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BUILDING OPENED

The University of Newcastle, N.S. W, 2308VOL.7, No.2, SEPTEMBER, 1973

TIle Social Sciences Building, which providesaccommodation for the Department of Geog­raphy, Economics, Commerce, and part of theDepartment of Psychology, was officially open­ed at a ceremony held in the University'sDrama Theatre on 31 st May.

The opening ceremony was performed bySir John Crawford, who retired earlier thisyear as Vice-Chancellor of the Australian Nat­ional University and who has had links with theUniversity of Newcastle extending over manyyears.

The occasion was also marked by the con­ferring of an honorary degree on Mr. MarcelAurousseau, who has made scholarly contribut-

ions to Geography, a discipline which has beenrehoused in the new building.

The Vice-Chancellor, who presided, said:"It gives me very great pleasure indeed, on

behalf of the university, to welcome you allhere this afternoon. But, first, I must apologizefor the absence of our Chancellor, The Honour­able Sir Alister McMullin, who in fact shared inthe choice of date, but you will realize that,since he ceased to be President of the Senate, heno longer has that fmal control over his dutiesin connection with the commonwealth govern­ment which was once allowed to him by both

parties in the Senate, and at the last minu te hehad very regretfully to give priority to a

Canberra engagement, whose importance I hadto acknowledge. Naturally he sends his goodwishes for the success of this occasion.

Sadly out Deputy Chancellor, Dr. GeorgeEdwards, is gravely ill, so for the second time inmy career, in accordance with the by-laws, Ipreside at a congregation of the university.

Originally, we proposed to hold the ceremonyin the Great Hall despite the distance from thebuilding to be opened - and I recommendthose of you who have not been inside theGreat Mall to seize the opportunity today - butthe Great Hall, though acoustically very success­ful when crowded, has proved very difficult forspeakers when audiences of 800 or less are

The Vice-Chancellor admits Mr. Marcel Aurousseau to the Honorary Degree ofDoctor of Letters. Professor A.D. Tweedie is at the left.

Sir John Crawford declared the Social Sciences Building open and unveiled a commemorative plaque.He is pictured with the Vice-Chancellor and Mr. Aurousseau.

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concerned. No doubt this will change in duecourse, but currently we have no hall at ourdisposal between this one, holding a maximumsomewhat over 300, and the Great Hall, accom­modating 1500. Fortunately, our acceptancestoday made the use of this Drama Theatrepossible and ensured that everything connectedwith this opening ceremony could be carriedout in a single area. Although the DramaTheatre abu ts on the social sciences building, itis not part of the Social Science Complex forthe purpose of today's ceremony.

The Social Science Building, which Sir JohnCrawford is abou t to open, provides lecturingand reseaIch accommodation for the Depart­ments ofGeography, Economics, Commerce andLegal Studies, and also includes some specializedlaboratory facilities for the Department ofPsychology. However, the main Psychologyteaching and research area will be in a contiguoussecond Social Sciences Building, which willdoubtless be opened some time in 1974, withthe Psychology staff among the principal hosts.

Today we are concerned with the pride ofour colleagues in the Faculty of Economics andCommerce and the DepaItment of Geography.It was for them that we invited out old friend,Sir John Crawford, to perform the openingceremony and associated the function with theoffer of honoraIY degrees to two distinguishedsons of the Hunter Valley, Mr. Aurousseau,internationally known geographer, happily withus, and Mr. Bede Callaghan, C.B.E., ManagingDirector of the Commonwealth Banking Corp­oration and member of our Council, unfortun­ately absent overseas on government business.We shall seize another occasion for his graduationceremony.

The procedure this afternoon is, after thespeeches in this drama theatre are concluded,the congregation will move out to the SocialSciences Building, where refreshmen ts will beserved, and on the way Sir John will unveil aplaque commemorating the occasion. Guestsare free to move about the building at will andto note the accommodation for the 90 or sostaff in the various disciplines, the three theatres,respectively seating 84, lOO and 150 persons,and the various seminar and class rooms, which,if all were in use with the theatres at anyonetime, could seat over 900 students. The Geog­raphy Department has considerable display areasas well as laboratories. Both the Departmentsof Economics and of Commerce have separateareas for collections of research materials and Ithink you will find that, as the years progress,each successive A.U.C. seems to ensure a higherstanding of building and permanent fin ish. How­ever, it is for you to make your own judgmentson this latest addition to the $13,000,000 or soof building brought into use on this site sincestaff and students commenced work here inJanuary, 1966:'

Professor A.D. Tweedie. Professor of Geog­raphy, then presented Mr. Marcel Aurousseaufor admission to the honorary degree of Doctorof Letters. Professor Tweedie said:

"Mr. Vice-Chancellor, I present to you,Marcel Aurousseau, Bachelor of Science in theUniversity of Sydney, Fellow of the RoyalGeographical Society, Fellow of the AustralianAcademy of the Humanities, distinguished

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traveller, author and geographer."After a brilliant university CaIeer, crowned

with the award of the university medal ingeology, Marcel Aurousseau's brief incursioninto academic life as lecturer in geology in tlleUniversity of Western Australia was interruptedby distinguished war service, during which hewas decorated with the Military Cross and Croixde Guerre, and by his post-war acceptance of anappointment as research assistant with theCarnegie Institution in Washington. It was thiswartime and later American experience, how­ever, which assisted in the transfer of his inter­ests from geology and led to those scholarlycontribu tions to the field of geography towhich we pay tribu te today. His early pub­lications, in population and urban geography,indicated forcefully his ability to see the worldas a whole - in his own phrase "from the soilto the organisation of society". His Highwayinto Spain, published in 1930, demonstrated notonly his mastery of geographical description,but also his appreciation of the quality of lifethat comes with the harmonious union of landand livelihood.

