the future of the world trade organization

8/14/2019 The Future of the World Trade Organization

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NDLC Xerjc`h Rnpir Wircis

Tfi Muturi em tfi Xerkd TrndiErhn`czntce`

Lcswnoct Dfnr

@e. 444@evialir 7

Nscn` Divikepai`t Ln`j C`stctuti


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Tfi Xerjc`h Rnpir sircis cs n ge`tcùntce` em tfi merairky `naid Dcsgussce` Rnpir sircis:tfi ùalirc`h em tfi pnpirs ge`tcùid wctfeut c`tirruptce` er gfn`hi. NDLCs werjc`hpnpirs rimkigt c`ctcnk cdins e` n tepcg n`d nri pestid e`kcì mer dcsgussce`. NDLC i`geurnhisrindirs te pest tficr geaai`ts e` tfi anc` pnhi mer ingf werjc`h pnpir (hcvi` c` tfigctntce` likew). Weai werjc`h pnpirs any divikep c`te etfir meras em pulkcgntce`.

Wuhhistid gctntce`?

Dfnr. L. 7. Tfi Muturi em tfi Xerkd Trndi Erhn`czntce`. NDLC Xerjc`h Rnpir 444.Tejye? Nscn` Divikepai`t Ln`j C`stctuti. Nvncknlki? fttp?//www.ndlc.erh/werjc`h-pnpir/7/>>/>>/936>.muturi.werkd.trndi.erhn`czntce`/

Rkinsi ge`tngt tfi nutfers mer c`merantce` nleut tfcs pnpir.

Ianck? lcsoctBhanck.gea

Lcswnoct Dfnr cs Dcrigter Hiìrnk, \isinrgf n`d C`merantce` Wystia mer Divikepc`hGeu`trcis.

Tfi vciws ixprissid c` tfcs pnpir nri tfi vciws em tfi nutfer n`d de èt ìgissnrcky

rimkigt tfi vciws er pekcgcis em NDLC, tfi NDL, cts Lenrd em Dcrigters, er tfi hevirài`tstfiy riprisi`t. NDLC deis èt hunrn`tii tfi nggurngy em tfi dntn c`gkudid c` tfcs pnpirn`d nggipts è rispe`sclckcty mer n`y ge`siqui`gis em tficr usi. Tiracèkehy usid anyèt ìgissnrcky li ge`scsti`t wctf NDL emmcgcnk tiras.

Nscn` Divikepai`t Ln`j C`stctutiJnsuachnsijc Luckdc`h 6M

7-22-=226, Onpn`

Tik? +6>-7-7937-9922Mnx? +6>-7-7937-998>Y\K? www.ndlc.erhI-anck? c`meBndlc.erh

7 Nscn` Divikepai`t Ln`j C`stctuti


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NDLC Xerjc`h Rnpir 444 Dfnr

Nlstrngt

Tfi ge`tcùid dcmmcguktcis em tfi Xerkd Trndi Erhn`czntce` te ngfcivi murtfir auktckntirnktrndi kclirnkczntce` c` tfi Defn \eu`d ìhetcntce`s fnvi rncsid quistce`s nleut ctsge`tcùid rikivn`gi. Tfcs pnpir mcrstky cdi`tcmcis n`d nssissis tfi jiy divikepai`ts c` tfiDefn \eu`d tfnt fnvi ge`trclutid te tfi prisi`t stnkianti. Wige`dky, ct prisi`ts sivirnkeptce`s tfnt tfi erhn`czntce` geukd ge`scdir mer dimc`c`h cts muturi werj prehrna, hcvi` tfiìw rinkctcis em hkelnk igeèacg i`hnhiai`t, ispigcnkky tfi iairhi`gi em hkelnk predugtce`ìtwerjs. Aest capertn`tky, tfi pnpir nssissis tfi pessclckcty em c`gkudc`h ìw dcsgcpkcìsgevirc`h nrins tfnt gn` fikp tfi hrewtf em tfisi drcvirs em hkelnk igeèacg c`tihrntce`. Wugfn` c`ctcntcvi geukd c`gkudi tfrii sits em cssui? trndi mngckctntce` ainsuris, n` iquctnlkic`vistai`t rihcai, n`d immigtcvi dcsgcpkcìs mer gurlc`h è`-tnrcmm lnrrcirs.

OIK Gknsscmcgntce`?M>7, M97


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Ge`ti`ts

>. C`tredugtce` ......................................................................................................................7 Capkiai`tntce` em tfi DWY? N` npprncsnk .......................................................... >97.3

4. Wuppertc`h tfi Hkelnk Rredugtce` @itwerj? N Rrengtcvi Nhi`dn ................................... 4.> Trndi Mngckctntce` ...............................................................................................


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7

>. C@T\EDYGTCE@

Tfi auktckntirnk trndc`h systia, ke`h ge`scdirid te li tfi mcrst list eptce` merkclirnkczc`h hkelnk trndi, mngis tfi aest sirceus gfnkki`hi c` cts scx n`d n fnkm digndisem ixcsti`gi. Tfi c`nlckcty em tfi Xerkd Trndi Erhn`czntce` (XTE) te dikcvir cts preacsite diipi` n`d wcdi` trndi kclirnkczntce`, n` ixirgcsi tfcs merua fnd c`ctcntid ìnrky >Tfi rivciw pregiss wns c`ctcntid c` >338 tfreuhf c`merank ge`suktntce`sge`dugtid ly tfi Gfncrpirse` em tfi DWL.333. Tfi divikepc`h geu`trcis issi`tcnkky megusid e` twesits em cssuis? eì, rilnkn`gc`h tfi Yruhuny \eu`d Nhriiai`ts te anji tfia aeridivikepai`t-mrci`dky, n`d twe, i`surc`h tfnt tfisi Nhriiai`ts wiri immigtcvikycapkiai`tid.4 E` tfi etfir fn`d, tfi divikepid geu`trcis kid ly tfi Y`ctid Wtntis(YW) n`d tfi Iurepin` Y`ce` (IY), wiri jii` te knu`gf n ìw \eu`d em ìhetcntce`s

n`d ixpn`d tfi sgepi em tfi XTE ly c`tredugc`h cssuis kcji knler stn`dnrds.9

Tfi nhriiai`t nae`h tfi XTE Aialirs te knu`gf tfi Defn \eu`d wns ngeapreacsi litwii` tfi pesctce`s fikd ly tfi divikepc`h geu`trcis n`d tfi divikepidgeu`trcis. Tfcs wns rimkigtid c` tfi ìhetcntc`h an`dnti tfnt fnd tfi mekkewc`hdcai`sce`s? (c) geaprifi`scvi rivciw em tfi Yruhuny \eu`d Nhriiai`ts: (cc) rivciw em

>Tfi digcsce` wns tnji` "... te geapkiti n mukk rivciw em dcsputi sittkiai`t rukis n`d pregiduris u`dir

tfi Xerkd Trndi Erhn`czntce` wctfc` meur yinrs nmtir tfi i`try c`te mergi em tfi Nhriiai`t Istnlkcsfc`htfi Xerkd Trndi Erhn`czntce` ..." C` etfir werds, tfi rivciw wns te fnvi lii` geapkitid ly > Onùnry>333. Wii, HNTT (>334).

338, sch`nkkc`h tfi geaai`giai`t emDWY rivciw. Mer ditncks, sii XTE (>336).

7XTE (n), pnrnhrnpf 72.

4Nggerdc`h te \elirt Xekmi, capkiai`tntce` c` XTE onrhe` ain`s letf tfnt divikepc`h geu`trcis mc`d cttee fnrd te aiit tficr Yruhuny \eu`d geaactai`ts qucgjky, dispcti tfi Wpigcnk n`d Dcmmiri`tcnktrintai`t prevcsce`s: n`d tfnt divikepid geu`trcis fnvi lii` tee skew c` aiitc`h tficr elkchntce`s tedivikepc`h geu`trcis.. Wii, Xekmi (


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9

capkiai`tntce` em tfi Yruhuny \eu`d Nhriiai`ts =

N meurtf grugcnk eutgeai em tfi Defn Ac`cstircnk Ge miri`gi wns tfi Digknrntce` e` tfiNhriiai`t e` Trndi \ikntid Nspigts em C`tikkigtunk Rrepirty \chfts (T\CRW) n`dRulkcg Finktf.

: n`d (ccc) ixpn`sce` em tfiìhetcntc`h an`dnti em tfi XTE. Tfi rivciw em tfi ixcstc`h nhriiai`ts fnd, c` tur`,twe geapeì`ts? eì, diipi`c`h tfi kivik em geaactai`ts em XTE Aialirs te tfiu`sfngjkc`h em tficr deaistcg anrjits, n`d, twe, rilnkn`gc`h tfi nhriiai`ts jiipc`hc` vciw tfi ìids em tfi divikepc`h geu`trcis.

