The general developmental

Anatomy of digestive

system

E. Suryadi

Faculty of Medicine GMU

Behavioral objectives

Students understand on the principles and

concepts developmental process of the

human digestive system organs

Students understand of the developmental

anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract.

Zygote

Embryoblast Trophoblast

Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm

M Axialis M Intermediate M Lateralis

Splanchnicus Somaticus

Visceral organs

of digestive system

(Intraembryonic coelom)

Pleural & peritoneal

Cavity

THE DIGESTIVE TRACT FORMATION

Origin from endoderm & splanchnic mesoderm Fore gut

Cephalocaudal Mid Gut

becaused by development of

central nervous system Hind Gut

Folding

Laterally ductus vitelinus

becaused by somits

formation 0BLITERATION

The gut are occurred passively as a fixation mid gut

c

5

1. Yolk sac

2. Surface ectoderm

3. Amniotic cavity

4. Neural tube

5. Splanchnic mesoderm

6. Somatic mesoderm

1. Gut endoderm

2. Intraembryonic coelomic

cavity

3. Amniotic cavity

4. Dorsal mesentery

5. Splanchnic mesoderm

6. Somatic mesoderm

7. Neural tube

THE LATERALLY FOLDING

RELATIONSHIP OF

PRIMORDIAL GUT – YOLK SACK

Stomodaeum Epithelium

Cranial(oral)

Ectoderm Epithelium

proctodaeum Caudal(anal)

Muscular tissues

splanchnic

mesoderm

Fibrous tissues

Primitive Gut

Epithelium

endoderm

Glands

FORMATION OF THE GUT

1. Foregut

2. Hindgut

3. Midgut

4. Central nervous system

5. Tracheobronchial diverticulum

6. Heart

7. Liver bud

8. Buccopharyngeal membrane

9. Vitelline duct

10. Allantois

11. Cloacal membrane

PRIMITIVE GUT

The primitive gut is divided into four parts:

a) the pharyngeal gut which extends

from the buccopharyngeal (oro-

pharyngeal) membrane to the

respiratory (tracheobronchial)

diverticulum;

b) the foregut, liver ; billiary

apparatus; part of duodenum

gaster, esophagus

c) the midgut, 2/3 the transverse

colon in the adult ; duodenum;

small intestinum; cecum;appendix

d) the hindgut, 1/3 transverse

colon; descending colon; sigmoid;

rectum; upper part of the anal

canal; cloacal

1. Foregut

2. Stomach

3. Hindgut

4. Midgut

5. Pharyngeal gut

6. Esophagus

7. Tracheobronchial diverticulum

8. Buccopharyngeal membrane

9. Cloacal membrane

10. Stomodeum

11. Cloaca

12. Gallbladder

13. Liver

14. Pancreas

15. Vitelline duct

16. Allantois

Specific Process of the GI

development

Rotation

Fusion

Obliteration

Recanalitation

Some process organogenesis

The first of gut is the tube form from oral to anal

Some places of the gut arise buds:

Laringotracheal diverticulum lung bud bronchopulmonary bud

Hepatic diverticulum hepatic cord and gall bladder

Pancreatic bud dorsal and ventral become pancreas

The primitive gut forms during the 4th week of the development as a result of cephalocaudal and lateral folding of the embryo.

This endoderm lined cavity is incorporated into the embryo, while the yolk sac and the allantois remain temporarily by outside the embryo.

The endoderm of the primitive gut gives rise to the epithelium and glands of the digestive organ.

The muscular and fibrous elements of the digestive tract are derived from the splanchnic mesoderm.

The epithelium at the cranial and caudal extremities of the digestive tract is derived from the ectoderm of the stomodeum (oral cavity epithelium and enamelum) and the proctodeum (anal pit)

Fixative of Gut

Gut is surrounded by an intra embryonic

cavity (coelom)

Ventral mesentery: connecting between

gut with ventral body wall.

Dorsal mesentery: connecting between gut

with dorsal body wall

Vitelline duct and artery

FORE GUT

• ESOPHAGUS, GASTER,

• DUODENUM, LIVER

• BILLIARY APPARATUS

• PANCREAS

The liver, billiary apparatus, pancreas and the respiratory system arise as diverticula from the foregut.

Along the entire length, the intestinal tube is suspended from the dorsal body wall by a dorsal mesentery.

Along the segment of its length, it is attached to the ventral body wall by a ventral mesentery.

The esophagus

Initially the esophagus is very short, but it elongates rapidly, reaching its final relative length by about seven weeks..

The endoderm of the esophagus proliferate and almost obliterates the lumen; recanalization occurs by the end of the embryonic period (the 8th week)

The striated muscle in the upper esophagus is derived from the caudal branchial arches.