"In 1930, Mr. Aurousseau joined the staff ofthe Royal Geographical Society and it was here,and subsequently as Secretary to the BritishPermanent Committee on Geographical Names,that he was to demonstrate that capacity formeticulous research and scholarship that hiscolleagues associate with his name. As commit­tee secretary, he contributed greatly to thecompilation of maps essential to the success ofallied operations in the Second World War. Hewas responsible for developing the present co­operation between the British Committee andthe United States Board of Geographical Names,and the launching of the standardisation pro­gramme for international names, now under theauspices of the United Nations, was largely hiswork. For the English speaking world, MarcelAurousseau gave a new dinlension to the rend­ering of geographical names. The award of theResearch Medal of the Scottish GeographicalSociety in 1946, and of the Victoria Medal ofthe Royal Geographical Society in 1969 recog­nised this work.

"A return to his native Sydney in 1956, atthe age of sixty-five, might well, for most menhave signalled retirement. His Australian coJ.leagues, however, were quick to take advantageof his experience, and the continuing vigour ofhis mind. From 1959 to 1961 he served twoterms as President of the Geographical Societyof New South Wales making a major contribu­tion to the revision of its constitution in aperiod of its rapid growth. From 1964 to 1968he was a member of the National Committeefor Geography of the Australian Academy ofScience.

"Marcel Aurousseau celebrated his seventy­fifth birthday by submitting the manuscript ofhis Letters of F. 111. Ludwig Leichhardt as a con­tribution to tlle publications of the HakluytSociety. In this attempt to redress what he hadlong considered to be a misinterpretation of thecharacter of Leichhardt by earlier writers, henot only undertook a further excercise in "thefriendly justice" he had always extended to theobject of his writings, but also won for hinlselfan assured place in Australian letters.

SEPTEMBER,1973

"Mr. Vice-Chancellor, it is with much pleas­ure and great admiration that I present to youMarcel Aurousseau to be admitted to the Hon­orary Degree of Doctor of Letters."

The Vice-Chancellor, acting for the Chancel­lor, admitted Mr. Aurousseau to the Honorarydegree of Doctor of Letters,

PrOfessor Auchmuty then invited Sir JohnCrawford to speak and stated that Sir John wasa distinguished economist, administrator andpublic servant who had not been inactive sincehe gave up his Vice-Ciwncellorship. 77lrough hisconnection with the World Bank and his manyother activities, including his Chancellorship ofthe University of Papua and New Guinea, heseemed as busy as ever.

Sir John said:"A building suggests a basis of unity for its

occupants - the more so when dignified withthe title 'Social Sciences'. Wllile I understandthat not all the social science Departments oftlle University are in fact housed in thisbuilding, I do propose to argue the need for agreater sense of unity in purpose and in actionon the part of the social sciences. I think theview is especially pertinent today for geographers eand economists.

"Let me begin with a reminder of whateconomics is abou t (or ought to be abou t) andwhy Edmund Burke could refer to economistsin a context of 'sophisters, economists and acalculators' and again why Carlyle gave them .,inlmortality as 'Respectable Professors of theDismal Science'.

"Adam Smitll, in 1776, gave what is still arelevant view of political economy as the'nature and causes of the wealth of nations'.Indeed, much of the malaise in economics inrecent decades has come from the attempt ofsome to convert it into a kind of geometry, oradvanced algebra, divorced in its premises fromthe dism al realities of the world abou t. Bu tthere are also "ther factors.

"Economics is fundamentally a science ofchoice in the allocation of rescources which are ascarce relatively to their possible uses. What is.,often forgotten is that choice is not only afunction of the market place under conditionsof competition bu t also a function of decisionsby governments and large national and multi­natJOnal corporations operating under cond- aitions a good deal short of competition. The.position is complicated by the uneven distrib-ution of people by numbers. race and languageand type of cultures in relation to the distrib-ution of the world's natural resources. (If thisobservation begins to sound like Geography itis meant to!)

"Arising out of this last is a growing tlisen­chantment wi th some central concepts of appliedeconomic such as G.N.P. The relentless pursuitof growth in G.N.P. ras endangered our environ­ment and, aided by advancing technology, hasgiven us an urban Civilisation which has, atleast in its physical form, great dangers to itsoccupants. The disenchantment with G.N.P. isin danger of thowing ou t economic growthwhich is the source of greater wealth for dis­tribution; but it is right in drawing attention tothe fact thatgreaterG.N.P. in Australia, Europe,North America and Russia and Japan does notguarantee freedom from urban blight or frompoverty even U1 affluent countries. let alone inthe vast areas of poverty in the world, especially

SEPTEMBER,1973

in Africa and Asia. It is also worth noting thattllese countries also have their share of urbandisaster as any visitor to Calcutta or Bombaycan testify.

"Have the geographers done any better? Ithink of Edmund Clerihew Bentley, who said:

The Art of BiographyIs Different from GeographyGeography is about maps,Bu t Biography is abou t chaps.

Today's geographers will fortunately reject thiscaricature of geography, important though mapsare. Maps do convey the idea of space, but Iremain ever grateful to Griffith Taylor (a mag­nificent cartographer) for dinning into my head(in 1928!) that GeographY was also abou t peoplein space and over time with special reference totheir interaction with resources. fortunately, hestopped somewhat short of explaining all historyin terms of geographical determinism, but hedid persuade me of the relevance of resources asa factor in the behaviour of peoples.

"It is not surprising that geographers havebeen well to the fore in issues of great import­ance, such as ecology and limits to growth andwater supply; your own Prof. Tweedie has madehis significan t contribution there_ The work ofgeographers is clearly of academic and applied

Aor practical value.., "Not the least of the geographers' concerns

on a world scale is the spread of resources es­sential for food, shelter and clothing, not tomention the many faceted and costly super­structure of'wants' the western world has addedto tho e bare essentials.

"The overlap of the two disciplines is verygreat and, if their academic members are not infact working together, it is high time they didso, especially if we wish to see ou t sciences givemore tinle to problem solving. Let me illustrate(very brief1y I assure you) with some and some

A only of the problems which confront us all.today.