8 Tfcs Digknrntce` wns n rispe`si te tfi sulacssce`s andi ly tfidivikepc`h geu`trcis tfnt prevcdid ivcdi`gi te sfew tfnt tfi capkiai`tntce` em tfi

Nhriiai`t e` T\CRW wns ndvirsiky nmmigtc`h nggiss te aidcgcìs. Tfi Digknrntce`c`tredugid sivirnk mkixclckctcis tfnt geukd li usid ly XTE Aialirs te nddriss tfiprelkia em nggiss te aidcgcìs.6

Mer tfi list pnrt em tfi Defn \eu`d, tfi megus em tfi ìhetcntce`s fns lii` e` tfriisigternk cssuisnhrcgukturi, @NAN, n`d sirvcgis. Tfi capitus te megus e` tfisi nrinswns anrjit nggiss nalctce`s ngress hreups em geu`trcis. Tfus, wfcki divikepid

geu`trcis fnvi lii` siijc`h i`fn`gid nggiss te tfi anrjits em tficr divikepc`hgeu`try pnrtìrs c` letf nhrcgukturi n`d @NAN, seai divikepc`h geu`trcis, kcji C`dcn,fnvi ke`h anc`tncìd tfnt tfiy fnvi n sulstn`tcnk c`tirist c` sirvcgis trndikclirnkczntce`.

Defn @ihet cntce`s e` Nhrcgukturi? \ilnkn`gc`h tfiNhriiai`t e` Nhrcgukturi

Nhrcgukturi ìhetcntce`s c` tfi Defn \eu`d nri lic`h hucdid ly twe sits em an`dntis.Tfi mcrst sit em an`dntis prevcdid c` Nrtcgki 7.


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=

Nktfeuhf tfi an`dnti mer tfi rivciw em tfi NeN siias qucti geaprifi`scvi, tfiri nritwe sits em kngu`ni tfnt euhft te li pec`tid eut. Mcrstky, tfi rivciw em tfi sulscdcisdcsgcpkcì speji em "sulstn`tcnk ridugtce`s c` trndi-dcstertc`h deaistcg suppert." >2Tfcsain`t tfnt tfi ìhetcntce`s wiri te megus e` e`ky twe meras em nhrcgukturnk sulscdcistfnt wiri diiaid te li "trndi dcstertc`h"prcgi suppert n`d c`put sulscdcis. Nkk etfirmeras em deaistcg suppert, wfcgf tfi NeN fnd knlikkid ns "Hrii` Lex" pnyai`ts wiriixgkudid mrea tfi purvciw em tfi ìhetcntce`s. Tfus, tfi Defn an`dnti kihctcaczid tfimnksi dcstc`gtce` tfnt tfi NeN fnd andi litwii` nhrcgukturnk sulscdcis ly gntiherczc`htfia ns "trndi dcstertc`h" er etfirwcsi, ivi` wfi` tfi knttir gntihery c`gkudid sivirnkmeras em sulscdcis, wfcgf grintid dcstertce`s c` nhrcgukturnk anrjits. >> Tfi capngt emtfcs gntiherczntce` em sulscdcis c`tredugid ly tfi NeN wns tfnt tfi knrhi prevcdirs emnhrcgukturnk sulscdcis c` tfi divikepid geu`trcis sfcmtid tficr sulscdcis e`te tfi "Hrii`Lex,">7

.> \eki em divikepc`h geu`try genkctce`s c` tfi nhrcgukturi ìhetcntce`s

. Tfcs kngu`ncs pnrtcguknrky hnkkc`h c` kchft em tfi mngt tfnt tfi Defn an`dnti prevcdis tfnt

ìhetcntce`s e` anrjit nggiss mer è`-nhrcgukturnk predugts weukd c`gkudi @TLs. Fewgrctcgnk tfcs eacssce` gn` li mrea tfi pec`t em vciw em rimerac`h nhrcgukturnk anrjitsweukd li c`dcgntid c` n kntir sigtce`.

Eì em tfi minturis em tfi ìhetcntce`s e` nhrcgukturi fns lii` tfi stre`h genkctce`luckdc`h litwii` tfi divikepc`h geu`trcis. Mngid wctf n sctuntce` wfiri tfi twedeac`n`t pknyirs c` tfi hkelnk nhrcgukturnk anrjits, `naiky tfi YW n`d tfi IY, wiririkugtn`t te rimera tficr deaistcg pekcgcis, ispigcnkky tficr sulscdcis rihcai, te tficrmnra sigter, anoer divikepc`h geu`trcis kid ly Lrnzck n`d C`dcn meraid tfi Hreup emTwi`ty (H4 tfnt pknyid n ditirac`c`h reki c` tfi ìhetcntc`h dy`nacgs.Tfi lnsi pnpir, wfcgf anrjid tfi iairhi`gi em tfi H9

>2

XTE (n), pnrnhrnpf >7.

, iapfnsczid tfi pec`ttfnt tfi ìhetcntce`s c` tfi Defn \eu`d sfeukd istnlkcsf n mncr n`d anrjit-erci`tidtrndc`h systia tfreuhf mu`dnai`tnk rimera c` nhrcgukturi. Tfi c`tirvi`tce`s andi lytfcs hreup fnvi fnd twe sulstn`tcvi dcai`sce`s. Eì, deaistcg suppert, c`gkudc`hgnppc`h n`d/er ridugc`h "Hrii` Lex" nhrcgukturnk sulscdcis hrn`tid ly seai em tfiaeri preacì`t Aialirs em tfi XTE, fns te li sulstn`tcnkky ridugid n`d ivi`tunkkyriaevid, n`d, twe, spigcnk n`d dcmmiri`tcnk trintai`t mer divikepc`h geu`trcis sfeukdli n` c`tihrnk pnrt em tfi ìhetcntce`s, n`d tfnt è`-trndi ge`gir`s sfeukd li tnji`c`te nggeu`t.

>>Rrc`gcpnk nae`h tfisi cs dcrigt c`geai suppert te nhrcgukturnk predugirs. Tfcs fn`deut mrea tfihevirài`t i`nlkid tfi predugirs te drcvi n widhi litwii` tfi gests n`d prcgis, tfus i`nlkc`h tfiate sikk tficr predugts likew igeèacg gests.

>< Tfi gfn`hid gfnrngtir em YW sulscdcis' rihcai cs tfi list ckkustrntce` em tfi pfièaiè` em "lex-

sfcmtc`h". Tfi ètcmcgntce`s sulacttid ly tfi YW te tfi XTE sfew tfnt c` >339, "Hrii` Lex" sulscdcisnggeu`tid mer 4=% em cts tetnk deaistcg suppert: c` 2, tfi gerrispe`dc`h mchuri wns 37%.

>7Tfi rcsi c` è`-tnrcmm lnrrcirs gn` li hnuhid mrea tfi mngt tfnt wfcki c` >339, tfi XTE Aialirs fnd

cssuid kiss tfn` 4Gurri`t Aialirsfcp em H9XTE (


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8

Tfi knttir ikiai`t, c` tfi vciw em tfi H=wfcgf fns megusid sekiky e` tfi ìid tec`gkudi tfisi twe aigfn`csas c` tfi NeN. >8 Tfi H77 nrhuid tfnt divikepc`hgeu`trcis aust fnvi tfi rchft te disch`nti ns Wpigcnk Rredugts nt kinst 6Tfi trintai`t em tfi Wpigcnk Rredugts wns spikkideut ns mekkews? (c) nt kinst 92% em tfi tnrcmm kcìs disch`ntid ns Wpigcnk Rredugts ly n`ydivikepc`h geu`try Aialir weukd èt li suloigt te n`y tnrcmm ridugtce` geaactai`t:

(cc) 2%. Ns rihnrdsWWA, H77 nrhuid tfnt nddctce`nk duty mer hunrdc`h nhnc`st ngtunk er peti`tcnk surhisc` caperts geukd li capesid c` rispigt em n`y nhrcgukturnk predugt. >3

Tfi prepesnks em tfi H8XTE (6XTE (3XTE (


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6

tfi Geaacttii e` Nhrcgukturi, Grnwmerd Mnkge`ir c` Ouky


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3

Letf divikepid n`d divikepc`h Aialirs weukd fnvi tfi mkixclckcty te disch`nti n`nppreprcnti ùalir em tnrcmm kcìs ns Wi`sctcvi Rredugts, e` wfcgf tfiy weukd u`dirtnjikewir tnrcmm guts. Fewivir, mer tfisi predugts, tfiri fns te li sulstn`tcnkcapreviai`t c` anrjit nggiss, n`d se tfi sankkir guts weukd fnvi te ligeapi`sntid ly tnrcmm quetns mer caprevc`h anrjit nggiss prespigts. Divikepidgeu`trcis weukd tfirimeri fnvi n` eppertu`cty te pretigt tficr geaairgcnkky si`sctcvitnrcmm kcìs.

