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The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

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Page 1: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime?

Guido Ghisolfi

25 November 2014

Page 2: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Scenari di Chimica quotidiana…

Nell’immaginario collettivo, la chimica inquina quando produce…

…e, anche quando i prodotti si devono smaltire, i problemi sono molto evidenti.

Page 3: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Dove va ormai la Chimica?

…dove si è spostato il NOSTRO mercato della trasformazione.

…dove ci sono gas e petrolio a prezzi irrisori.

In Asia…

In Medio Oriente…

La chimica si fa dal petrolio e dal gas

1 barile = ~165 lt 1 t = ~7,6 barili

Prezzo di mercato: 75 US$/barile = ~570 US$/t

Costo di estrazione: 20-70 US$/barile = ~150-510 US$/t

Page 4: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Dove va la Chimica degli altri in Europa?

Inglesi e francesi Agribusiness Farmaceutica

Danesi e olandesi Enzimi Biochimica

Tedeschi e svizzeri Grandi investimenti strutturali Chimica delle specialità Chimica verde

E…l’Italia?

Page 5: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Beh, l'Italia…

…chiude, ma piano piano, con tanti begli ammortizzatori così che “Il Paese” non se ne accorga.

Trent’anni di mancati investimenti, la mancanza di grandi campioni (Dow, DuPont, BASF, Bayer, Rhône-Poulenc), il regolare e puntuale fallimento delle iniziative nazionali (Montecatini, SNIA, Anic, Liquichimica, SIR) per arrivare alla definitiva scomparsa di Montedison hanno fatto mancare la necessaria pianificazione strategica per ripensare il futuro.

Page 6: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Scenari di Chimica quotidiana…

Marghera

Porto Torres

Ottana

Assemini

Ceriano Laghetto

Torviscosa

I grandi siti chimici e petrolchimici italiani, che hanno fatto la storia dell’industria italiana del dopoguerra, sono diventati imbarazzanti problemi occupazionali e ambientali.

Page 7: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Allora tutti a casa?

Siamo in tempo per la partita?……o forse NO!!

L’Italia è sempre stata la culla delle idee:

NOI abbiamo inventato o re-inventato le fibre e le materie plastiche;

NOI abbiamo le competenze e la fantasia.

Si tratta di capire se abbiamo anche le strutture e le risorse per ripensare la chimica.

Page 8: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Grandi campioni no!

Forse qualche campioncino rimane…

Pur mancando della dovuta integrazione e delle risorse naturali, in Italia alcune aziende sono leader mondiali delle loro nicchie:

MAPEI negli adesivi e materiali per l’edilizia;

M&G nel PET;

Lamberti nei coloranti;

Bracco nei mezzi di contrasto e nella chimica di laboratorio.

Queste aziende non se ne andrannosenza combattere!

Page 9: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

La Chimica domani

La chimica europea dovrà produrre, in modo sostenibile, materiali con minore impatto ambientale.

Le direzioni sono due:

• Fonti rinnovabili reperibili in Europa;• Materiali biodegradabili o comunque a basso “carbon footprint”.

Page 10: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

From Theory to Sustainable Practice

The first projections on Second Generation Biofuels were based on raw data on hectares "available" worldwide for energy crop harvesting.

Although it remains true that LCAs with energy crops are excellent in terms of sustainability, practical considerations prevailed.

Page 11: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)

Bilanci difficili che si prestano a mistificazioni

In prima analisi, il bilancio dei biocarburanti è sempre molto positivo, ma proprio solo in prima analisi.

È sempre vero che bruciare il biocarburante restituisce all’ambiente la CO2 che la biomassa ha sequestrato dall’ambiente qualche tempo prima.

Peccato che, in molti casi, per piantare, fertilizzare, irrigare e trasportare quella biomassa si produce una quantità di CO2 spesso quasi pari a quella che la biomassa stessa ha sequestrato.

Page 12: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Il Ciclo della CO2

DEL

CARBONIO ATMOSFERICO(CO2 = variabile nel tempo -

attualmente 2009 = ~320 ppm)

OSSIDAZIONE DEL CARBONIO

EMISSIONI SECONDARIE DA FONTI

FOSSILI

SOTTOPRODOTTI

COMBUSTIBIILIPER VEICOLI

PROCESSO: CONVERSIONE IN CALORE ED ENERGIA

DISTRIBUZIONE DI CALORE ED ENERGIA

CALOREELETTRICITÀ ENERGIA

MECCANICA

COLTURE ECO-COMPATIBILI E SOSTENIBILI

RACCOLTA + TRASPORTO + STOCCAGGIO

FISSAZIONE DEL CARBONIO

Page 13: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Riduzione delle Emissioni di Gas Serra

Riduzione delle emissioni di gas serrarispetto all’utilizzo di carburanti fossili

(a parità di potere energetico)