"The problem of Limits to economic growthis not only a function in neo-Malthusian termsof total shortage of material resources in theworld in relation to world population assessed

Ain aggregate terms. The more difficult problem­.particularly as we cannot yet assume world

government - lies in the unequal distribution ofresources and capacity for economic growthunder national control in relation to the distrib­ution of the wotld's poorest concentrations ofpopulations. This problem of the gap in incomeswill never, in our time, be solved in the sense ofclosing it, but it will be assisted if we allow thedeveloping countries to grow, even if we standrelatively still while we transfer 'know how' andresources. If, on the 0 ther hand, the affluen tworld plays 'geo-politics' by grabbing control ofscarce resources at the expense of the poorercoun tries we will have the trou ble we deserve.Here the case for political economists, geog­raphers and political scientists working togetheris overwhelming - if ever nations are to work toa world viewpoint. It is not only naturalscientists who stand in need of more sensitivesocial conscience.

"Let me next illustrate my general argumentfor unity in social sciences briefly with threespecific non-Australian examples, two of whichcall for direct collaboration of geographers and

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economists."The first is a nasty whinlsy which has

proved capable of giving me nightmares. Iplay a small part in promoting internationalagricultural research in the effort to find foodproducing technologies designed, for example,to give India tinle fo bring her populationgrowth under control. The water resources(especially underground) of the Ganges Basincan be exploited more intensively by using thenow available high yielding grain technologies.These, however, call for vastly increased use offertilisers and chemicals in the pesticides group.What will happen over the decades if large un­used or residual amounts of fertilisers and thepesticides begin to pollute soil, water and inter­dependent biological life in this area? I ask thequestion of India and also of China and pass onhurriedly.

"The second and third examples, which alsocome from personal experience, relate to whatwe now call rural development. Iran is worriedby the poverty of its rural areas, which are poorin rainfall and water resources, and the flow ofthe under-employed rural poor to Tehran, withconsequent ill consequences for the quality ofurban life. Papua-New Guinea - not a desperate­ly poor coun try as a whole - is neverthelessconcerned about some of its really poor regionssuch as the Southern Highlands. There is hardlya less developed country with a high ratio ofrural population to total population in theworld without sinlilar areas. What is now beingbetter understood is that financial investmentresources need not (and ough t not) be devotedonly to those areas and projects yielding thehighest direct economic or financial rate ofreturn on capital, but can and should be devotedto areas where the direct and indirect return interms of human welfare are those a national

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society most requires. Papua-New Guinea wantsto devote part of its growing wealth in egalitarianor 'equalising' measures which may incidentallymininlise the aggravation of its problem ofurban (Pt. Moresby) poverty and underemploy­ment; Iran has large oil revenues of which it willnow devote more to rural areas and relativelyless to industrialisation in the great cities - there­by serving the interests of national unity.

"B ut the grand design is easier said than done.Economists, geographers, and administrativeagencies have to get together in compiling andactually carrying out in concurrent fashionpackages of farm reconstruction and inlprove­ment, investment in infrastructure of roads andeducational facilities and other welfare measuressuch as medical services and, not least, commerc­ial and small scale industrial activity designed togive off farm employment in the region. Thereare problems in the way of achievement and thedisciplines of economics and geography - notto mention those skilled in the art of adminis­tration - can find much of their raison d'etre inthe modern world in seeking solutions. All theeconomic and geographic problems of space andtinle and the allocation of scarce resources areto be found - together with the problems ofsocial psychology and sociology-as people part­icipate in and adjust to artificially inducedchanges in their environment.

"Before I am guilty of a homily in itsOxford Dictionary meaning of a "tedious moral­izing discourse", I bring my remarks almost to aclose with obvious Australian examples whichsupport my thesis. We now hear much in Fed­eral quarters - and maybe will do much - aboutdecentralisation and new rural/urban growthcentres, abou t national gasline grids and newhighways. Economists, geographers and environ­mentalists will have a field day - fearfully of

TIle Faculty of .1rchitecture typifies the attractive natural surroundings which have been retainedthroughOlIt the 'lIliversity's site.

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discord, hopefully of common sense unity - inshaping National and State policies. Again, thePrime Minister has discovered the Mackinder'science' of geo-politics: we are to take a hardlook at our natural and especially mineralresources which will figure more and morelargely in the world problems of limits to growthof which I spoke earlier. We will, of course,claim 'national interest' in whatever we do. Itis to be hoped that our policies are construct­ively directed to world problems, which includethe less affluent as well as those able to afford'scarcity prices', which will come as risingdemand in affluent countries press on our re­sources. For our long run national interest verymuch calls for a world view, not a short-termmarket view of our resources.

"I am back to where I started. This buildingis a valuable and necessary addition to thecampus. It brings some of the social scientiststogether; my plea has been that both in yourteaching and research you will work together inrecognition of the great overlap in humanconcerns that marks your disciplines. As aregional university you have a laboratory abou tyou, bu t th is need not and ough t not be anexcuse for ignoring the national and internation­al issues now offering a challenge to all scientists,bu t not least to the social scien tists.

"This seems the right moment to say: "Ipronounce this lovely building open". I do sowith pleasure and the warmest of good wishesto the staff and students who will use it over thethe years ahead."

The Dean of rhe Faculry of Economics andCommerce, Professor M.O. Jager, extended theUniversity'S than ks to Sir John.

Ptofessor Jager said:"I t is my pleasute to have been asked to

thank Sir John Crawford for his remarks to ustoday and for his perform ing the ceremony ofthe opening of the Social Sciences Building.Becau 'e of Sir John's close association with theUniversity of Newcastle and his particularassociation with the raculty of Economics andCommerce, it is most fitting that he was able toperform this ceremony for us today and hisparticipation is much appreciated by his fellowmembers of the University.

"As we know, Sir John Crawford has had along and distinguished career in the service ofthis and other countries as a public official andnoted economist. In recognltion of Sir John\contributIOn as an economist. the first honoraryDoctor of Science degree m the faculty ofEconomics and Commerce was conferred on himin 1966, We are therefore proud to claim SirJohn as one of our own.

"Students of Economics of my generationwere exposed to tJ1e writings of such outstandingAustralian university teachers as Sir DouglasCopeland, Giblin, Gifford, Black, Butlin, Col inClark and Sir John Crawford. The fact thattoday's Australian economists are able to do thethings they are able to do is in no small measuredue to their predecessors, Sir John Crawford andhis colleagues. The fact that today's Australianeconomists are not able to do some of the thingswe would wish them to do is, as Sir John sorightly pointed out, the fault of our politicians.