Nggerdc`h te tfi Mnkgeìr prepesnks, divikepc`h geu`trcis weukd li nlki te sikmdisch`nti >>%, c`gkudc`h 9% em tetnk tnrcmm kcìsnt zire guts. Tfcs prepesnk mnkks sfert em tfi ixpigtntce`s em tfi anoer divikepc`hgeu`try hreupc`hs kcji tfi H77, wfcgf fnd c`scstid tfnt tfiy sfeukd li nlki te sikmdisch`nti n ac`caua em 42% em tficaperts c` tfi privceus pirced limeri snmihunrd dutcis gn` li capesid. Tfi H77 (n`dC`dcn) fns nrhuid tfnt tfcs wns mnr tee fchf n trchhir, immigtcviky di`yc`h tfia rigeursite tfi WWA.

.7 \igi`t Wtnti em Rkny

C` tfi ru`-up te tfi Lnkc Ac`cstircnk, letf H77 n`d H


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>2

prepesnk cs te nai`d pnrnhrnpf < em N`ìx < em NeN ly c`gkudc`h pnyai`ts lydivikepc`h geu`trcis mer mnrair sittkiai`t, kn`d rimeras, rurnk divikepai`t, n`d rurnkkcvikcfeed sigurcty, sugf ns prevcsce` em c`mrnstrugturnk sirvcgis, kn`d rifnlckctntce`, seckge`sirvntce` n`d riseurgi an`nhiai`t, dreuhft an`nhiai`t n`d mkeed ge`trek, rurnkiapkeyai`t prehrnaais, ùtrctce`nk meed sigurcty, cssun`gi em prepirty tctkis, n`dsittkiai`t prehrnaais.

Wige`dky, H77 prepesid tfnt tfi ixcstc`h prevcsce`s rikntc`h te pulkcg stegjfekdc`h mermeed sigurcty purpesis sfeukd li nai`did te nkkew divikepc`h geu`trcis te spi`d e`ngqucsctce` em stegjs em meedstumms mer suppertc`h kew-c`geai er riseurgi-peerpredugirs n`d tfi gest em se dec`h wckk èt li nggeu`tid mer c` tficr sulscdcis lckks.Twe tixtunk nai`dai`ts tfnt tfisi geu`trcis fnvi prepesid weukd tfirimeri nkkewdivikepc`h geu`trcis te capkiai`t meed sigurcty prehrnaais wctf tfi eloigtcvi emmchftc`h fu`hir n`d rurnk pevirty ly pregurc`h meedstumms mrea tfi peerir mnrairswctfeut lic`h suloigtid te tfi NeN dcsgcpkcìs.

H


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>>

gridct prepesid mer divikepid geu`trcis wckk li nppkcgnlki te tfi divikepc`h geu`trcistfrii yinrs nmtir tfi merair lihc` capkiai`tc`h ct.


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>>%.

Tnlki >? \idugtce`s c` Nvirnhi Leu`d Dutcis \isukt c`h mrea @NAN GfncrsRrepesnks

\n`hi em Geimmcgci`ts C`dcn Lrnzck

Geimm1


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>7

Hucdikcìs stcpukntid tfi riquist-emmir npprengf ns tfi anc` aitfed em ìhetcntc`hìw spigcmcg geaactai`ts. Capertn`tky, tfi Hucdikcìs nkse rigeh`csid tfi ìid teprevcdi n` nppreprcnti dihrii em mkixclckcty te divikepc`h geu`trcis.

C`ctcnkky ìhetcntce`s ndeptid tfi lckntirnk riquist-emmir npprengf. Y`dir tfcs npprengf,

eì geu`try riquists etfir geu`trcis te u`dirtnji geaactai`ts c` pnrtcguknr sigtersn`d aedis em geaairgcnk c`tirist. \ivcsid riquists n`d sulsiqui`t emmirs ly nkkAialirs ge`tcùi te li sulacttid u`tck tfi geaactai`ts i`tirid c`te gn` li ndeptidns mc`nk sgfidukis. C` etfir werd, tfi lckntirnk riquist-emmir npprengf c`vekvis npregiss em ripintid rictirntceèmmir, ìhetcntce`, rivcsce`, risulacssce`, itg. TfiDefn Digknrntce` nkse sit eut twe capertn`t tcaikcìs mer tfi ìhetcntce`s? sulacssceèm c`ctcnk riquists ly tfi Aialirs ly 72 Ouì


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>4

\iqucriai`ts n`d Rregiduris (K\R): n`d (ccc) Tigf`cgnk Wtn`dnrds (TW). Hcvi` tfirikntcviky ndvn`gid kivik em dcsgussce`s e` tfcs cssui, tfi Fe`h Je`h Ac`cstircnkDigknrntce` c`strugtid tfi Aialirs te mc`nkczi tfi dcsgcpkcìs e` Deaistcg \ihukntce`limeri tfi i`d em tfi 2244efn \eu`d n`d ns pnrt em tfi sc`hki u`dirtnjc`h.

Dcsgcpkc`c`h Deaistcg \ihukntce` gn` he n ke`h wny c` geapkiai`tc`h anrjit nggisspnrtcguknrky c` tfi nrins em c`tirist te divikepc`h geu`trcis (c`gkudc`h C`dcn). Gfnkki`hismer i`fn`gc`h anrjit nggiss c` tfi divikepid geu`trcis u`dir letf Gress-lerdirsirvcgis trndi (Aedi >) n`d Aeviai`t em @nturnk Rirse`s (Aedi 4) kci c` tfi rn`hi emstnti-capesid rihukntery lnrrcirs, c`gkudc`h lurdi`seai vcsn merankctcis, rihcstrntce`n`d kcgi`sc`h riqucriai`ts, mii strugturi, strc`hi`t quetns n`d qunkcmcgntce`riqucriai`ts, dcsgrcac`ntery tnxis, kivcis, n`d stn`dnrds mngid ly sirvcgi prevcdirsmrea divikepc`h geu`trcis. Fewivir, n geu`tir ge`gir` em an`y Aialir geu`trcis,c`gkudc`h c` pnrtcguknr divikepc`h geu`trcis, rikntis te tfi cssui em rihukntery nuteèay.Ct cs wcdiky npprifi`did tfnt dcsgcpkcìs e` Deaistcg \ihukntce` u`dir tfi HNTW anyi`grengf upe` tfi sevirich`ty em Aialir geu`trcis ly riqucrc`h trndi ge`scdirntce`ste supirsidi kihctcanti deaistcg pekcgy eloigtcvis. Nhnc`st tfcs lngjdrep, nkk

sulacssce`s striss tfi ìid te strcji n lnkn`gi litwii` rispigtc`h n Aialirs rchftte rihuknti, n`d gurlc`h rihukntery ainsuris tfnt geukd peti`tcnkky u`diracì anrjitnggiss.

Rrcer te tfi stnrt em tfi Defn ìhetcntce`s, XTE Aialirs fnd nhriid te Deaistcg\ihukntce` c` tfi nggeu`tc`h sigter. 7= Wulsiqui`tky, Aialirs nhriid te istnlkcsffercze`tnk dcsgcpkcìs, wfcgf nri èt sigter-spigcmcg n`d nri nppkcgnlki te nkk ainsurisnmmigtc`h trndi c` sirvcgis. Ns c` tfi gnsi em anrjit nggiss ìhetcntce`s, ìhetcntce`se` Deaistcg \ihukntce` riancìd acrid c` dcmmiri`gis litwii` tfi anoer pretnhe`cstsdispcti tfi mngt tfnt sivirnk Aialirs fnd u`dirkcìd tfi capertn`gi em n sntcsmngteryeutgeai e` Deaistcg \ihukntce` ns n ain`s em i`surc`h tfi immigtcviìss emsgfidukid geaactai`ts.78

7. MY@GTCE@C@H EM TFI DCWRYTI WITTKIAI@TAIGFN@CWA N@D CTW \IME\A NHI@DN

Nt tfi snai tcai, fewivir, Aialirs nkse elsirvid tfnt

prehriss e` Deaistcg \ihukntce` dcsgcpkcìs fnd te li lnkn`gid wctf ndvn`gis e` tfianrjit nggiss scdi em tfi sirvcgis ìhetcntce`s, n`d aeri lrendky wctf prehriss cètfir nrins em tfi Defn ìhetcntce`s.

Eì em tfi anoer ngfciviai`ts em tfi Yruhuny \eu`d ìhetcntce`s wns tfi ndeptce` emtfi Dcsputi Wittkiai`t Y`dirstn`dc`h (DWY), wfcgf prevcdid rukis mer tfi sittkiai`tem dcsputis litwii` XTE Aialirs. Tfi rukis prevcdid ly tfi DWY wiri dcstc`gtcapreviai`ts evir tfesi tfnt ixcstid u`dir tfi HNTT. Nae`h tfi ìw rukis wns tfise-gnkkid rivirsi ge`si`sus vetc`h ruki nt jiy ackisteìs c` tfi dcsputi sittkiai`tpregiss, kihnk rivciw em pnìk riperts ly n piranì`t Nppikknti Ledy, istnlkcsfai`t emdindkcìs mer vnrceus pfnsis em tfi dcsputi sittkiai`t pregiss, n`d caprevidauktckntirnk evirschft em geapkcn`gi. Tfi hiìrnk rukis em tfi DWY nppky te nkk tfigevirid nhriiai`ts.

