:*,.!$,3K0!2+,*%!%&?,7!.*??!
E,! $&!%,:*,.! $+,! HMM! 3#'! 3':*7,! $+,! 6%,7*',#$!.*$+! 3??! $+,! *#4&%K3$*!+,!#,,'7!
%,53%'*#5!*$7!',)*7*F![*%,'!g353S*#,!3%5(,7!$+3$!T2+,!)+&*),!&4!$+,!'(&!7$%?B!
7*5#3?7! 3#! ,#$*%,?B! '*44,%,#$! 3>>%&3)+! $&! $+,! *#)(KE,#$=4%*,#'?B! $,?,)&K!
>&?*)BK3/*#5!$+3$W7!)+3%3)$,%*S,'!K&7$!&4! $+,!>37$!,*5+$=B,3%7!3$!$+,!HMM0U!9I!2+*7N!
)&(>?,'! .*$+! $+,! 43)$! $+3$! T,:,%B! 7*#5?,! K3V&%! J,K&)%3$*)! )3#'*'3$,! p@^! *#! 3??q!
%(##*#5!4&%!3!O,#3$,!7,3$!*#!AII9!%,)&5#*S,'!*$!37!3!4(#'3K,#$3??B!*K>&%$3#$!*77(,!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!G9!O$*%?3#'N!O3%3+!`3*0!iLE3K3![&&7!O*?*)!j3??,B0i![*%,'!g353S*#,r7!i2+%,3$!`,:,?i!
8?&50!-&:,KE,%!@CN!AIIG0![,E0!
n+$$>]kkE?&50.*%,'0)&KkAGE7$%&/,^kAIIGk@@k&E3K3=(#:,*?7=70+$K?o0!
Gf!i2,)+#&?&5B!D5,#'30i!M+3#5,0\&:]!$+,!L44*),!&4!$+,!6%,7*',#$=
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
30/33
;X" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
$+3$! (#',%?*,7! $+,! 4($(%,! &4! *',37! 3#'! $+,! ,)&KBNU9@! K,3#7! #,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!
3':&)3$,7!+3:,!3!%*5+$!$&!4,,?!&>$*K*7$*)!3E&($!$+,!)(%%,#$!>&?*$*)3?!)?*K3$,0!!
D! 7,)'3%B! >3%$! &4! $+*7! >3>,%W7! %,7,3%)+! _(,7$*! 7&(5+$! $&! 3#7.,%! $+,!
_(,7$*! &4! .+3$! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B! %,5(?3$*! -=>$7E! E,! *#! >?3),0! "! $+*#/! *$! *7!
$,K>$*#5!$&!43??!!$+,!7*',!&4!H,?$,#N!83(,%!3#'!$+,!&$+,%!7)+&?3%7!.+&!E,?*,:,!$+,!
.3*$=3#'=7,,!3>>%&3)+!*7!3#!*',3?!7*$(3$*!D$!$+,!73K,!$*K,N!"!4*#'!)&K>,??*#5!$+,!
M&KK*77*,%!g*)+3,?!b0!M&>>7W!))(%%,#),!*#!$+,!HMM=M&K)37$!%(?*#5!$+3$!3%5(,7!
$+3$!T3!)?,3%?B!7$3$,'!)&KK*$K,#$!&4!#='*7)%*K*#3$*!.&(?'!K3/,!)?,3%!$+3$!$+,!
M&KK*77*!*7!#&$!+3:*#5!3!,=#*5+$!7$3#'!.*$+!#,$!#,($%3?*$BN!E($!3#!3443*%!&4!$+,!
+,3%$! 3#'! 3! )&KK*$K,#$! 4&%! ?*4,0U9A! M&>>7! 7(>>&%$7! $+,! )37,=EB=)37,! 3#3?B7*7! &4!
)37,7N! E37,'!!3! )?,3%! >&?*)B!&4! %,37E?,!#,$.&%/!K3#35,K,#$0!M&>>7W! 3%5(,7!