The smooth muscle of the esophagus develops from the surrounding splanchnic mesoderm

In the 4th developmental week, a small diverticulum appears at the ventral wall of the foregut - the respiratory (tracheobronchial) diverticulum.

It becomes gradually separated from the foregut by the esophagotracheal septum.

Initially very short esophagus lengthens rapidly.

DEVELOPMENT OF ESOPHAGUS

FORMATION OF EOSOPHAGUS

1. Respiratory diverticulum

2. Foregut

3. Esophagotracheal septum

1. Pharynx

2. Trachea

3. Esophagus

4. Lung buds

DEVELOPMENT OF STOMACH

1. Foregut

2. Stomach

3. Hindgut

4. Midgut

5. Pharyngeal gut

6. Esophagus

7. Tracheobronchial diverticulum

8. Buccopharyngeal membrane

9. Cloacal membrane

10. Stomodeum

11. Cloaca

12. Gallbladder

13. Liver

14. Pancreas

15. Vitelline duct

16. Allantois

The stomach appears as a fusiform dilatation of the foregut in the 4th week of development. The dorsal border grows faster than the ventral border, thus producing the greater curvature.

The stomach rotates along the longitudinal and antero-posterior axis.

The rotation of the stomach along the longitudinal axis causes its left side to face anteriorly, and its right side to face posteriorly.

The stomach is attached to the dorsal and ventral body wall by the dorsal and ventral mesogatrium. During rotation, the dorsal mesogastrium is pulled to the left, forming the omental bursa.

The dorsal mesogastrium extends tremendously as a double-layered flap of the mesentery, the greater omentum, which lies over the intestine.

As the spleen forms in the dorsal mesogastrium, the lienorenal and gastrolienal ligaments develop as remnants or dorsal mesogastrium.

The ventral mesogastrium attaches the lower esophagus, stomach and proximal duodenum to the ventral body wall.

Growth of the liver causes the formation of the lesser omentum and falciform ligament in the ventral mesogastrium.

The stomach enlarge and acquires its adult shape, it slowly rotates 90 degree in aclockwise direction around its longitudinal axis.

The ventral border (lesser curvatura) moves to the right and the dorsal border (great curvature) move to the left

Cleft in dorsal mesogastrium omental bursa (lesser peritoneal saccus)

Dorsal region inferior stomach

ventral region superior stomach

Stomach and dorsal mesentery

1. Liver

2. Stomach

3. Spleen

4. Pancreas

5. Adrenal gland

6. Aorta

7. Dorsal mesogastrium

8. Omental bursa

9. Falciform ligament

10. Lesser omentum

ROTATION OF THE STOMACH

STOMACH MESENTERIES OF

STOMACH

OMENTAL BURSA

•Before rotation, the

cranial and caudal of

the stomach are in the

median plane

•During rotation and

growth of the stomach

sinistral region

anterior

dextral region

posterior

•After rotation, the

stomach assumes its

final position with its

long axis almost

transverse to the long

axis of the body

•Curvatura mayor

•Curvatura minor

•The mesentery is

originally in the median

plane

•During rotation its

carried to the left and

formation of the omental

bursa or lesser sac of

peritoneum

•After rotation, a ventral

mesentery attaches the

stomach and duodenum

to the liver and the

abdominal wall

•Isolated clefts develop in the

mesencyhme forming the thick

dorsal mesogastrium. The clefts

single cavity Omental Bursa

greater omentum

•Rotation of the stomach, pulls the

dorsal mesogastrium to the left,

enlarging the bursa, a large recess

of the peritoneal cavity

SPLEEN

SPLEEN

The spleen is a lymphatic organ which appears during the 5th developmental week as a focus of mesenchymal proliferation between the layers of the dorsal mesogastrium.

As the stomach rotates, the left part of the dorsal mesogastrium comprises the gastrolineal and lienorenal ligaments.

The mesenchymal cells differentiate into the parenchymal cells, connective tissue and the surface capsule.

The spleen functions as a hematopoietic center until late fetal life.

DEVELOPMENT OF LIVER,

GALLBLADDER DAN BILLIARY

APPARATUS

Liver, Gallbladder and billiary

apparatus The liver, gallbladder and the billiary duct system arise

as a bud of the endodermal epithelium at the distal end of the foregut.

The hepatic diverticulum (liver bud) grows into the septum transversum. Septum transversum is the mesodermal plate between the pericardial cavity and the stalk of the yolk sac.

Cranial part of the septum transversum forms the tendinous portion of diaphragm, while its caudal part contributes to the ventral mesogastrium.