Tfi c`tredugtce` em tfi rivirsi ge`si`sus ruki nddrissis eì em tfi anoerwinjìssis em tfi HNTT dcsputi risekutce` systia. C` jiipc`h wctf prngtcgi, riperts emtfi dcsputi sittkiai`t pnìks wiri ndeptid ly ge`si`sus. Tfcs prngtcgi immigtcviky

7=XTE (>336).

78XTE (>), pnrnhrnpf 8=.


17/41


>9

ain`t tfnt tfi HNTT pnìk riperts geukd ìvir li ndeptid. Tfi rivirsi ge`si`susruki, c`gkudid c` tfi dcsputi sittkiai`t u`dirstn`dc`h, prevcdis tfnt u`kiss ct digcdisly ge`si`sus èt te de se, tfi dcsputi sittkiai`t ledy wckk (c) ge`scdir riquists teistnlkcsf pnìks, (cc) ndept pnìk n`d Nppikknti Ledy riperts, n`d (ccc) cm riquistid lytfi privnckc`h Aialir c` n dcsputi, nutferczi tfi Aialir te capesi n ritnkcnteryainsuri c` gnsi tfi dimi`dn`t fns èt geapkcid wctf tfi rukc`hs em tfi pnìks n`dnppikknti ledy.

Tfi spiid em tfi wfeki pregiss cs ge`trekkid ly tfi prc`gcpnk dcsputc`h hevirài`ts,tfi geapknc`n`t, n`d tfi rispe`di`t, wctf tfi geapknc`n`t c` tfi drcvc`h sint, n`dtnjis nleut >9 ae`tfs mrea kc`h tfi geapknc`t te tfi `nk rukc`h.

Tfi sittc`h em tcai kcìs mer tfi sittkiai`t em dcsputis wns nètfir sch`cmcgn`t minturi emtfi XTE DWY. Nggerdc`h te Nrtcgki >9 em tfi DWY, tfi durntce` mrea tfi mckc`h em ngeapknc`t te tfi Nppikknti Ledy stnhi sfeukd li nleut >4 ae`tfs, wctf tfi pnìk stnhitnjc`h up aeri tfn` tfrii-meurtfs em tfcs pirced. C` prngtcgi, fewivir, tfi tcai tnji` lytfi pnìks cs sulstn`tcnkky ke`hir. Tfi ditncks wckk li dcsgussid c` tfi mekkewc`h sigtce`.

Tnlki


18/41


>=

Mchuri >? Tri`d c` tfi C`ctcntce` em XTE Dcsputis

Weurgi? Nutfers gnkgukntce`s lnsid e` XTE (7).

Tfi usi em tfi DWL wns qucti sjiwid, wctf tfi Erhn`csntce` mer Igeèacg Ge-epirntce` n`d Divikepai`t (EIGD) aialirs (prcanrcky divikepc`h geu`trcis)iairhc`h ns tfi knrhist usirs em tfi DWL. C` nkaest =9% em tfi dcsputi gnsis, tfigeapknc`n`t wns n aialir em tfi EIGD. E`ky e`gi dcd n kinst divikepid geu`try(KDG) npprengf tfi DWL ns n geapknc`n`t (Ln`hkndisf vs. C`dcn). Tfcs hreup em

geu`trcis fnd n` ivi` knrhir sfnri nae`h tfi rispe`di`ts, wctf tfi sfnri ixgiidc`htwe-tfcrds em tfi tetnk. EIGD geu`trcis fnd tfi knrhist sfnri em nkk rispe`di`ts. Xfckiè geapknc`t wns lreuhft nhnc`st n`y em tfi KDG Aialirs em tfi XTE, tfcs hreup emgeu`trcis pnrtcgcpntid c` sivirnk dcsputis ns tfcrd pnrtcis. Tfcs siias te li n pesctcvidivikepai`t, mer ct weukd i`nlki tfi KDG Aialirs te pripnri tfiasikvis mer usc`htfi dcsputi sittkiai`t rukis.

Tnlki 7? Rnrtcgcpntce` em Hreups em Geu`trcis c` XTE Trndi Dcsputis

Geu`try Hreups Ns Geapknc`n`t Ns \ispe`di`t Ns Tfcrd Rnrty

EIGD aialirs 7>7 (=4.8%) 7>> (==.7%) 682 (79.>) >96 (77.8%) 6=3 (92.8%)

Kinst divikepid geu`try > (2.9 (2.3%)

Tetnk 464 4=3 >,8>7


Tfi YW n`d tfi IY wiri tfi knrhist usirs em tfi dcsputi sittkiai`t rukis. Nleut 42%em tfi nkk dcsputis lreuhft limeri tfi DWL c`gkudid eì em tfisi geu`trcis ns ngeapknc`n`t. Lrnzck n`d C`dcn kid tfi iairhc`h igeèacis c` tfi usi em tfi DWL, n kcsttfnt nkse c`gkudis Nrhi`tc`n n`d Tfnckn`d. Tfi Riepkis \ipulkcg em Gfc`n, gurri`tkytfi knrhist trndc`h `ntce`, deis èt mchuri e` tfcs kcst.

N` capertn`t nspigt em tfi geu`trcis c`vejc`h tfi dcsputi sittkiai`t rukis cs tfnt tfiNmrcgn` ge`tcì`t fns èt c`ctcntid n`y dcsputis. Wivirnk geu`trcis c` tfi rihce` fnvimngid siviri trndi dcsgrcac`ntce`, wfcgf fns privi`tid seai em tfi peerist geu`trcis

mrea liìmcttc`h mrea tfi epi`c`h em anrjits sc`gi tfi ge`gkusce` em tfi Yruhuny\eu`d. Tfi anoer ge`strnc`c`h mngter mer tfisi geu`trcis fnd lii` tficr kngj em

2

>2

339 >33= >338 >336 >333


19/41


>8

gnpngcty te pnrtcgcpnti c` tfi pregiidc`hs em tfi DWY, n` cssui tfnt fns mchuridpreacì`tky c` tfi e`hec`h ìhetcntce`s mer tfi stri`htfi`c`h em tfi aigfn`csa.

Tnlki 4? Tep >2 Geapknc`n`ts

Geapknc`n`t @ualir em Dcsputis

Y`ctid Wtntis >29

Iurepin` Y`ce` 68

Gn`ndn 77

Lrnzck 8

\ipulkcg em Jerin >9

Tfnckn`d >7


C` tiras em tfi gevirid nhriiai`ts c` wfcgf tfi dcsputis wiri ètcmcid, aeri tfn` ntfcrd em tfisi c`vekvid ndoudcgntce` lnsid e` tfi HNTT nrtcgkis. Cm tfi etfir nrins tfntwiri c`gkudid c` tfi HNTT mrnaiwerj prcer te tfi istnlkcsfai`t em tfi XTE nrige`scdirid, c`gkudc`h n`tc-duapc`h n`d snmihunrds, tfi sfnri em tfi trndctce`nk HNTTnrins c`grinsis te ìnrky twe-tfcrds. Em tfi HNTT nrtcgkis rimirrid te c` tfi dcsputis,tfi tfrii jiy nrtcgkisNrtcgkis C (Hiìrnk Aest-Mnveurid-@ntce` Trintai`t), Nrtcgki CC(Wgfidukis em Ge`gissce`s), n`d Nrtcgki CCC (@ntce`nk Trintai`t e` C`tir`nk Tnxntce`n`d \ihukntce`)wiri usid tfi aest (ìnrky 42%). Tfcs cs èt i`tcriky uìxpigtidsc`gi tfi geaactai`ts i`tirid c`te ly XTE Aialirs u`dir tfi vnrceus Yruhuny\eu`d nhriiai`ts wiri luckt e` tfi priacsi em è`-dcsgrcac`ntce` vcs--vcs heeds,sirvcgi prevcdirs, n`d c`tikkigtunk prepirty ewìrs, wfcgf cs n anoer dipnrturi mrea tfiprngtcgis tfiy fnd mekkewid prcer te tficr XTE nggissce`.

Kiss tfn` n scxtf em tfi ètcmcid dcsputis gevirid tfi meur ìw nrins c`gkudid c` tfiauktckntirnk trndc`h systianhrcgukturi, c`tikkigtunk prepirty, sirvcgis, n`d c`vistai`t.Tfisi risukts nri seaiwfnt surprcsc`h sc`gi tfcs sit em nrins c`gkudis seai em tfiaeri ge`ti`tceus nhriiai`ts, kcji nhrcgukturi n`d c`tikkigtunk prepirty. N pessclkirinse` geukd li tfnt tfi nhriiai`ts gevirc`h nkk tfisi nrins (ixgipt c`vistai`t) nric`gkudid c` tfi Defn \eu`d, n`d geukd tfirimeri li n hrintir megus e` tfi pnrt em tfiXTE Aialirs te nddriss tficr ge`ti`dc`h eloigtcvis tfreuhf ri-ìhetcntc`h tfiixcstc`h tixts rntfir tfn` te hit n` c`tirpritntce` ly tfi dcsputi sittkiai`t pnìks e`wfcgf tfiy fnvi è c`mkui`gi.