"Sir John mentioned in his address that hehas been called an 'Economic Pathologist'. I am

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sure Sir John will not mind if I tell you a storywhich may explain how he came to be so known.Whilst a member of the World Bank EconomicMission in India in 1964-65, Sir John was invest­igating poverty in mat country. Unlike someacademics, he did not head straight for thelibrary, but visited some of the most poverty­stricken areas of the country and was invited toeat in some of me poorest dwellings imaginablein which the standard of hygiene left much tobe desired. And almough Sir John Crawford ismade of stern stuff, he had me foresight totake with him a large supply of sulpha tablets.After a couple of tablets, Sir John was ready totackle anything. He is truly an 'EconomicPamologist'.

"It mUst bring Sir John Crawford great sat­isfaction to know that he has played his part inme economic and physical development of thiscountry during a period of almost four decades,for Sir John began as a lecturer in Rural Econ­omics at me University of Sydney in 1934 andwe all appreciate me changed circumstances ofthe Australian citizen since that time.

"On behalf of your fellow members of theUniversity, Sir John, and on behalf of ourdistinguished guests here today, I thank youfor your address and for carrying out theceremony of declaring this building open."

The congregation followed the academic pro­cession to the en trance to the SOCial SciencesBuilding. There Sir John Crawford unveiled acommemorative plaque. The congregationinspected the building and had afternoon tea inthe foyer of the Deparcmen t of Geography.

DEPUTY CHANCELLOR'S DEATH

It was with great regret that the Universirylearned of the dea th of its Depu ry Chancellor.Dr. G.A. Edwards, on June J after a most dis·tressing illness.

The Anglican Church ofSt. John at RaymondTerrace was packed beyond capaciry for thefU/leralon Monday, June 4, with a considerablerepresentation from the Universiry, includingmembers of the Council, the Senate, theacademic and administrative staff and studentsled by the Chancellor, Sir Alister Mcil·1ullin. The

many floral tribu tes included those from theUniversity, Edwards Hall, the Residellt Mem·bers' Associatio'l of Edwards Hall, the Union,the Sports Union and the Engineering Depart­metlts, alld there was also one from the Univer­sity of New Sou th Wales. TI,e Warde'l ofEdwards Hall was accompanied by several oftile rcsidell t scuden ts and the Secre tary·.Uanagerof the Union was also accompanied by the Stud­ent President of the Union Board, .Hr. RonRohinson, Professor E. O. Hall, Depllty Vice·Chancellor and ,Hr, L. W. Harris, the Bursar, act­ed as pall-bearers alld tile Vice-Chancellor gavethe follOWing address at tile service in theOlUrc!J:

"George Edwards touched life at many sides:and many sides are rep re ented here today. Ispeak as his friend, bu t also as the Vice­Chancellor of the University whose interestswere his constant care. Others present willknow much more about many aspect of hisLife and career than I can ever do justice to.

SEPTEMBER,1973

Death is a great leveller: to all there is a deepsense of loss at the passing of any friend orcolleague, but sorrow and sympathy can betempered with pride and even gladness as wecontemplate me achievements of a full andactive life in the service of his fellow men. ForGeorge Edwards, earthly life has kept backnotJ1ing mat was needed for a full life, andtoday we think not of unfulfilled promise - weare able to mank God for performance.

The late Dr. G..'l. Edwards

., After a most distinguished career at St. John'sCollege, George Edwards graduated from meUniversity of Oxford with First-class Honours inChemistry. UndeCIded as to his future, helectured for a time at King's College, Londonbefore taking up a series of scientific oppoint- aments in indu try, ultimately, as all today know, •joining Courtauld's and coming, hortly aftertJ1e end of me last war, on a mission to Austtalia,which, after considering many and various pas­~ibilities, finally chose, Tomago here to be thesite of its fint Australian plant. I-- or choice of asite, for control of building and development, •Geotge Edwards was initially jointly responsible,but in due course he was appointed ManagingDirector of what was to be known as Courtauld's(Australia) Lld. and became as well known inCanberra for steady pressure en the Tariff Boardand other Commonwealth Government agenciesas he ever was on the plant here at horq.e. TheCourtauld works at Tomago are one of his lastingmemorials, bu t in his industtial life he spread histalen ts more widely than the home base. andthere were other companies and organizationsin which he took a leading part.

"Till the final weeks of his life, GeorgeEdwards was always full of abounding energy,and when he felt competent to maintainstandards or performance never refused to acceptresponsibility. Thus, after many years on theboard of the ~1ater Hospltal- after even spendingconsiderable time in the !l-later wards he care­fully took on the Chairmanship as late as lastyear and accepted the invitation, I am told, withenthusiasm, feeling at that time a new lease ofLife.

I

SEPTEMBER,1973

"Bu t it is of his services to the Universitythat 1 personally can speak with the greatestaUlhority. Originally a member of the NewcastleUniversit} College Advisory Committee, throughhis friendship with Sir Philip Baxter, he wasappointed by the Univetsity of New South Walesto our first College Council and contributedmuch to its work in preparing me way for aut­onomy. He ucceeded Lyon MacLarty, ofState Dockyard fame, as Chairman of theBuilding Committee, and when independencecame was elected first Chairman of the InterimCouncil, empowered by Parliament to lay downthe permanent legal structure of the university.In mis capacity he presided over the fust grad­uation ceremony of me new university andconferred the flISt degrees.

"When the permanent Council of the univer­sity was established in 1966 George Edward~ waselected first Depu ty Chancellor and was re­elected annually ever since; in addition, hebecame Chairman of the Finance and PersonnelCommittee of Council, the key committee, of

Ahich tJ1e Chaitman of all other permanent~ouncilcommittees are also members, and there

his wise counsel and advice, his knowledge ofmen and institutions, of fmancial and of person­nel problems made his services of inestimable

~ue to me personally and to the university inWneraL The many papers sent to him for his

comment and endorsement were always care­fully perused and invariably quickly returned.Till his last and tinal illness overtook him hewas meticulous to detail in his attention to all ourrequests and they were many.

