the future of stormwater management in south australia

The Future of Stormwater

Management in South

Australia, Policy or Local

Leaders?

Simon Beecham

Professor Sustainable Water Resources Engineering

Head of School of Natural and Built Environments

University of South Australia

Presentation Outline1. Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)

2. WSU4D

3. Permeable pavements with underlying storage

• Quantifying security of supply

• Quantifying flood control benefits

4. A sustainable future

• UHI and embodied carbon

• Examples from around the world

Where are we now?

Water Sensitive Urban Design in Adelaide

• Recent WSUD initiatives

in South Australia:

– WSUD Framework

– WSUD Technical

Documents

– WSUD Better

Development Plan

policies

What is WSUD?

../../South Africa/Workshops/DSCF5667.AVI

WSUD SystemsNon-vegetated Systems

Roofwater Harvesting Systems

• Conventional

• Siphonic

Rainwater tanks

Permeable pavements

Managed aquifer recharge

Vegetated Systems

Large-scale systems

• Wetlands

• Ponds

Small-scale systems

• Bioretention basins

• Biofiltration swales

Integrated Systems

• Permeable pavement draining to biofiltration swale

draining to wetland

WSU4Dbiodiversity enhancement

floodinghydraulic control

aesthetics (landscaping provides community involvement and social activities)

pollutantcontrol

Pavement Reuse Concept

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 2 24 72 144

Time (hrs)

(mg

/L)

Control

Calcite

Dolomite

Change in alkalinity of stored water

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1 2 24 72 144

Time (hrs)

(mg

//L

)

Change in dissolved zinc in stored water

Rainwater Tanks

Permeable Pavements

Pavers

Bedding Course

Base Course

Geofabric

80mm pavers

50mm of 5mm

gravel

400mm of 20mm

gravel

Plastic liner

geofabric

Pavement Excavation

Excavation ~

$500

Perforated Pipe for Retrieving

Harvested Stormwater

Liner ~ $400

Gravel ~

$260 to $700

Completed UniSA Prototype Facility

Pavers ~ $500

Bedding gravel ~

$200

Geofab ~$30

Completed UniSA Prototype

Facility

Total materials cost:

$2,200

per car space

PERMAPAVE Design Software

Coupled with a Rainwater Garden

Monitoring

box

Solar panels

Battery

Permeablepavement withunderlyingstorage

Irrigation

pipe

Submersible pump

Moisture

sensors

Rainwater

garden

Planting

Solar Pump

CMAA Permeable Paving Workshop Adelaide

July/August 2014

• Application of permeable paving

– Overview of permeable pavement systems in Australia and overseas

– Examples from USA, Austria, South Africa and Australia

• Design of permeable pavements

– Design objectives, including WSUD

– Design life

– Cross-section selection

– Water infiltration and treatment

– Stormwater management and flood mitigation

– Water quality, harvesting and reuse

– Structural Design

• Maintenance of permeable paving

– Types of maintenance

– Frequency of maintenance

– Design for no maintenance

• Performance of permeable pavements

– Structural testing results

– Hydraulic testing results (field studies and laboratory experiments)

– Water quality testing results

Designing for Climate Change

Heat Island Effects

• Heat island is a phenomenon whereby air temperature in a city

is higher than in the suburbs or peri-urban areas

o Sensible heat flux warms the atmosphere

o CBD areas increase sensible heat flux from buildings

o Decrease of latent heat flux from natural catchments

• Need to quantify

o Surface and internal temperatures

o Conductive heat flux

o Net radiation

o Solar reflection (albedo)

Pavement

type

Max surface

temperature

(˚C)

PICP 40

Asphalt 58

Shackel (2008)

Embodied Carbon in Permeable Pavers

• UK inventory of carbon and energy (v1.6e, 2009) applied on a 1600m2 PICP (Knapton, 2008)

• 25% saving in CO2 emissions when installing a permeable pavement in lieu of a conventional impermeable pavement