20/41


>6

Tnlki 9? Lrend Nrins Gevirid c` tfi Dcsputis

Gevirid Nrin Wfnri em tetnk

Nhriiai`t Istnlkcsfc`h tfi Xerkd Trndi Erhn`czntce` 4.8

Nhrcgukturi 8.2

N`tc-duapc`h (Nrtcgki ]C em HNTT >334) 3.7Gusteas ]nkuntce` >.9

Dcsputi Wittkiai`t Y`dirstn`dc`h >.9

HNTT >348 2.>

HNTT >334 7=.2

Hevir`ai`t Rreguriai`t 2.4

Capert Kcgi`sc`h 7.6

C`tikkigtunk Rrepirty 7.>

Rretegek em Nggissce`


21/41


>3

Nktfeuhf pnìks wiri istnlkcsfid c` 69 gnsis. Tfcs rikntcviky kew ùalir em pnìkriperts gcrgukntid te Aialirs cs dui c` knrhi pnrt te cèrdc`nti diknys c` tfi pregiss emndoudcgntce`.

Tfi tcai kcìs mer tfi >69 gnsis c` wfcgf tfi pnìks fnd sulacttid riperts, hcvis tficaprissce` em n rntfir c`dcmmiri`t XTE DWL. C` e`ky meur em tfi >69 dcsputis dcd tfipnìks sulact tficr riperts wctfc` >> ae`tfs em tfi mckc`h em tfi geapknc`t ns stcpukntidly tfi DWY. Nt tfi etfir i`d em tfi spigtrua nri 97 gnsis wfiri tfi pnìks teej aeritfn` twe yinrs te sulact tficr riperts. C` tfrii em tfisi dcsputis, nkk em wfcgf c`vekvitfi YW n`d tfi IY, tfi pnìks teej ìnrky mcvi yinrs te sulact tficr riperts.

Nggerdc`h te tfi DWY, tfi nppikknti ledy sfeukd li geapkitc`h cts pregiidc`hs wctfc`>4 ae`tfs em tfi c`ctcntce` em tfi geapknc`t. Tfcs tcai mrnai geukd li elsirvid c` meurem tfi >


22/41


Tfi knst ai`tceìd cssui cs capertn`t mer divikepc`h geu`trcis tfnt fnvi èt lii` nlkite ritnkcnti, ivi` cm tfiy eltncìd n` nutferczntce` mrea tfi DWL. Igunder eltncìd nrchft te ritnkcnti c` tfi IGLn`n`ns gnsi,

4


23/41


c`tirpritntce`. Tfus, n`y gfn`hi c` tfi kihnk c`tirpritntce` wfi` tfcs cs ge`scdirc`h ndcsputi riqucrc`h ìw mngts, wfcgf any mngckctnti risekutce` em tfi dcsputi, gn`èt liseuhft ly tfi. Wivirnk geu`trcis fnvi prepesid tixtunk nai`dai`ts te rigtcmy tfcskngu`n.44

4. WYRRE\TC@H TFI HKELNK R\EDYGTCE@@ITXE\J? N R\ENGTC]I NHI@DN

Evir tfi pnst twe digndis, Hkelnk Rredugtce` @itwerjs (HR@s) fnvi iairhid ns nstre`h c`tihrntc`h mergi c` tfi hkelnk igeèay. @et e`ky fnvi HR@s pknyid nditirac`c`h reki c` lrc`hc`h igeèacis gkesir tehitfir ly stcaukntc`h tfi mkews emheeds n`d gnpctnk ngress geu`trcis, tfiy fnvi nkse ge`trclutid te jèwkidhi dcmmusce`,n`d fnvi prevcdid eppertu`ctcis mer kegnk gnpnlckctcis te iairhi c` geu`trcis tfnt nripnrt em tfi ìtwerjs. Tfcs dcai`sce` fns rigicvid rikntcviky kiss ntti`tce` c` tfikctirnturi e` HR@s, wfcgf fns dcsgussid tfcs ìw erhn`czntce`nk mera knrhiky mrea tfi

pec`t em trndi c`tihrntce`.

HR@s fnvi lii` sii` letf ns predugts em tfi pregiss em kclirnkczntce` em trndi n`dmc`n`gcnk mkews ns wikk ns tfi gntnkysts mer i`surc`h hrintir dihrii em epi`ìss c` tfihkelnk igeèay. Rrepeì`ts em tfcs tfc`jc`h fnvi nrhuid tfnt tfi u`sfngjkc`h emigeèacis fns trchhirid n gfn`hi c` trn`s`ntce`nk gerperntce`s, ge`virtc`h tfia mreatnrcmm-feppc`h c`visters te hkelnk ìtwerj mknhsfcps tfnt fnvi c`tihrntid tficrdcspirsid suppky, jèwkidhi, n`d gusteair lnscs c`te tfi HR@s. Mrnhai`tntce` empredugtce` gnusid ly tfi ìtwerj mknhsfcps cs nsscstid ly tfi ixcsti`gi em n pkitfernem spigcnkczid suppkcirs, usunkky sprind evir n knrhi hiehrnpfcgnk spigtrua.49

Tfi kehcg em HR@s dian`ds n fchf dihrii em geapiti`gi nkk nke`h tfi suppky gfnc`.Tfi suppkcirs te tfi ìtwerj mknhsfcp, wfcgf cs usunkky tfi pec`t em nssialky em tfi mc`nk

predugt, nri èt e`ky riqucrid te aiit tfi ixngtc`h qunkcty stn`dnrds n`d tfi prcgi emtfi c`tiraidcntis tfiy nri rispe`sclki mer: tfiy weukd nkse fnvi te aiit tfcs rchcd oust-c`-tcai sgfiduki. Lut c` erdir te i`suri tfnt tfi suppkcirs pirmeran`gis aiitixpigtntce`s, tfi ìtwerj mknhsfcps ìid te trn`smir tigf`cgnk n`d an`nhircnkjèwkidhi te tfia. Tfiri cs tfirimeri n ìid te uphrndi tfi suppkcirs tigf`cgnk n`dan`nhircnk sjckks e` n ge`tcùeus lnscs. Tfi c`grinsc`h rnti em predugt elsekisgi`gisii` c` n knrhi ùalir em c`dustrcis, c` pnrtcguknr tfesi predugc`h predugts tfnt usic`merantce` n`d geaau`cgntce`s tigfèkehy, put prissuri e` tfi ìtwerj mknhsfcps teuphrndi tfi tigfèkehcis em tficr suppkcirs.

.

4=

@itwerj mknhsfcps trn`smir jèwkidhi ngress lerdirs usc`h n skiw em aigfn`csas.Mcrstky, tfi trn`smir em jèwkidhi any li aidcntid tfreuhf anrjit aigfn`csas, usc`h

kcgi`sc`h ge`trngts n`d eutrchft purgfnsis em tigfèkehy n`d pkn`t iqucpai`t, nae`hetfirs, tfnt any er any èt c`vekvi merich` dcrigt c`vistai`t (MDC). Wige`dky, tfiìtwerj mknhsfcp any trn`smir tigfèkehcis tfreuhf tfi suppky gfnc` n`d c` dec`h seweukd li ixirgcsc`h ge`trek evir tfi an`ìr c` wfcgf tfi jèwkidhi cs dcssiac`ntid ten`d usid ly tfi suppkcir. Tfi typi em ge`trek evir tfi suppky gfnc` gn` li sii` ly tfian`ìr c` wfcgf tfi epirntce` em erchc`nk iqucpai`t anùmngturirs, er tfi se-gnkkidTcir C suppkcirs, nri an`nhid ly tfi ìtwerj mknhsfcps.

44Wii mer c`stn`gi, tfi oec`t prepesnk ly Nrhi`tc`n, Lrnzck, Gn`ndn, C`dcn, @iw _inkn`d, n`d @erwny.

XTE (,4).