"1 can legitimately infer that those samequaLitie which made George Edwards so val­uable to me universiry administration had led tothe success of his career in industry. The univer­ity is proud to have had his services in its form-

ative years, to have been able to enrol him asthe first of its Honorary Doctors of Science and

_ rejoice in the fact that he was made a Member•. me Most Excellent Ordcr of the British

Empire, in part because of his services to us. Ina sense George was a great planner. The Tomagoplant IS one example. His share in the develop-

_ent of the university building programme isother, and his long time membership of the

lanning Committee of the Mater i a third."In the university his name will be perm-

anently remembered by its association with thetirst residential college, Edwards Hall, whosemagnificent dining hall contains a distinguishedponralt, by Graeme Inson, as 'a la ting memorial.He should also be permanently temembered byme Boat Club, established here at RaymondTerrace in part becau se of his financial support.I hope he wa able to rejoice in me victory ofour women rowers who won all events in therecent intet-Var~ity contest on the Hunter.Equally he should be commemorated in meStudents' Union on whose board he sat in theearly developmental stages before it became thebig business of today.

"There remains one area - of the utmostsignificance and of which it is presumptuous ofanyone to speak - his private life. For thelast seven years he fough t a relentless struggleagainst the onset of disease. Left a widowerafter a very similar struggle, he found newhappiness and supporting strength in the lady

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now left behind. But he found more man aloving wife and nurse; he found a new family,and the two families, his own ar1d her own,created a basis of happiness from which he gotrenewed strength to figh t against the enemywhich at last became a friend. Who, of thosepresent, can fotget the party he gave, such ashort time ago, to commemorate the 25thanniversary of his acceptance of Australia ashis permanent home. Who of those who knewhim well can forget the courage with which hefaced successive operations, or fail to admirethe confidence he felt in h is medical advisers,who prolonged his days beyond the hopes of hisdearest friends. How enthusiastic in his fmalyears was his involvement in his new home, itsgardens and its swimming pool and his continu­ing devotion to his dog. It is not length of days,but quality of life which is important. True,George Edwards over-passed the biblical threescore years and ten, but there were times, since1965, when bystanders felt mat, in his place,

TREES ON CAMPUS

ewcastle University is very fortunate inhaving a site which is generally forested and con­siderable effort has been spent to retain asmany of these trees as possible during tJ1e devel­opment of the site. Naturally, me constructionof buildings, roads and underground services,makes the removal of some tree inevitable.However, the location of existing trees is takeninto consideration in tJ1e siting of these facilities,and, in anumber of instances, designs have beenmodified to avoid removing healthy trees. Evenso, tJ1e vigour of trees not directly in the way ofme building operations is frequently adversely

5

they would have given up, yet that did notcross his mind, and his fmal year was one ofmemorable satisfaction: honoured by the Queen;his son obviously established on a successfulcareer; me Chairmanship of the Mater which hetook up with joy; his own pride as a son whenhis mother reached 96 before passing on; asuccessful new family arou~d him and theprecious gift of a wife who, taking a risk in 1966,had achieved not one but half a dozen lovingyears.

"We all live, as if life had a meaning, even ifintellectually we fmd that meaning incompre­hensible. In 1966, achievement seemed thehallmark of George Edwards' life. In 1973, wecouple achievement with courage. He was givengreat opportunities. He seized them, and whentrials came he surmounted them. Here we gatherat the church of his ar1cestors and thar1k Godfor our memories of George Edwards, for hisachievements, for his courage, for his friendshipar1d for the gaiety of his company."

affected by a variety of factors such as changesin drainage patterns, soil aeration and windexposure or by physical damage resulting fromaccidental impact from vehicles or equipmentor from fire.

The ability of trees to adjust to the newconditions varies considerably and some speciesappear more sensitive to these changes thanothers. In ar1 effort to maintain or recover thevigour of our trees, me Plarmers' Division onoccasion is forced to use varying degrees oflopping which could be of concern to membersof tJ1e University who are unaware of the reasonsfor and care taken in these operations. Treesurgery, which in other countries is an acceptedhorticultural tool involving a high level of slcili

Professor Keay and an infra-red picture ofJupiter

6

and knowledge, is rarely practised in Australiaas is evidenced by the repeated mu tilation ofsuburban trees in streets to give clearance fromoverhead power lines. As a result, the professionof tree surgery is almost non-existent and theappropriate treatment of native tree species islargely experimental.

Experience on the University site since 1965has shown that Eucalyptus maculata (SpottedGum), the dominant species in some sections ofthe si te, is particularly susceptible to reducedsoil aeration and wind damage from increasedexposure. A number of trees have becomeseriously debilitated as a result of these factorsand lopping has been used as a means of aidingthe recovery of the trees. The sooner this actionis taken, the greater the chance of recovery andat the completion of each building each treeaffected by the building operations is carefullyinspected to assess its condition and to deter­mine whether tree surgery is necessary. I t isfrequently found that in its newly exposedsituation,with a root system perhaps reduced byservice trenches or nearby excavations, it isnecessary to reduce the height of the tree toavoid overturning in high winds. Dead branchesmay need to be removed, mistletoe cut outand trunk damage trimmed and painted withwaterproofing compound.

Fortunately, Eucalypts have numerousdormant epicormic buds which enable them toproduce new growth shoots after heavy loppingor bush fires and it has been found that in orderto overcome the supression of la teral growth by

the lead shoots, general lopping is more effectivethan the selective removal of branches. Insevere cases of debilitation, it has been foundthat coppicing is the most effective method. Thetree is cut approximately 6" above the groundand new suckers are produced from the base ofthe stem. The growth rate of such suckers isfrequently rapid because of the ex tensive rootsystem and it is interesting to note that many ofthe native trees on the campus show evidenceof such treatment many years ago when thearea was cut over for pit props. In some casestrees have been pollarded when severely debilit­

ated but this is not considered a permanent sol­ution to the problem. The responses to thesetreatments vary and while the existing trees onthe site provide the major environmental impact,their preservation is well worthwhile. In thelong term, the preservation of young saplingsand smaller trees is even more important, whilethe planting of new trees is equally so. Boththese aspects are receiving appropriate emphasisas for example the group of young Eucalyptuspunctata (grey gum) at the south east corner ofthe Engineering Building'A' illustrates. Approx­imately 400 trees were planted during the lastgrowing season and similar plantings are plannedfor nex t spring.