$+3$! T7&K,$+*#5! 7&! >%,)*&(7! 37! $+*7! $,)+#&?&5B! p$+,! "#$,%#,$q! ',7,%:,7U! $+,!
)&KK*$K,#$! $&! #,$.&%/! #,($%3?*$B09P! `,77*5! 3%5(,7! $+3$! $+,! _(,7$*! #,$.&%/!
#,($%3?*$B! %3*7,7! 3%,! >3%$! &4! 3! T7$%(55?,! 3E&($! 3#! *',3?;3E&($! .+3$! %(?,7! 7+&(?'!
5&:,%#!$+,!4%,,'&K!$&!*##&:3$,0U9C!d&.!.,!>%&$,)$!$+&7,!%(?,7!&4!*##&:3$*!4&%!$+,!
"#$,%#,$!*7!)%()*3?!4&%!$+,!>%,7,%:3$*!&4!$+,!>%&K*7,7!&4!$+,!"#$,%#,$!35,!)(%%,#$?B!
*#! *$7! *#43#)B0! "#! $+,!K*'7$! &4! 3! 7>,,)+! >%&K*7*#5! $&! %,:,%7,! K&7$! &4! $+,! 8(7+!
D'K*#*7$%3$*W7! $,)+#&?&5B! >&?*)*,7N! LE3K3! ,Y>?3*#,'!.+B!+,! 7(>>&%$7!#,$.&%/!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!9@
!O$*%?3#'N!O3%3+!`3*0!i-,$!-,($%3?*$B!\3*#7!2%3)$*!*#!AII9!O,#3$,!F3),70i![*%,'!g353S*#,r7!i2+%,3$!`,:,?i!8?&50!b(?B!ACN!AII90![,E0!
n+$$>]kkE?&50.*%,'0)&KkAGE7$%&/,^kAII9kIGk#,$=#,($%3?*$B0+$K?w>%,:*&(7>&7$o0!
9A!HMM!F(?*#5!I9=@9PN!AII90!1P0!
9P!AD"E0!1P0!
9C!`,77*5N!AIIP0!@@0!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
31/33
#$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2" ;B"
!
#,($%3?*$B0!"!)+&&7,!$&!,#'!KB!>3>,%!.*$+!+*7!%,K3%/7!E,)3(7,!"!$+*#/!$+,B!7>,3/!$&!
$+,!>377*!3$!$+,!)&%,!&4!$+,!#,$.&%/!#,($%3?*$B!',E3$,]!
TL#),!>%&:*',%7!7$3%$!$&!>%*:*?,5,!7&K,!3>>?*)3$*!&%!.,E!7*$,7!&:,%!&$+,%7N!
$+,#!$+,!7K3??,%!:&*),7!5,$!7_(,,S,'!&($N!3#'!.,!3??!?&7,0!2+,!"#$,%#,$!*7!$+,!
K&7$!&>,#!#,$.&%/!*#!+*7$&%B0![,!+3:,!$&!/,,>!*$!$+3$!.3B0U!
E%+%)%59%6"83(,%N!b&+3##,7!g0!iJB#3K*)!$%3,7'>H'
J>CC$3".,0">3'@!QAIIGR]!1P@=1CG0!6%*#$0!
!
M?3%/N!J3:*'!J0N!3#'!g3%V&%B!O0!8?(K,#$+3?0!iF,$+*#/*#5!$+,!J,7*5#!&4!$+,!"#$,%#,$]!$+,!&77*E?,ko0!
!H3(?+3E,%N!\,%3?'!F0!i-,$!-,($%3?*$B]!$+,!J,E3$,!$%3,7'>H'
J>CC$3".,0">3'@!Qg3B!^N!AIIGR]!^9I=GII0!6%*#$0!
!