-19%

-28%

-39%

-76% -76%

-85%-90%

-90%

-80%

-70%

-60%

-50%

-40%

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

Etanolo da cellulosa (idrolisi di biomassa)Etanolo da mais

Canna da zucchero

Page 14: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Capacità di Sequestro Standard

Spesso gli euroburocrati complicano la vita, ma qualche volta la semplificano.La Comunità Europea ha calcolato, attraverso una serie di calcoli molto complessi, le capacità di sequestro dei vari carburanti a seconda della biomassa di provenienza.Bioetanolo BiodieselMais 31% Palma 18% Grano 34% Soia 31% Canna da zucchero 71% Colza 48% Cellulosa 90% Cellulosa Fisher-Tropsch 80% Paglia 87% Alghe 90%Dal 2014 quello che non sequestra almeno il 50% non si potrà più definire biocarburante. Dal 2017 non si potrà più produrre o importare niente sotto il 60%.

Page 15: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

M&G e il Biocarburante

Con il programma di ricerca PROESA®M&G ha speso circa € 200 milioni

La ricerca è condotta soprattutto al PST di Rivalta Scrivia e lo scopo è un bioetanolo:

da canna e/o paglia;

che costi MENO della benzina con il petrolio a 70 US$/barile;

che sequestri almeno il 90% della CO2.

Page 16: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Ottimizzazione dell'Uso di Acqua e Fertilizzanti

Al fine di ottimizzare le risorse naturali, tra cui l’impatto dei fertilizzanti e la gestione dell’acqua, abbiamo studiato le condizioni di coltura delle varie biomasse.

Utilizzo di acqua per unità di massa secca Utilizzo di azoto per unità di massa secca

Page 17: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Sustainability and Common Sense

In real life it is proven that the introduction of a new crop, though autochthonous and not particularly "hungry" for water and nutrients, is logistically, culturally and psychologically much more difficult than the organization, coordination and collection of an already present biomass.

Page 18: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

From Oil Substitution to Reduction of Fossil Fuel

The pretense to ELIMINATE fossil fuels was never the target of the introduction of biofuels, but a better understanding of the overall dynamics and consequences of the shift from fossil to bio has clarified the situation.

Now it is clear that the shift to a Sustainable Green Economy in transportation includes:• The reduction of consumptions (from engine efficiency to improvement of CVs and tyres attrition);• The shift to multi-fuels (electrical, hybrid, lower sulphur content fuels);

…AND THE USE OF SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS!

Page 19: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Environmental Sustainability

The biofuel production technology must be flexible enough to give good yields with multiple feedstocks and with no change of hardware and software so that the biomass for the plant can be chosen according to what the territory can produce.

Page 20: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Conditions for the Correct Use of Biofuels

1. The LCA proves to be SUBSTANTIALLY better than fossil (CO2 savings 70% and above) including the transportation impact;

2. The biomass does not displace food or feed alternatives;

3. The biomass use does not request a cultural change in the agricultural habit of the relevant territory;

4. The overall energy cycle is economically sustainable.

Page 21: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Practical Examples

Crescentino (VC) – Italy40,000 ktpa of ethanol – 200,000 kpta of biomass

Page 22: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Crescentino Evolution

Initially the project was based on the use of Arundo Donax that would be an ideal crop for such process, but since its start-up wheat straw has been 90% of the plant feed with only 10% of Arundo Donax.

Now the plant has made major investments to reduce the transportation impact for the wheat straw and to utilize with good yields rice straw, which is abundant on the territory and does not have an alternative use.

Page 23: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Practical Examples

Maceio, Alagoas – Brazil65 ktpa of ethanol – 325 kpta of biomass

Page 24: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

The Brazilian Equation

Until the introduction of the Second Generation Ethanol, the Brazilian mills were forced to choose between ethanol and sugar for their sugar cane.

Now they can make sugar with sugar cane, energy with bagasse AND ethanol with straws and trashes that were originally burnt causing big air pollution.

Page 25: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Biomass in Brazil

Page 26: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Biomass in Brazil

Page 27: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Biomass in Brazil

Page 28: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Biomass in Brazil

Page 29: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Biomass in Brazil

Page 30: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Italian Application: Sardinia

Arundo Donax is naturally present in Sardinia along rivers and canals and 12,000 hectares of very high density fields have been accounted for.

Such crop not only does not have to be planted, but it currently engulfs the normal overflow of rivers and canals which dangerously increases water speed.

Page 31: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Details of Spontaneous Arundo Donax in Sardinia

Spontaneous Arundo Donax can be:

As dense as 50 stalks per square meter;As high as 9 meters.

Page 32: The Future of Renewables is in Sustainability, but what are we doing in the meantime? Guido Ghisolfi 25 November 2014

Details of Spontaneous Arundo Donax in Sardinia

Harvest trials indicate:

Arundo Donax grows on an average 3 meter band along rivers and ditches;

Yield up to 60 BDMT per hectare equivalent.