The large part of the liver bud forms the parenchyme of the liver and billiary apparatus.

The fibrous, hemopoietic tissue and Kupffer cells derive from the mesenchyme of the septum transversum.

A small caudal portion of the liver bud expands to form gallbladder and bile duct.

Mesodermal plate Cranial tendinous portion of diaphragm

Between pericardial cavity & Stalk VS Hematopoeitic tissue

Septum transversum mesenchym Kuffer cell

Fibrous

Caudal contributes to the ventral

mesogastrium

Epithel Endoderm Cranial Primordium of the liver

foregut Hepatic cord hep.sinusoid

Hepatic Caudal Gall bladder & bile duct

Diverticulum (small)

Stalk Cystic duct

Development of the liver and

Billiary Apparatus 1. Esophagus

2. Hindgut

3. Stomach

4. Tracheobronchial diverticulum

5. Duodenum

6. Midgut loop

7. Septum transversum

8. Cloaca

9. Gallbladder

10. Liver

11. Cloacal membrane

12. Pancreas

13. Heart

14. Ventral mesogastrium

15. Dorsal mesogastrium

Liver

DEVELOPMENT OF PANCREAS

Endoderm of duodenum

Dorsal pancreatic bud Body of pancreas

Tail of pancreas

Duct pancreaticus

Pancreatic bud

Ventral pancreatic bud Head of pancreas

Uncinate process

PANCREAS gland

Proximal Accesory pancreatic duct

Duct of the

dorsal bud

Distal

Main pancreatic duct

Duct of the

ventral bud

DEVELOPMENT DUCT OF THE

PANCREAS

DEVELOPMENT OF PANCREAS

1. Liver bud

2. Dorsal pancreas

3. Gallbladder

4. Ventral pancreas

5. Cystic duct

6. Hepatic duct

7. Bile duct

1. Liver bud

2. Stomach

3. Gallbladder

4. Ventral pancreatic bud

5. Dorsal pancreatic bud

1. Stomach

2. Gallbladder

3. Cystic duct

4. Hepatic duct

5. Bile duct

6. Pancreas

7. Accessory pancreatic duct

8. Main pancreatic duct

9. Ventral pancreatic duct

Ventral pancreatic bud Ventral pancreatic bud

MID GUT

DUODENUM

SMALL INTESTINE

CAECUM

APPENDIX

COLON ASCENDEN

2/3 COLON TRANSVERSUM

MIDGUT The derivatives of the midgut are: most of the

duodenum, small intestine, cecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon and right 2/3 of the transverse colon.

The wide communication of the midgut and the yolk sac is gradually reduced to the narrow yolk stalk (vitelline duct).

Rapid elongation of the midgut and its mesentery results in the formation of the midgut loop which projects into the umbilical cord (physiological umbilical herniation).

The cephalic limb of the loop develops into the duodenum, jejunum and part of the ileum, while the caudal limb gives rise to the rest of the midgut derivatives.

The midgut loop rotates 270º counterclockwise around the axis formed by the superior mesenteric artery.

The duodenum develops from the caudal portion

of the foregut and cranial portion of the midgut.

The entrance of the bile duct into the duodenum

lies just proximal to their junction.

The loop of the duodenum rotates to the right

and comes to lie retroperitoneally.

The duodenal epithelium grows rapidly and

temporarily obliterates the lumen of the gut tube.

DEVELOPMENT OF DUODENUM

Fixation of the duodenum

1. Dorsal mesoduodenum

2. Pancreas

3. Duodenum

4. Parietal peritoneum

5. Aorta

6. Adrenal gland

INTRAPERITONEAL RETROPERITONEAL

MIDGUT LOOP

The midgut loop rotates 270º counterclockwise around the axis formed

by the superior mesenteric artery.

Cranial distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Caudal ileum, cecum, colon ascenden, 2/3 colon transversum

1. Vitelline duct

2. Superior mesenteric artery

3. Stomach

4. Duodenum

5. Cephalic limb of the loop

6. Caudal limb of the loop

1. Vitelline duct

2. Superior mesenteric artery

3. Stomach

4. Duodenum

5. Transverse colon

6. Small intestine

7. Cecal bud

1. Vitelline duct

2. Small intestine

3. Stomach

4. Duodenum

5. Transverse colon

6. Cecal bud

1. Hepatic flexture

2. Stomach

3. Duodenum

4. Transverse colon

5. Ascending colon

6. Descending colon

7. Sigmoid

8. Cecum

9. Appendix

10. Small Intestine

CECUM AND APPENDIX

The primordium of cecum and appendix is

the cecal diverticulum

The appendix increase rapidly in length so

that at birth it relatively long.