24/41



25/41


Trndi Mngck ctntce`

Nktfeuhf sivirnk em cts ikiai`ts mera pnrt em tfi HNTT, trndi mngckctntce` wns u`vickidns n` c`tihrntid mrnaiwerj te nddriss gusteas rikntid cssuis, c`gkudc`h tfnt em trn`sct,nt tfi mcrst XTE Ac`cstircnk Ge`miri`gi c` Wc`hnperi c` >33=. Tfi cssui tfus lignaieì em tfi Wc`hnperi Cssuis, nke`h wctf c`vistai`t, geapitctce`, n`d hevirài`tpreguriai`t. Nmtir augf dcsgussce`, tfi cssui wns c`gkudid c` tfi XTE werjprehrnaai c` tfi Defn Ac`cstircnk Ge`miri`gi. Xfcki tfi etfir Wc`hnperi Cssuiswiri tnji` emm tfi tnlki c` tfi Defn \eu`d mer wn`t em ge`si`sus, 48

Trndi mngckctntce`s nri an`dntid te predugi n` nppreprcnti sit em rukis letf mrea ntigf`cgnk pec`t em vciw n`d mrea tfi pirspigtcvi em tfi divikepai`t capirntcvis emdivikepc`h geu`trcis. C` aeri prigcsi tiras, tfi ìhetcntce`s nca te gknrcmy n`dcaprevi rikivn`t nspigts em Nrtcgkis ], ]CCC n`d V em tfi HNTT >334 wctf n vciw temurtfir ixpidctc`h tfi aeviai`t, rikinsi n`d gkinrn`gi em heeds, c`gkudc`h heeds c`trn`sct.

trndi mngckctntce`wns c`gkudid c` tfi ìhetcntce`s ns n pnrt em tfi Ouky pngjnhi c`


26/41


2= è`-EIGD geu`trcis, wfcgf c`gkudi 39 XTE Aialirs n`d >> XTE elsirvirs, sfewidtfnt tfi liìmcts nggruc`h te divikepc`h geu`trcis, letf ns capertirs n`d ixpertirs,geukd li sulstn`tcnk cm nppreprcnti rimeras nri u`dirtnji`.92

Tfi ìhetcntce`s e` trndi mngckctntce` fnvi lii` dinkc`h wctf n pkitfern em cssuis tfntgeukd ivi`tunkky mera n pnrt em tfi nhriiai`t. Tfisi c`gkudi cssuis rikntc`h tetrn`spnri`gy, kcji pulkcgntce` n`d nvncknlckcty em c`merantce` tfreuhf pulkcgntce`,c`tirìt n`d i`qucry pec`ts, epirntce`nk cssuis kcji tfi rikinsi n`d gkinrn`gi em gnrhe,c`tredugtce` em rcsj an`nhiai`t n`d pest gkinrn`gi nudct n`d dcsgcpkcìs e` ixpidctidsfcpai`ts, n`d c`stctutce`nk cssuis kcji istnlkcsfc`h n sc`hki wc`dew mer gkinrn`gi emheeds, ikcac`ntce` em pri-sfcpai`t n`d pest-sfcpai`t c`spigtce`s, n`d u`cmera meras

n`d deguai`tntce` riqucriai`ts mer gkinrn`gi em heeds. Liscdis, tfi nlevi-ai`tceìd mriidea em trn`sct n`d gusteas geepirntce` nri jiy ikiai`ts em tfidcsgussce`s.

Xfcki tfi lrend ge`teurs em n` Nhriiai`t e` trndi mngckctntce` siias gkinr,9>

Dispcti tfi prehriss andi c` tfi trndi mngckctntce` ìhetcntce`s, sivirnk elstngkisstn`d c` tfi wny em n` ivi`tunk nhriiai`t. Anoer divikepc`h geu`trcis kcji C`dcn n`dLrnzck nri èt kcjiky te mnver n stn`d nkeì eutgeai, ns trndi mngckctntce` cs c`tihrnk tetfi Defn pngjnhi, n`d tfus pnrt em tfi sc`hki u`dirtnjc`h. C` etfir werds, tfisigeu`trcis wckk li rikugtn`t te nhrii e` n dink e` trndi mngckctntce` wctfeut nhriiai`t e`seai em tfi jiy nrins c` tfi Defn ìhetcntc`h an`dnti. Nhnc`, wfcki tfiri cs è deulttfnt aest em tfi kissir divikepid geu`trcis weukd liìmct mrea n` ivi`tunk dink e`trndi mngckctntce`, sc`gi tfi liìmcts weukd èt nggrui te tfia c` tfi nlsi`gi em tfitigf`cgnk nsscstn`gi n`d gnpngcty luckdc`h geaactai`ts mrea tfi divikepid geu`trcis,ct siias u`kcjiky tfnt n hkelnkky nggiptnlki eutgeai gn` li rinkczid see`.

sivirnkge`ti`tceus cssuis ge`tcùi te i`hnhi XTE aialirs. Divikepc`h geu`trcis fnvilii` c`scstc`h tfnt tfiri sfeukd li mcra geaactai`ts e` gnpngcty luckdc`h n`d tigf`cgnknsscstn`gi, wfcgf wckk i`nlki tfia te tngjki tfi gfnkki`hi pesid ly tfi prepesidnhriiai`t.

4.< Tewnrds n Lnkn`gid n`d Iquc tnlki C`vistai`t \ihcai

Kcji trndi mngckctntce`, n auktckntirnk nhriiai`t e` c`vistai`t fns nkse lii` e` tfi

mrc`his em tfi dcsgussce`s c` tfi XTE sc`gi tfi Wc`hnperi Ac`cstircnk Ge`miri`gi. TfiDefn Ac`cstircnk Ge`miri`gi c` c`gkudid trndi n`d c`vistai`t cssui c` tfi pest-Defn werj prehrna wctf tfi mekkewc`h an`dnti? \igeh`czc`h tfi gnsi mer nauktckntirnk mrnaiwerj te siguri trn`spnri`t, stnlki, n`d pridcgtnlki ge`dctce`s merke`h-tira gress-lerdir c`vistai`t, pnrtcguknrky merich` dcrigt c`vistai`t, tfnt wckkge`trcluti te tfi ixpn`sce` em trndi, n`d tfi ìid mer i`fn`gid tigf`cgnk nsscstn`gin`d gnpngcty-luckdc`h c` tfcs nrin n`d fi`gi nhriid tfnt ìhetcntce`s wckk tnji pknginmtir tfi Mcmtf Wissce` em tfi Ac`cstircnk Ge`miri`gi e` tfi lnscs em n digcsce` te litnji`, ly ixpkcgctge`si`sus, nt tfnt sissce` e` aednkctcis em ìhetcntce`s.

92EIGD (Mer tfi aest rigi`t virsce`, sii XTE (7i).


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36> n`d fns rivciwid cts Aedik LCT twcgi c` n pirced em ichft yinrs.

c` tfidimc`ctce`, fest geu`trcis fnvi emti` kimt tfi deer epi` mer n` ixpn`scvi c`tirpritntce` emwfnt sfeukd ge`stctuti c`vistai`t. Tfcs cssui wns lreuhft up ly tfi Y@GCT\NKtrclu`nk ndoudcgntc`h Xfcti C`dustrcis vs. \ipulkcg em C`dcn, wfcgf cs dcsgussid likew.

Tfi mcrst rivciw risuktc`h c` tfi


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31/41


Tfi ìhetcntce`s e` tfi c`vistai`t gfnptir em tfi TRRN fnvi ait wctfstre`h eppesctce` mrea Nustrnkcn, wfcgf fns rioigtid tfi c`gkusce` em c`vister-Wtntiaigfn`csas. C` cts trndi pekcgy stntiai`t em >, tfi Hckknrd Hevirài`t wns nhnc`stprevcsce`s tfnt weukd ge`mir hrintir kihnk rchfts e` merich` luscìssis tfn` tfesinvncknlki te deaistcg luscìssis. 8< Nt tfi snai tcai, tfi Hevirài`t nksen`èu`gid tfnt ct weukd è ke`hir siij c`gkusce` em c`vister-stnti dcsputi risekutce`pregiduris c` trndi nhriiai`ts wctf divikepc`h geu`trcis nt tfi lifist em Nustrnkcn`luscìssis. Tfi Hckknrd Hevirài`t digknrid tfnt ct wckk dcsge`tcùi tfcs prngtcgi87

Tfcs tur`nreu`d c` Nustrnkcns pesctce` wns èt wctfeut rinse`. Tfi Hckknrd Hevirài`t

fnd lii` c`vekvid c` n dcsputi evir pngjnhc`h em gchnrittis, wfcgf ct wns tryc`h terihuknti tfreuhf tfi Telngge Rknc` Rngjnhc`h Ngt >. Tfi Lckk wns lreuhft terihuknti tfi ritnck pngjnhc`h n`d nppinrn`gi em telngge predugts nae`h etfirs, tec`grinsi tfi immigtcviìss em finktf wnr`c`hs e` tfi ritnck pngjnhc`h em telngge

.

=8Tfi @iw Serj Ge`vi`tce`, emmcgcnkky jèw` ns tfi Y`ctid @ntce`s Ge`vi`tce` e` tfi \igeh`ctce` n`d

I`mergiai`t em Merich` Nrlctrnk Nwnrds, wns ge`gkudid c` >396. Tfcs trinty emmirs hrintir sgepi mer tfii`mergiai`t em c`tir`ntce`nk nrlctrntce` nwnrds prcanrcky lignusi tfi Ge`vi`tce` dreppid tfiriqucriai`t tfnt n` nrlctrntce` nwnrd fnd te geapky wctf tfi knws em tfi stnti c` wfcgf ct wns i`mergid.C`stind, tfi Ge`vi`tce` anc`tncìd tfnt c` erdir te li i`merginlki, tfi nwnrd fnd te geapky e`ky wctftfi knws em tfi stnti c` wfcgf tfi nrlctrntce` wns fikd. Tfcs capkcis tfnt Wtnti Rnrtcis te tfi Ge`vi`tce`rikc`qucsfid `ntce`nk oudcgcnk ge`trek evir nwnrds andi c` etfir ourcsdcgtce`s. Mer ditncks sii, ]n`Fnrti` ().