WARDEN RE-ELECTED

Mr. Warren Gerard Derkenne has been re­elected Warden of Convocation of the Univer­sity for two years ending May, 1975.

THE GAZETTE

An election for the position was held at theannual general meeting on 4th May. Mr.Derkenne was elected unopposed.

The constitution of Convocation providesthat of 12 members of the Standing Committee,four shall retire annually. Professor E.O. Hall,Dr. N. Rutherford, Mr. 1. Sara and Mr. K. Mossresigned at the annual general meeting and thevacancies thus created were filled by Dr. JohnChambers, Miss Carmen Johanson, Mr. BrianReil' and Professor Brin. Newton-J ohn.

The meeting also confirmed the action ofthe Standing Committee in appointing Mrs.Huldah Turner to fill the casual vacancy on thecommittee 'created by the resignation of Mr.John Cornelius.

Judith Wright, poetess and conservationist,spoke on "Conservation and Education; theResponsibility of Universities". She held theattention ofeverybody present and, after deliver­ing her address, answered questions. Mr. P.Marquet expressed Convocation's thanks toMissWright and he was warmly supported by ther.1embers.

Convocation's first residential seminar washeld at the University on 18th, 19th, and 20thMay, with very satisfactory audiences beingenticed to hear Peter Sculthorpe, John Olsen,Brian Adams, Jerzy Toeplitz and others talkingabout the creative process and how Universitiescan more effectively promote creativity.

The Vice-Chancellor and Guy Warren alsomade contribu tions to a panel discussion on"The Creative Artist and the University", whichproved stimulating, and Professor Tony Gibbsgave an address in connection with Drama. Animportant aspect was the discussion on thecontribution being made to creative work gener­ally by scientists; these sessions were taken byProfessor Alan Carmichael and Professor Barry

Boettcher.At the meeting of the Standing Committee

on 24th May, the Warden thanked members fortheir efforts to ensure the success of the seminar.There had been concrete results from the week­end, including the publici ty tha t was given tothe University of Newcastle.

A sub-committee was formed to considerthe possible establishment of a Creative Fellow­ship tenable a t the Universi ty.

A vote of thanks to the Warden for his leader­ship during the week-end seminar was proposedand passed unaninlOusly.

Mr. E. Buckman was elected Secretary, andMr. R. Gibbins was re-elected Treasurer, of theStanding Committee. Mr. Buckman succeededMiss Fran Burns, who held the position ofSecretary for two years and declined nominationfor a third term.

Mr. Y. 1. Yousef, of the Department ofCommerce, was elected Auditor.

Mr. Tony King, Community Arts Consultantwith the Australian Council for the Arts, accept­ed Convocation's invitation to speak on a sug­gestion that a Newcastle Arts Festival be held atthe University. The Arts Council had saidformally that it wanted to participate, in thefuture, in the staging of functions similar to theseminar presented last May. In addition, theDepartment of Community Programmes had

SEPTEMBER,1973

expressed its support.Mr. King spoke in the Dranla Theatre on 9th

August and indicated the sorts of communityarts festivals which the Australian Council of theArts would probably support with financial andother assistance.

NEW DEPUTY CHANCELLOR

Mr. Bede Bertrand Callaghan, C.B.E. (above),who was elected Deputy Chancellor of the Uni­versity in July, has had a long association wi thNewcastle.

Born in Newcastle and cducated at NewcastleBoys' High School, Mr. Callaghan has also hadthe closest of ties with the development of theUniversity, having been a member of its Councilsince the formation of the first full Council 0

the University in 1966. As a Council memberand as a Director of The University of NewcastleResearch Associates Limited (the University'sspecialist research and education company), Mr.Callaghan has given the University the benefit 0ahis wide experience. Since 1969 Mr. Callaghawhas also served as Chairman of the AustralianAdministrative StaffCollege and as a Member ofthe Council of the Institute for the Study ofMankind and Society.

Mr. Callaghan, who since 1965 has beenManaging Director of the CommonwealthBanking Corporation, has had a distinguishedcareer in banking. Amongst the positions heheld prior to his present appointment werethose of Executive Director of the International1v!onetary Fund, the International Bank of Re­construction and Development and the Inter­national roinance Corporation in Washington,D.C., as well as that of General Manager of theCommonwealth Development Bank.

DIRECTOR NAMED

Dr. Brian Smith, B.A. (W.A.), Ph.D. (A.N.U.),Senior Extension Officer at the University ofWestern Australia, has accepted appointment asDirector of Community Programmes at the

SEPTEMBER. 1973

University.Or. Smith is a First Class Honours Graduate

in Philosophy of the University of WesternAustralia who subsequently obtained a doctorateat the National University with a thesis entitled:"An Essay on Memorywith Particular Referenceto the Role of Imagery". Dr. Smith came to theUniversity as a mature age external studcnt whowas subsequently able to undertake his Honourswork on a ;Jart-time basis having previouslybeen a member of the British Merchant Serviceand held various positions in Industry. Sub­sequent to graduation from the A.N.U., he wasa Lecturer in Philosophy for two years at theUniversity of Queensland, when he transferredto the Extension Service of the University ofWestern Australia, where he has continued to

act as a Tu tor in the Philosophy Department atthat University, whilst carrying out primarilyorganizational administrative duties in the Ex­tension Department. He has also given at leastone AdultEducation Course every term in order

•

to maintain contact with the teaching situation.t the University of Western Australia he hasade an extensive study of the experience of all

SlUden ts who have entered the University underspecial mature age conditions over a 3(}.yearperiod, and whilst on sabbatical leave in 1971-72

_ Great Britain and Northern Europe he made~ticular studies of the in tergration of the

provision of Adult Education by thc differentcontrolling bodies in England and Scotland, themethods and early experience of the BritishOpen University and the devclopment of indus­trial education in several Northern England extra­mural departments. He also spent a full term atthe University of Manchester studying its pro­gramme of full-time education in the AdultEducation sphere. The Extension Service of theUniversity of Western Australia, in which Dr.Smith holds a position equivalent to that of aSenior Lecturer at this University, conducts a

A-ry wide spectrum of activities from standard_dult Education Courses at University level

through post-graduate refresher courses, illassociation with the tcaching departments, tothe organization of conferences and seminars in

.sociation with all kinds of community organ­_ations. Short residential schools are conducted

ill country areas and at the University there is anoutstanding programme of music and theatricalen tertainment including also, of course, theFestival of Perth, for which the ExtensionDepartment is responsible. Dr. Smith is theau thor of one book in the field of Philosophy andof anum ber of papers in the Philosophy fieldand in Adult Education.