• Typical tree may capture 20kg of CO2 pa or 1 tonne over a fifty year lifespan

• 1 tree per 11m2 of PICP for carbon neutral paving

Pavement type Tonnes CO2

Impermeable pavements 144

Underground drainage provision 47

Total 191

PICP 146

Market Development

• Europe

– Mid 80s Germany, Austria

– Mid 90s Belgium, The Netherlands etc

– 2000s UK

• SUDS – Sustainable Drainage Systems

• National Government Approach

• In line with the European Water Framework Directive

– Top Down – driven by legislation

• USA

– 1990s: EPA mandated to control stormwater runoff

– Low Impact Development Centre

– US Green Building Council

– Centre for Watershed Protection

– LEED – Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design to manage runoff

– EPA established design permits and best management practices – infiltration

practices emerged as a major focus

Australian Market

• Bottom up approach – no regulation or national

guidance

• Research into PICP began in early 90s

• Routine installation of PICPs introduced in late 90s

– Market approach project x project basis

– including prestigious projects such as the Sydney Olympic

Precinct – largest landscaping project ever undertaken in

Southern hemisphere

• Only site tested to receive routine maintenance although only a

small street sweeper

• Low infiltration results were due to locations being over buried

services

Vienna Football Stadium

• Bus and car park at PraterStadium, Vienna

• Installed by machine in 1990

• area of 39,000 m2

Shackel, B., Beecham, S., Pezzaniti, D. and Myers, B. (2008), Design of

Permeable Pavements for Australian Conditions, 23rd ARRB Conference,

Adelaide, Australia

Chigago White Sox

Baseball Stadium Car Park• EDI designed Lot L at U.S. Cellular

Field, home of the Chigago White

Sox baseball team

• Converted a 2.43 ha industrial site

into a fully permeable parking facility

• At the time of construction (April

2008) it was believed to be the

largest permeable paving parking lot

in the U.S.

• Permeable system allows for the

retention of a 100-year storm event

on site, which helps alleviate

overloading the existing combined

sewer system

• Parking system was constructed at

an elevation that allowed an

engineered barrier to be placed

above the existing Brownfield

contaminated site

Chigago White Sox

Baseball Stadium Car Park• 100-mm-thick L-shaped Eco-Optiloc

• 10mm voids between each stone

• 3.5 cm deep bedding layer of 3 to 6

mm gravel

• 350mm deep basecourse, comprising

a mixture of 75mm diameter recycled

concrete and 20-25mm limestone

gravel

• 527,616 permeable pavers were

installed at a rate of 1,900 m2 a day

www.envdesigni.com/us-cellular-field-lot-l/

Chigago White Sox

Baseball Stadium Car Park• Designed to meet the 2008 City

of Chicago Stormwater

Management Ordinance

• 2,271 kL of water storage

(equivalent to a 100-year ARI

rainfall event).

• Equates to a void ratio of es =

0.27 (note: graded basecourse)

• Total project cost AUD $3.8m

which was approximately

$432,000 less expensive that a

conventional asphalt car park

with a pit and pipe drainage

system

• Equates to AUD $155/m2 total

costwww.envdesigni.com/us-cellular-field-lot-l/

Morton Arboretum in Lisle, Illinois

• 500 lot car park constructed

in 2003 for arboretum that

features 4,117 kinds of trees,

shrubs and other plants from

around the world

• 1.6 ha permeable paving with

additional 3,230 m2 of regular

interlocking concrete

pavement


• 80mm pavers with 3 to 6 mm blue

mahogany granite jointing gravel and

40 mm depth of bedding material

(Illinois DOT CA-16, 1 to 10 mm

crushed stone )

• Basecourse depth of 150 mm of

Illinois DOT CA-7 (5 to 25 mm,

ASTM No. 57) crushed stone base

overlying a further 300 mm of Illinois

DOT CA-1 (25 to 63 mm, ASTM No.