H,',%3?!M&KK(#*)3$*!M&KK*77*!A30&%3&0'9>7".B'10,0&C&300![37+*#5$N!J0M0N!O,>$,KE,%!APN!AII10!6%*#$0!
!
H,?$,#N!70-'>H'F&0I>%:'F&$0%,7"0B0!6%*#),$!X#*:,%7*$BN!b(?B!^N!AII^0!6%*#$0!M,#$,%!4&%!"#4&%K3$*!2,)+#&?&5B!6&?*)BN!J,>3%$K,#$!&4!M&K>($,%!
O)*,#),N!3#'![&&'%&.![*?7!O)+&&?!&4!6(E?*)!3#'!"#$,%#3$*?!D443*%7N!6%*#),$!X#*:,%7*$B0!
!iH&%K3?!M&K>?3*#$!&4!H%,,!6%,77!3#'!6(E?*)!h#&.?,'5,!D53*#7$!M&K)37$!
M&%>&%3$*!4&%!O,)%,$?B!J,5%3'*#5!6,,%=2&=6,,%!D>>?*)3$*Fi!!%&&'9%&--'
J>C87,"300!H*?,!-&0!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
32/33
;!" #$%"&'(')%"*+",%(-*).",%'()/01(2"
!
!
\*?%&BN!D#5,?,!D0N!O>,)*3?*7$!*#!2,?,)&KK(#*)3$*==F,7&(%),7N!O)*,#),!3#'!"#'(7$%B!J*:*7*!F&0'F&$0%,7"0BG'+,.:#%>$3E',3E'A--$&-0![37+*#5$N!J0M0]!
M%,77*?!F,7,3%)+!O,%:*),N!O,>$,KE,%!@^N!AII90!6%*#$0!!
h&)7*7N!j*/$l%*3N!3#'!63(?![0b0!',!8*V?0!i-,$.&%/!-,($%3?*$B!3#'!M&K>,$*$*!8,$.,,#!-,$.&%/7]!3!8%*,4!O/,$)+!&4!$+,!"77(,70i'A30&%&.>3>C".-'CP0@!Qb3#(3%BN!AII9R]!@1=AC0!6%*#$0!
!
h%3:,$7N!J3:*'0!iM&K)37$!D>>,3?7!HMM!2+%&$$?*#5!L%',%0i!R"%&E'6,#,;"3&P-'S#0!O,>$,KE,%!CN!AII90![,E0!
n+$$>]kkE?&50.*%,'0)&KkAGE7$%&/,^kAII9kIfk)&K)37$=3>>,3?*0+$K?o0!===0!iM&K)37$!J*7)?&7,7!2+%&$$?*#5!6%3)$*),7!=!8*$$&%%,#$!23%5,$,'0i!R"%&E'6,#,;"3&P-'
S#0!O,>$,KE,%!@fN!AII90![,E0!
n+$$>]kkE?&50.*%,'0)&KkAGE7$%&/,^kAII9kIfk)&K)37$='*7)?&70+$K?o0!===0!iH,3%7!O.*%?!L:,%![+,$+,%!HMM![*??!%'0=&'F&0I>%:'F&$0%,7"0B'K%C-'?,.&0!PC$+!F,7,3%)+!M,%,#),!!M&KK(#*)3$*N!
"#4&%K3$*!3#'!"#$,%#,$!6&?*)BN!D(5(7$!P@N!AII^0!6%*#$0!
!`,77*5N!`3.%,#),0!J>E&'5)U0!A!,'0!-,.!e&%/N!-e]!837*)!8&&/7N!AII^0!6%*#$0!
===0!H'AE&,-0!-,.!e&%/N!-e]!F3#'&K!d&(7,N!AII@0!6%*#$0!!