After birth the wall of the cecum grows

uniqueally, with the result that the

appendix comes to enter its medial side.

HERNIASI

Perkembangan mid gut ditandai dengan pertambahan panjang yang cepat di terutama di bagian cranial rongga perut tidak muat gelung usus masuk ke coelom ekstraembrional dalam tali pusat selama perkembangan minggu ke 6

RETRAKSI GELUNG USUS YG MENGALAMI

HERNIASI

Gelung usus masuk kembali ke rongga perut (mgg ke 10) karena menghilangnya mesonephros, mengecilnya hati, bertambah luasnya rongga perut

HIND GUT

1/3 transverse colon,

descending colon,

sigmoid,

rectum

upper part of the anal canal

cloaca

The teminal portion of the hindgut enters into the cloaca covered by the cloacal membrane.

The growth of the urorectal septum divides the cloaca into the primitive urogenital sinus anteriorly and the anorectal canal posteriorly.

By the end of the 6th week, the urorectal septum reaches the cloacal membrane, dividing it into the urogenital and anal membranes.

The mesenchymal swelling around the anal membrane forms the proctodeum (anal pit). In the 9th week, the anal membrane ruptures. The upper part of the anal canal is endodermal in origin, while the lower third is of the ectodermal origin.

DEVELOPMENT OF CLOACA

The anus and rectum formation

NO organ Congenital anomali

1 Esophagus Atresia esophagus and Fistula esofagotracheal : a

esophagus canal is clogged (atresia oesophagi)

Polyhidramnion : excessive of amnion in amniotic sac

Stenosis esophagus : narrowing of an esophagus lumen

Hiatus congenital hernia : abnormality of esophagus to

develops and then a gaster is pulled up.

2 Stomach Stenosis pilorus : muscular layer of pylorus hypertrophy

3 Liver and

Apparatus

billiaris

Atresia extrahepatic gall bladder : recanalitation failure

Atresia and hipoplasia biliverus duct (intrahepatik) .

Ductus biliverus abnormality

NO LOKASI

4 Pankreas Pancreas anularis Duodenum is surrounded by

pancreas obstruction

5 Colon cecum mobile : results from incomplete fixation of the

ascending colon

Hernia Retrocolika : terperangkapnya bagian usus kecil

di belakang mesokolon

Omphalocele :result from impaired growth of the

abdominal walls

Gastroschisis : result from a defect lateral to the median

plane of the anterior abdominal walls.

Omphaloenteric Fistula : ductus vitelinus persistent so

still canal be connected between intestinal tract with

umbilicus.

Volvulus : abnormality of intestinal cord so a part of

intestine is snared by other part of intestine

Megacolon : The enlarged colon, results from an

absence of ganglionic cells

6 Anus Anus imperforata

SUMMARY

The primordial gut forms during the fourth week from the

part of yolk sac that is incorporated into the embryo

Endoderm become epithelium, parenchyme and gland cells

of the gastrointestinal organs

Splanchnic mesoderm become muscular and fibrous

tissues of the gastrointestinal organs

Ventral mesentery become hepatogastric ligament,

hepatoduodenale ligament, omentum minus, falciform

ligament

Dorsal mesentery become: gastrolienale ligament,

splenirenale ligament, omentum majus, spleen,

mesenterium, mesocolon

Endoderm cells differentiation

Endoderm is differentiated become:

Epithelium of gastrointestinal tract

Epithelium of respiratory tract

Epithelium of the part of urinary tract

Parenchyme cells of pancreas, liver and

some salivary glands

Gland cells of thyroid, parathyroid and

thymus

foregut Midgut hindgut

organ Gaster, hepar, vesica

fellea, pancreas, lien,

1st half of duodenum

2nd half of dudenum,

jejunum, ileum,

coecum, colon

ascenden, 2/3 colon

transversum

Left 1/3 colon

transersum, colon

descenden, colon

sigmoid, rectum

arteries Truncus celiacus: a.

lienalis, a. gastrica

sinistra, a. hepatica

communis

A. Mesenterica

superior: a iliocolica, a

colica dextra, a. colica

media

A . Mesenterica

inferior: a. colica

sinistra, a rectalis

superior, a.

sigmoidea

Ventral

mesentery

Omentum minus,

Falciformis,

Coronarium,

Triangularis ligament.

Tidak ada Tidak ada

Dorsal

mesentery

Gastrolienalis, &

Lienorenalis,

Gastrocolica ligament,

omentum majus

Mesenterium,

mesoapendix,

mesocolon

transversum

Mesocolon

sigmoideum

Motor nerve

supply

Vagus Vagus Nervus

spanchnicus

pelvini