57) crushed stone sub-base

• Subgrade was native clay soil

• Biofiltration swale includes native

grasses and black-eyed Susans to

help filter runoff before it enters

Meadow Lake and eventually the

DuPage River


• Initial design and construct cost was

AUD $1.05m

• Full life-cycle cost comparison showed

that it was less expensive than an

equivalent asphalt car park over 25 year

lifespan

• Importantly, annual maintenance costs

were estimated at AUD $4,955, including

vacuum cleaning and paver repairs

(although no cleaning was actually done

for first 6 years)

• Equivalent average annual maintenance

costs for asphalt surface plus pit and

pipes was estimated at AUD $29,397

including patching, crack filling and

cleaning www.icpi.org

• In both the USA and

Brazil permeable

paving has been

successfully used in

container handling

areas and ports

subject to high

wheel loads

• e.g. Knapton and

Cook (2000)

Knapton J and Cook I D. (2000). Permeable Paving for a New Container

Handling Area at Santos Container Port, Brazil. Proc.6th Int. Conf. on

Concrete Block Paving, Tokyo

Howland Hook Marine Terminal

Container Yard, Staten Island, NY, USA

• Expanded existing container yard by

approximately 5 ha with 0.1 ha of

permeable interlocking concrete block

pavement

• ICBP selected for resistance to container

loads, particularly damage at corner

castings, and because of the potential

subgrade problems (due to presence of

gypsum)

• 20-year service life of top picks and lift

trucks and 4-high container stacks

• dual wheel axle loads of 97,500 kg

excluding dynamic forces

• stacked containers can result in point

loads of up to 23,000 kg at each corner

casting at the bottom container



The Reeds, Fairlands, Johannesburg• First system was constructed in 2007 as an

affordable housing project

• Some 89,000 square units and 94,000

rectangular units were supplied to cover an

area of 4,320m²

• 500mm of top soil was removed and the

exposed surface was then covered with an

SABS approved BIDIM A5 geotextile

• Rockfill comprising 160mm stone, 500mm

deep formed the next layer followed by a

second layer of geotextile membrane

• Once compacted, the rockfill was covered

with 80mm of coarse washed river sand and

this in turn was compacted. To this was

added another 20mm of washed river sand

for bedding. The same sand was also used

for jointing. www. cma.org.za

Permeable Concrete Block Paving

Witwatersrand University

Two car park areas

13,000m2

Largest permeable paving project in South Africa

60mm pavers

Durban North Kensington Drive

Durban North Kensington Drive

• Shopping mall

• 480m2 of paving harvests both roof and pavement runoff

• Includes 500mm concrete detention tank under paving system

• Designed by Arups

Smith Street, Manly

• An Australian

retrofit (in 2001) of

permeable paving

to a residential

street originally

constructed

around 1900

• Ecoloc paversShackel, B., Beecham, S., Pezzaniti, D. and Myers, B. (2008), Design of


Adelaide, Australia

PICP in Kiama, NSW, Australia

• Constructed in

1997



Adelaide, Australia

• Constructed in 1998

• Installed over dense-graded

20mm granular basecourse

(DGB20)

Lane 30 Grange, SA

• Rear access service laneway, constructed in 2010

• 2500m2 effective contributing area

• Graded permeable basecoursematerial with a void ratio of 15%

Lane 30 Grange, SA



Adelaide, Australia

GeotextileTransverse barriers

(impermeable liner or

equivalent) to promote full

infiltration /storage and

prevent ponding at low

point.

• Hydraulic conductivity of subgrade = 1.0 x 10-4 m/s (results from falling head test, UniSA report, dated 14 May 2009)

• All storm events for the 5yr ARI shall be managed by the permeable pavement section

Conclusions

• traditional approaches to water resource management will present major constraints to new development

• this is already occurring and will be exacerbated by climate change

• future lies in multi-functional landuse

o flood storage, WSUD, social amenity all in the same land corridors

o this will release flood fringe areas and enhance urban ecology

Simon Beecham

Head of School of Natural and Built Environments

University of South Australia

[email protected]

http://people.unisa.edu.au/simon.beecham