`,77*5N!`3.%,#),N!3#'!2*K![(0!iF,]!3>C".-'CP0@!Qb3#(3%BN!AII9R]!PI=PG0!6%*#$0!!
g3%$*#N!h,:*#!bN!M+3*%K3#0!iH&%K3?!M&K>?3*#$!&4!H%,,!6%,77!3#'!6(E?*)!h#&.?,'5,!D53*#7$!M&K)37$!M&%>&%3$*!4&%!O,)%,$?B!J,5%3'*#5!6,,%=2&=6,,%!
D>>?*)3$*Fi!!&E&%,7'J>CC$3".,0">3-'J>CC"--">3'?$7"3#0!D(5(7$!AIN!AII90!
6%*#$0!!
LrM#,??N!63$%*)*30!iD$!O8MN!"$r7!D??!DE&($!iO)3?,!3#'!O)&>,i0i'+$-"3&--R&&:!G!-&:0!
AII1]!6%*#$0!!
L.,#N!8%(),!g0!CC"--">30!O$3#4&%'N!MD]!O$3#4&%'!`3.!O)+&&?N!D(5(7$!AIN!
-
8/14/2019 The Future of Network Neutrality: Lessons from the FCC-Comcast Decision
33/33
AII90!6%*#$0!
!O*#5,%N!d3?!b0!i-,$!-,($%3?*$B]!D!F3'*)3?!H&%K!&4!-=J*7)%*K*#3$*i'?$7,0">3G'
T&%3C&30'PI0A!Qb(#,!@GN!AIIGR]!P^=C@0!6%*#$0!!
O$*%?3#'N!O3%3+!`3*0!i-,$!-,($%3?*$B!D':&)3$,7!*#!M+3%5,!&4!LE3K3!2,3K!F,:*,.!&4!HMM0i!R"%&E'6,#,;"3&P-'S#0!-&:,KE,%!@CN!AII90![,E0!n+$$>]kkE?&50.*%,'0)&KkAGE7$%&/,^kAII9k@@k#,$=#,($%3?*$B0+$K?o0!
===0!i-,$!-,($%3?*$B!\3*#7!2%3)$*!*#!AII9!O,#3$,!F3),70i! R"%&E'6,#,;"3&P-'S#0!b(?B!ACN!AII90![,E0!n+$$>]kkE?&50.*%,'0)&KkAGE7$%&/,^kAII9kIGk#,$=
#,($%3?*$B0+$K?w>%,:*&(7>&7$o0!===0!iLE3K3![&&7!O*?*)!j3??,B0i!R"%&E'6,#,;"3&P-'S#0!-&:,KE,%!
@CN!AIIG0![,E0!n+$$>]kkE?&50.*%,'0)&KkAGE7$%&/,^kAIIGk@@k&E3K3=(#:,*?7=
70+$K?o0!!
O:,#77N!6,$,%0!iM&K)37$!8?&)/7!O&K,!"#$,%#,$!2%344*)N!D6!2,7$*#5!O+&.70i'K-->.",0&E'9%&--!@f!L)$0!AIIG]]!6%*#$0!
!
i2,)+#&?&5B!D5,#'30i!J=,3#&)[>TG'0=&'ZHH".&'>H'0=&'9%&-"E&30N\7&.00![,E0!n+$$>]kk)+3#5,05&:k35,#'3k$,)+#&?&5Bv35,#'3ko0!
!
[(N!2*K0!i-,$.&%/!-,($%3?*$BN!8%&3'E3#'!J*7)%*K*#3$*i'O>$%3,7'>H'CC$3".,0">3-',3E']"#='7>#B'Q,I'A!Qb(#,!1N!AIIPR]!@C@=@9I0!6%*#$0!
![(N!2*K&$+BN!3#'!M+%*7$&>+,%!O0!e&&0!ih,,>*#5!$+,!"#$,%#,$!-,($%3?c!2*K![(!3#'!
M+%*7$&>+,%!e&&!J,E3$,0i'!&E&%,7'J>CC$3".,0">3-'Q,I'O>$%3,7'1f0P!Q-&:,KE,%!
PN!AIIGR0!6%*#$0!!
! !
! !
!