BY JUPITER, I TOOK MY LEAVE

Assoc. Professor Coli'l Keay. of the Dep­artment of Physics, has kindly written thisarticle, which deals with his work in the field ofinfra-red asrrollonlY and. specifically. his work;/1 connection Wl Ih Jupiter.

Galileo was the rust 2stronomer to make asignificant discovery about Jupiter - the mostmassive planet in our Solar system. He dis­covered that it was the centre of a Solar systemin miniature, being surrounded by four satel­ites revolving around it exactly like the planets

THE GAZETTE

around the Sun. Since then the number ofJ ovian satellites has grown to twelve as ever­larger telescopes have progressively discoveredthe smaller members of the System.

Other telescopic discoveries, however, haveserved only to increase the number of mysteriessurrounding Jupiter. The most notable is theGreat Red Spot, which has baffled theorists forover a century. Another is the observation thatthe equatorial zone of Jupiter appears to rotatefaster than the rest of the planet. The differenceanlOunts to five minutes in each rotation periodof nine hours and fifty-frve minutes - theshortest rotation period of any planet in theSolar System.

The advent of non-optical astronomy hasadded further mysteries, such as the existenceof strong radio emission, linked to a rotationperiod different to those observed optically andinfluenced by the position of 10 - one of theJ ovian satellites. Also, infra-red observationshave yielded temperature estimates for differentlayers in the J ovian atmosphere and in 1969they revealed the existence of hot spots at aboutthe temperature of a warm dBY on Earth butamid surroundings a hundred degrees colder.

The nature and origin of the hot spots was asubject of hot debate when I arrived in Tucson,Arizona, in August, 1971, to spend sabbaticalleave gaining experience in the exciting field ofinfra-red astronomy. 1 had the good fortune tobe accepted as a Research Associate of the Lunarand Planetary Laboratory and faculty memberof Steward Observatory under Dr. Frank Low ­the acknowledged "father of Infra-red Astron­omy". Dr. Low developed the solid stateresistance thermometer, which can be used as

7

an extremely sensitive bolometer to detectradiation at almost any wavelength. The colderan object the further ou t in the infra-red itemits its radiation. Low's bolometer has madeobservations possible in the inaccessible infra­red wavelengths stretching all the way to themicro-wave region of the spectrum. With hisbolometer attached to a telescope mounted in aLear-jet flying in the stratosphere at 12,000metres altitude, Low and his team discoveredthe fact that Jupiter radiates more heat than itreceives from the Sun. This suggests thatJupiter could be more like a feeble star than aplanet and may derive its excess heat from aweak fusion reaction deep in its hydrogen core.Bu t this is yet another of Jupiter's unresolvedmysteries.

Upon my arrival Dr. Low suggested severalintriguing lines of research, but we soon agreedthat my earlier work in radar meteor astronomyand electronics experience fitted me best forthe developmen t of a telescope system formaking maps of infra-red radiation from astron­omical objects the size of Jupiter. Naturally,the heart of the system was a specially designedLow bolometer, and the success of the schemealso depended on some very favourable charac­teristics of the N.A.S.A. 1.55-meter (61-inch)reflector telescope at the Catalina Observatory,high in the mountains north of Tucson. Thetelescope had a convenien tly sm all secondarymirror which needed to be rocked in a precisefashion through a distance of a few hundredthsof a millirneter (little more than a thousandth ofan inch) to scan across the planet ahout onceevery second. After experimenting with variousalternatives, a precision screw thread'and lever

8

system. driven by a special electric motor whichrotated in tiny steps, was chosen to generate thescan motion. The control, timing and data re­cording problems were resolved electronically,and the system yielded its first crude maps ofJupiter and Saturn in February, 1972. Mod­ifications and improvements to the system ledto publishable results from an observing run inApril

Large telescopes are always shared. Regularobservers are usually granted a few days use ofthe telescope once each lunar month and on thefust and last days of the run their equipmenthas to be assembled on, or dismantled from, thetelescope. In our case a further complicationarose because my collegue, Dr. George Rieke,used the telescope for making infra-red observa­tions of distant galaxies during the time fromnightfall until Jupiter rose and climbed highenough in the sky for scanning to commence.This called for slewing the telescope to itsparking position to instal the scanning mech­anism on the secondary mirror at the front endof the telescope.

At 3 or 4 a.m., conditions are not at theirbest at 8,000 feet altitude in the Catalina Moun­tains, and while I laboured at one end of thetelescope George was busy switching bolometersat the other. If nothing went wrong we couldcomplete a change-over in forty minutes andthen acquire Jupiter to commence scanning.The scan-motor causes the image of Jupiter toappear to bounce up and down like a hugeorange beach-ball and is fascinating to watch.We set the telescope to drift across Jupiter fromone side to the other in a total time of about12 minutes and thus the scans covered the planetcompletely to provide data for each infra-redmap. Work continued after daybreak becauseinfra-red observations of bright objects likeJupiter are scarcely affected by light from a clearblue sky, but the slightest trace of cloud isruinous. Also there is a somewhat restrictedobserving season because the cold, dry, polarairmass at high altitudes over North Americadisperses in summer. Infra-red observationsdemand perfectly dry air.

Following the successful April observationswe modified the system to improve the mappingdetail as far as possible and hoped that the Mayobserving run would yield a bonanza. Fortun­ately it did. The air remained cold and moisture­free. By the end of the observing run we hadgained data for more than twenty infra-redpictures of Jupiter - enough to construct acomplete map of the heat-emitting regions ;:,f

the planet with some pictures to spare forcomparison purposes.