8, p.

>4.87

Tfcs divikepai`t cs c`tiristc`h lignusi divikepid geu`trcis fnvi nkwnys anc`tncìd deulki stn`dnrds

wctf rispigt te c`vister-Wtnti dcsputis. Xfcki tfiy fnvi c`scstid e` c`gkudc`h tfcs prevcsce` c` tficr LCTswctf tfi divikepc`h geu`trcis, c` tfi viry miw LCTs tfiy fnvi schìd nae`hst tfiasikvis tfcs mera emdcsputi cs ictfir ixgkudid er fns èt lii` usid c` rigi`t yinrs. Mer ditncks, sii Dedhi (


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72

predugts.84Tfi telngge hcn`t, Rfckcp Aerrcs Nscn Ktd, wfcgf ge`trekkid tfi epirntce` emcts sulscdcnry c` Nustrnkcn, gfnkki`hid tfcs kihcskntce`. Tfi mcra usid tfi c`vister-Wtntidcsputi prevcsce`s em tfi NustrnkcnFe`h Je`h, Gfc`n LCT te gfnkki`hi tfi Nustrnkcn`Hevirài`ts kihcskntce` e` pknc` pngjnhc`h em telngge predugts. Tfi rivirlirntce`s emtfcs dcsputi wiri finrd c` tfi trndi pekcgy stntiai`t em >. Tfi Hevirài`tdigknrid tfnt ct fns èt n`d wckk èt nggipt prevcsce`s tfnt kcact cts gnpngcty te putfinktf wnr`c`hs er pknc` pngjnhc`h riqucriai`ts e` telngge predugts 89

4.7 Tnac`h tfi @e`-Tnrcmm Lnrrcirs

Wc`gi cts istnlkcsfai`t c` >346, tfi auktckntirnk trndc`h systia fns lii` tnsjid wctftfi ikcac`ntce` em lerdir pretigtce` ainsuris nrcsc`h mrea tfi pursuct em dcsgrcac`nterypekcgcis. Tfi pregiss em trndi kclirnkczntce` tfnt wns tfus c`ctcntid fns sc`gi ligeainkaest syè`yaeus wctf tfi kewirc`h em tnrcmms. Sit, tfi grctcgnk cssui em @TLs fnsriancìd knrhiky u`nddrissid. Tfi ge`scdirntce` hcvi` te tfcs cssui nppinrid te li

oust ièuhf te pretigt tfi pretnhe`csts em trndi kclirnkczntce` nhnc`st grctcgcsa tfnt tfiy

wiri rikugtn`t te i`suri dcstertce`-mrii anrjits wiri put c` pkngi. Tfi risukts wirinke`h ixpigtid kcìs. Mer n ùalir em digndis, HNTT fnd te mngi tfi grctcgcsa tfnt ctfnd istnlkcsfid n rihcai tfnt fnd werjid mer tfi kewirc`h em tnrcmms wfcki chèrc`h tfihrewc`h c`gcdi`gi em @TLs.

XTE geukd sgnrgiky de n`y littir. Dcsgcpkc`c`h @TLs wns c`gkudid ns n pnrt em tfiìhetcntce`s e` è`-nhrcgukturnk predugts. Aeri capertn`tky, tfi twe nhriiai`ts tfntwiri ixpkcgctky c`gkudid c` tfi Yruhuny \eu`d pngjnhi mer ae`cterc`h tfi hrewtf emstn`dnrds c` rigi`t digndis fnvi lii` quistceìd rihnrdc`h tficr immigtcviìss, n`dwiri sulstn`tcnkky kimt eutscdi tfi purvciw em tfi gurri`t reu`d.

Tfi Defn Ac`cstircnk Digknrntce` wns n anoer dipnrturi mrea tfi pnst wfi` ctan`dntid tfi anrjit nggiss ìhetcntce`s te nddriss tfi prelkia em è`-tnrcmm

lnrrcirs c`stind em tfi aeri ulcqucteus è`-tnrcmm ainsuris tfnt fnd lii` c`gkudid c`privceus an`dntis. Tfcs gfn`hi c` èai`gknturi fnd twe sch`cmcgn`t dcai`sce`s. Mcrst,tfi megus e` @TLs geukd li ge`scdirid n stip tewnrds gknrcmyc`h tfi sgepi em tfiìhetcntce`s. Ns dcsgussid nlevi, tfi megus em tfi Yruhuny \eu`d anrjit ìhetcntce`se` @TLs grintid tfi prelkia c` tfnt sivirnk em tfi è`-tnrcmm ainsuris wiri lic`hdcsgussid c` etfir ìhetcntc`h hreups, n`d tfcs grintid ourcsdcgtce`nk evirknps. Tfisige`d dcai`sce`, n`d eì wfcgf gnusid n ìw sit em prelkias, wns tfnt tfiDigknrntce` hnvi è hucdn`gi ns te few @TLs weukd li cdi`tcmcid. C` mngt, augf em tfiìhetcntc`h gnpctnk fns lii` divetid te dimc`c`h tfi sgepi em tfi ìhetcntc`h an`dntie` @TLs.

4.7.> Dimc`c`h tfi sgepi em @TLs

C` eì em tfi inrky sulacssce`s te @ihetcntc`h Hreup e` Anrjit Nggiss (@HAN), @iw_inkn`d megusid e` tfcs cssui c` n systiantcg an`ìr, pec`tc`h eut tfnt tfi tep sivièm tfi se-gnkkid @TLs cdi`tcmcid ly cts ixpertirs c`gkudid tfesi tfnt geukd, eìxnac`ntce`, li meu`d te li XTE-kihnk.8=

84

Nrtcgki 7 em tfi Telngge Rknc` Rngjnhc`h Ngt >. Mer ditncks, sii Rnrkcnai`t em Nustrnkcn (>).

Tfiy c`gkudid stn`dnrds n`d girtcmcgntce`,gusteas pregiduris, meed snmity n`d finktf riqucriai`ts. Te elvcnti tfcs prelkia,@iw _inkn`d suhhistid tfi sgepi em tfi ìhetcntce`s e` @TLs geukd li dimcìd usc`h

89Hckknrd Hevirài`t Trndi Rekcgy Wtntiai`t? Trndc`h eur wny te aeri oels n`d prespircty. Nprck >,pnhi >4.

8=XTE (


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7>

tfi mekkewc`h gknsscmcgntce`s? (n) cssuis tfnt achft li nddrissid c` ìhetcntce`siksiwfiri u`dir tfi Defn an`dnti: (l) cssuis er prepesnks c`vekvc`h sulstn`tcnkgfn`hi te ixcstc`h XTE nhriiai`ts: (g) prepesnks c`vekvc`h gknrcmcgntce` em ixcstc`hrukis: (d) cssuis c`vekvc`h dcsputid c`tirpritntce` em rukis: (i) cssuis epi` te lckntirnkrisekutce`: (m) predugts em c`tirist te divikepc`h geu`trcis: (h) gnpngcty cssuis: (f)capkiai`tntce` cssuis: n`d (c) spigcnk n`d dcmmiri`tcnk prevcsce`s.

Gn`ndn prevcdid scacknr hucdn`gi e` dimc`c`h tfi sgepi em tfi ìhetcntce`s e` @TLs,lnsid e` tfi vciws ixprissid ly tfi geu`trys ixpertirs.88

C`dcn andi yit nètfir suhhistce`, wfcgf nddrissid n aeri spigcmcg cssui ge`gir`c`htfi divikepc`h geu`trcis.

Gn`ndn cdi`tcmcid meur sitsem se-gnkkid @TLs. Tfisi wiri? (n) quetns: (l) capert kcgi`sc`h, rukis em erchc`, gusteasvnkuntce`, Wn`ctnry n`d Rfytesn`ctnry Ainsuris (WRW), n`d tigf`cgnk lnrrcirs te trndi(TLT): (g) tnrcmm gknsscmcgntce`: (d) lerdir-rikntid ainsuris c`gkudc`h gusteaspregiduris, miis n`d ndac`cstrntce`. Em tfisi meur gntihercis, Gn`ndns vciw wns tfnttfi @TL ìhetcntce`s geukd tnji up e`ky tfi mcrst sit em cssuis, sc`gi nkk tfi etfir sitsc`gkudid cssuis tfnt ictfir wiri n pnrt em ixcstc`h XTE nhriiai`ts er wiri lic`hìhetcntid c` etfir ìhetcntc`h hreups.

86

N pnrnkkik pregiss mer cdi`tcmyc`h @TLs wns c`ctcntid ly tfi @HAN gfncran` c` 339,letf tfi ùalir em TLTs n`d tfi sprind em sugf ainsuris ngress tfi Aialirgeu`trcis nri mnst eutstrcppc`h n`d u`dirac`c`h tfi trndi kclirnkczntce` ngfcivid ly wny

88XTE (


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7339, 763 TLT ètcmcgntce`s wiri cssuid, wfcgf wi`t up te ìnrky 763

>33= 739 >29 922

>338 729 >39 922

>336 43> >63 =62

>333 47= ,8=8

< 67< >,74= 86

Weurgi? XTE.