The scan data was stored on magnetic tapeand required lengthy processing by computerto produce a useful picture, followed by manualrectification and calibration to produce thefmal map projections. Like digging diamondsout of mud, the results were most rewarding.We found that the principal cloud layer in theJovian atmosphere has a topside temperatureclose to 209 degrees Kelvin (minus 64 degreesCelsius) and that there are gaps, mainly in threedistinct latitude bands which reveal the hottercloud layers underneath. The gaps are probablywind vortices on a scale one hundred timesgreater than the largest tem:strial hurrican~yes.

THE GAZETTE

A few other regions appear colder and in thecase of the famous Red Spot its depressedtemperature indicated that it protrudes about12 kilometers above the main cloud layer.

The greatest bonanza from the work camewhen the infra-red J ovian maps were closelycompared with colour photographs of Jupitertaken through the same telescope a day or twolater. For the first time a clear correlation wasfound between the infra-red temperatures andvisual colours of the various Jovian features.The blue and brown areas proved to be hotterand the orange and salmon-coloured areascolder than the main cloud deck, which isprincipally a yellowish-grey tone.

Comparison between the results obtained inApril and May indicates that the Jovian hotspots persist for a month or more, correspond­ing to perhaps a hundred revolutions of theplanet. But photographs of Jupiter and otherevidence suggest that large-scale changes occurfrom year to year, particularly when violenttropical disturbances cause the appearance ofnew features, including fresh blue spots.

Next December, Pioneer 10 will become therust spacecraft to take a close look at Jupiter.From a distance of 130,000 kilometers it willbe able to check much of what we have learnedat lesser expense, bu t greater discomfort, froma distance of 600 million kilometers, give ortake a few meters! Then, after its scrutiny ofJupiter, Pioneer will veer outwards to leave ourSolar system and become lost forever in thehostile depths of interstellar space, while ourEarth-bound explorer of Jupiter has alreadyreturned from the Sabbatical system to becomelost in the hostile depths of income-taxation.

UNIVERSITY NEWS

Departments of the university and studentdramatic societies, as well as outside theatricalcompanies, have availed themselves of the Arts/Drama Theatre of the university since it wascompleted last March. The Student Playerspresented "Roots" (Arnold Wesker) and "BlitheSpirit" (Noel Coward), the Elizabethan Com­mittee, an evening of songs and music of theRenaissance, the German Club, two plays, theresidents of Edwards Hall, "Lear" (EdwardBond), the Department of Classics, "Helen"(Euripides) and the Old Tote Theatre Company,"King Lear" (Shakespeare). In addition thetheatre has been used at night for film screeningsand public lectures.

The Sixth State Regional Conference of theN.S.W. Association of University Women Grad­uates was held at Edwards Hall on the weekendof 25th to 27th May. The conference broughttogether delegates from Armidale, Central West­ern, Goulburn, I1Iawarra, Richmond Valley, andRiverina Branches of the Association, as well asrepresentatives from eight Sydney Groups, withthe Hunter Valley Branch as hosts.

The Chancellor (Sir Alister McMulIin), theVice-Chancellor (professor J.J. Auchmuty),Professor L.N. Short, Professor of Education,and Miss M.R. Hall, Senior Lecturer in Geog­raphy, represented the university at the 11 thAssociation of Commonwealth UniversitiesCongress in Edinburgh from 11th to 18thAugust. The Vice-Chancellor subsequently

SEPTEMBER. 1973

attended a conference of heads of Common­wealth Universities at the University of Exeter.

On 30th July, Mr. B. Newman, representingNBN Channel 3, handed over to the Vice­Chancellor a cheque for $9,000 to pay for theprovision of additional equipment in the MobileEnvironment Measurement Unit. NBN prev­iously donated $14,000 to pay for the motorvehicle and equipment to measure the atmos­pheric levels of certain pollu tants.

As at 30th April, 3,950 students had enrolledfor courses offered by the University. The enrol­ments in 1972 (a t the corresponding poin t) were3,758.

Mr. J.K. Ellis, M.A. (Oxford), Manager, Pro­duction, Planning and Control at the B.H.P.Steelworks Newcastle, was appointed to theCouncil of the University of Newcastle in suc­cession to Mr. Brian Loton, who was transferredby the B.H.P. Co. Ltd. from Newcastle toMelbourne.

Dr. Alexander Marshall Oarke, a formerstudent of Newcastle University College, ha~

taken up his appointment as ProfessorPsychology at Wollongong University College.Professor Clarke was born in Sydney and holdsthe degrees of Bachelor of Arts, with first-classhonours, in the University of N.S.W. (1963) andDoctor of Philosophy in the Australian Natio_al University. Immediately prior to his appoinWment he was Associate Professor in Psychologyin the School of Behavioural Sciences, MacquarieUniversity.

The University of Newcastle was representedby Robert Wilkinson in the two Rugby Testsplayed between Combined Universities of NewZealand and Australia in Canberra and Brisbanein May. He also played for Newcastle-Macquarie­New Sou th Wales Universities against the Kiwis.

The University Council decided to name theproposed Field House (the indoor sportingcomplex to the constructed close to No. 2 Oval)the Auehmuty Sports Centre in honour of ttAVice-Chancellor, who is due to retire at the en~of 1974.

Lyndall Kay Davis, a 1965 Bachelor. of Artsgraduate, is working in Iran giving tuition inEnglish. She is presently lecturing to Arm_officers who are installing telephonic equipme,.for the Iranian Army. Before taking up thisappointment, she was attached to, first, theUniversity of Tehran and, then, the Universityof Karadj. Miss Davis taught English atBulahdelah Central School and Warner's BayHigh School before going overseas in 1971.

Brian J. Proctor, who holds a Bachelor ofArts degree and a Diploma in Education in thisuniversity, has been awarded a Bachelor of Lawsdegree by the University of London.

Please adviseThe Secretary, University of

Newcastle, 2308, of -

* Your change of address

* Names and addresses of other grad­uates who are not on the mail inglist for "THE GAZETTE"

* Change in marital status

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