Ns tfi tnlki sfews, tfi ùalir em TLT ètcmcgntce`s cssuid fns c`grinsid ge`scsti tky

ixgipt c` tfi yinrs nmmigtid ly tfi dew`tur` nt tfi i`d em tfi >332s n`d 339, e`ky 2%. Lut ly < tfi sfnri em tfesi snai geu`trcis fnd c`grinsid te aeritfn` =2%. Tfi iairhi`gi em è`-EIGD geu`trcis ns ìw pknyirs c` tfi nppkcgntce` emTLTs cs rimkigtid c` tfi c`grinsid ùalir em ètcmcgntce`s andi ly tfiamrea 4> c`>339 te nkaest >,792 c`


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77

Mchuri


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74

predugtce` ìtwerjs. Ct fns lii` nrhuid tfnt tfisi ìtwerjs fnvi fikpid anrjits tec`tihrnti c` n` immcgci`t an`ìr n`d tfnt tfiri cs ìid e` tfi pnrt em pekcgyanjirs temc`d wnys em suppertc`h tfia. C` tfcs pnpir, wi fnvi c`dcgntid n miw nrins wfcgf ìidgnrimuk pekcgy c`tirvi`tce` mer tfi stri`htfi`c`h em hkelnk predugtce` ìtwerjs. Tfcs cs ntnsj tfi XTE Aialirs geukd sit tfiasikvis ns tfiy pripnri mer tfi Lnkc Ac`cstircnkGe`miri`gi.

N`ìx Tnlki? Kcst em tnr cm m Wigternk C`c tcntcvis Rrepesid

Wigternk C`ctcntcvi Rnrtcg cpn`tsNuteaetcvis n`d rikntid pnrts Onpn`

Lcgygki n`d rikntid pnrts Wc`hnperi: Wwctzirkn`d: Tncpic,Gfc`n: Tfnckn`d

GfiacgnksGn`ndn: tfi Iurepin` Geaau`ctcis: Onpn`: @erwny:Wc`hnperi: Wwctzirkn`d: Tncpic,Gfc`n: Y`ctid Wtntis

Ikigtre`cgs/ ikigtrcgnk predugtsFe`h Je`h, Gfc`n: Onpn`: \ipulkcg em Jerin: Wc`hnperi:Tfnckn`d: Y`ctid Wtntis

Mcsf n`d mcsf predugtsGn`ndn: Fe`h Je`h, Gfc`n: Cgikn`d: @iw _inkn`d:@erwny: Ean`: Wc`hnperi: Tfnckn`d: Yruhuny

Merist predugtsGn`ndn: Fe`h Je`h, Gfc`n: @iw _inkn`d: Wc`hnperi:Wwctzirkn`d: Tfnckn`d: Y`ctid Wtntis

Hias n`d oiwikkiryGn`ndn: tfi Iurepin` Geaau`ctcis: Fe`h Je`h, Gfc`n:Onpn`: @erwny: Wc`hnperi: Wwctzirkn`d: Tncpic,Gfc`n:Tfnckn`d: Y`ctid Wtntis

Fn`d teeks Tncpic,Gfc`n

Epi` nggiss te i`fn`gidfinktfgnri

Wc`hnperi: Wwctzirkn`d: Tncpic,Gfc`n: Y`ctid Wtntis

\nw antircnks Y`ctid Nrnl Iacrntis

C`dustrcnk angfcìryGn`ndn: tfi Iurepin` Geaau`ctcis: Onpn`: @erwny:Wc`hnperi: Wwctzirkn`d: Tncpic,Gfc`n: Y`ctid Wtntis

Wperts iqucpai`t @erwny: Wc`hnperi, Wwctzirkn`d: Tncpic,Gfc`n: Y`ctidWtntis

Tixtckis, gketfc`h, n`d meetwinr Iurepin` Geaau`ctcis

Teys Fe`h Je`h, Gfc`n: Tncpic,Gfc`n

Weurgi? XTE (27/\iv.7, = Digialir, N`ìx 8.


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79

\IMI\I@GIW

Nhriiai`t litwii` tfi Hevirài`t em tfi \ipulkcg em Jnznjfstn` n`d Hevirài`tem tfi \ipulkcg em C`dcn mer tfi Rreaetce` n`d \igcpregnk Rretigtce` emC`vistai`ts em >33= (nggissid mrea?fttp?//u`gtnd.erh/sigtce`s/dcti/ccn/degs/lcts/jnznjfUc`dcn.pdm).

Lir`fnrdt, T, n`d X. Acklirh. >. Igeèacg n`d Wegcnk Yphrndc`h c` Hkelnk ]nkuiGfnc`s? N`nkyscs em Fertcgukturi, Nppnrik, Teurcsa n`d Aelcki Tikipfeìs. @iwWgfeek mer Wegcnk \isinrgf Tfi @iw WgfeekDipnrtai`t em Igeèacgs,Gnpturc`h tfi Hnc`s Xerjc`h Rnpir @e. >/2= (nggissid mrea?fttp?//www.gnpturc`htfihnc`s.erh/pdm/gth-wp-2-27.pdm).

Lfnrnt Nkuac`cua Ge. -v- Jncsir Nkuac`cua Tigf`cgnk Wirvcgis C`g. (Gcvck Nppink @e.82>3 em -78.

Ir`st, D., n`d K. Jca. ,4>8334. Digcsce` e` tfi Nppkcgntce` n`d \ivciw em tfi Y`dirstn`dc`h e` \ukisn`d Rregiduris Hevir`c`h tfi Wittkiai`t em Dcsputis. Digcsce`s ndeptid lytfi Trndi @ihetcntce`s Geaacttii e` >4 Nprck >334 (nggissid mreafttp?//www.wte.erh/i`hkcsf/degsUi/kihnkUi/kihnkUi.fta).

Hckknrd Hevirài`t Trndi Rekcgy Wtntiai`t. >. Trndc`h Eur Xny te Aeri Oels n`dRrespircty. Nprck.

Feusi em \iprisi`tntcvis. >333. Y`ctid Wtntis @ihetcntc`h Eloigtcvis mer tfi XTEWinttki Ac`cstircnk Aiitc`h. Finrc`h Limeri Tfi Wulgeaacttii e` Trndi em tfiGeaacttii e` Xnys n`d Ain`s, Eì Fu`drid Wcxtf Ge`hriss, Mcrst Wissce`, 9

Nuhust (nggissid mrea?fttp?//mtp.riseurgi.erh/hpe.hev/finrc`hs/>2=f/=923>>


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7=

fttp?//www.ustr.hev/sctis/dimnukt/mckis/upkends/nhriiai`ts/mtn/nustrnkcn/nssitUupkendUmcki99.pdm ).

Tci`fnnrn, J. 2. C`vister Wtnti Dcsputi Wittkiai`t c` tfi Trn`s-Rngcmcg RnrtìrsfcpNhriiai`t. Wulacssce` te tfi Dipnrtai`t em Merich` Nmmncrs n`d Trndi, vciwid

e` 3.pdm).

Trndi Ngt em 28tf Ge`hriss, Wig. 228pulk2/pdm/RKNX->28pulk2.pdm).

Y@GTND. . I`fn`gc`h Trndi n`d C`vistai`t, Wuppertc`h Oels, Igeèacg Hrewtfn`d Divikepai`t? Eutkcìs em tfi Trn`s-Rngcmcg Rnrtìrsfcp Nhriiai`t. YWT\Mngt Wfiits, @evialir (nggissid mrea? fttp?//www.ustr.hev/nleut-us/priss-emmcgi/mngtsfiits/>/èvialir/eutkcìs-trn`s-pngcmcgpnrtìrsfcp-nhriiai`t).

YWT\. < Milrunry. Hiìvn, Wwctzirkn`d?Xerkd Trndi Erhn`czntce`.

XTE. >336. Rregiduris mer tfi \ivciw em tfi Dcsputi Wittkiai`t Y`dirstn`dc`h.XT/DWL/X/84.


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78

XTE. g. Digknrntce` e` tfi T\CRW Nhriiai`t n`d Rulkcg Finktf? Ndeptid e` >4@evialir . XT/AC@(2>)/DIG/


40/41


76

XTE. Nuhust


41/41


XTE. 7g. Dcsputis ly geu`try/tirrctery, knst nggissid? > Milrunry 7 (nggissidmrea?fttp?//www.wte.erh/i`hkcsf/trntepUi/dcspuUi/dcspuUlyUgeu`tryUi.fta#geapknc`n`t).

XTE. 7d. Y`ctid Wtntis Ge`tc`uid Duapc`h n`d Wulscdy Emmsit Ngt em Any, Hi`ivn, Wwctzirkn`d? Xerkd Trndi Erhn`czntce`.

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