the geology of the country around cork and cork harbour
TRANSCRIPT
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MEMOIRS
OP TIIE
GI &~JCh-b
SU -Y;
IRELAND.
\I
THE GEOLOGY OF
THE COUNTRY AROUND
CORK
AND CORK
HARBOUR.
(EXPLANATIONF THE CORK COLOUR-PRINTEJ)RIFT ikl~~.)
BY
G. W. LAMPLUGH, F.G.S., J. R. KILROE,
A. MHENRY, M.R.I.A., H. J. SEYMOUR, B.A., F.G S.,
W. B. WRIGHT, B.A., F.G.S.,
and H. B. MUFF, B.A., F.G.S.
PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MAJESTYS TREASURY.
DUBLIN:
PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTYS STATIONERY OFFICE,
BY A\I,EX. THOM CGCO., LIMITED,87,88, & 89, ABBEY-STREET,
To
be purchased from
E. STANFORD, 12, 13, & 14, Long Acre, London,W.C.
;
HODGES, FIGGIS, it CO., LIMITED, 104, Grafton-street, Dublin
;
JOHN MENZIES & CO., Rose-street, Edinburgh.
From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Mapr:or through auy Bookseller
from the Ordnance Survey Of?ice, Southampton.
--.-
1905.
Price Three fWilli?zqs.
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PREFACE:
THIS Memoir has been prepared to aoco_mpany the new colour-
printed map of the Cork district.
The boundaries of the map
have been arranged to embrace the country around the city of
Cork, and including the whole of Cork Harbour. This area
formed part of four sheets of the previous solid geological
maps. It is expected that the present arrangement will be
found more convenient for local purposes and for visitors to
this beautiful district.
The recent survey had for itIs object the mapping of the
glacial Idrifts and other superficial deposits which were not
included witshin the scope of the original survey made half a
century ago. No re-examination of the solid rocks was
attempted, and the boundaries of these formations shown on
the new map have been transferred from the solid maps,
with the exception that certain limited tracts of dark shale in
the south-western part of the sheet, which were shown as
Coal-IVle.asures
on the last edition of the solid m,ap, are
not now shown separately from the Lower Carboniferous rocks,
for reasons given in the sequel.
The short description of the solid rocks contained in the
present volume is mainly compiled from the published- Sheet
Explanations, of the origin.al solid maps, with the addition
of some new matter indicating the results of later researches.
This description, together with a general account of the super-
ficial deposits,
forming Part I. of the Memoir, has been
prepared by Mr. G. W. Lamplugh.
The detailed d,escription of the superficial deposits, forming
Part II.,, has been written by Messrs. Lamplugh, J. R. Kilroe,
A. MHenry, H. J. Seymour, W. B. Wright, and H. B. Muff,
by whom the recent survey w,as made ; the respective work of
these officers is indicated by the initials after the paragraphs.
Until this survey was carried out our knowledge of the Glacial
deposits in the district was extremely scanty, and it is believed
that the present Memoir will adcd materially to our knowledge
of the later geological history of the South of Ireland.
The discovery by Messrs.
Wright and Muff of an ancient
shore-line beneath the Glacial deposits at very nearly the same
level as .the existing shore-line, h,as wide bearings upon much-
debated questions relating to the geographical conditions of the
British Island at the beginning of the Glacial period, and to
the origin of the present flor#a and fauna of Irerand.
In Part III., the economic geology of the district is dealt
with, including #an account of the water supply and of the
soils. TJader the last-mentioned head Mr. J. R. Kilroe gives
the results of his ex.amination and mechanical analysis of some
characteristic samples of the soils and subsoils of the district.
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It is my pleasant duty to acknowledge with thanks t)he
assistance received from Mr. J. Wrig.ht, of Belfast, Dr.
Wheelton Hind, and Dr. A. H. Foord, in preparing the account
of the Carboniferous rocks and their fossils ; and also from
several local engineers and firms for detiails of well-borings and
other information used in the Economic chapter and other
parts of this Memoir,
whose names ar,e mention&d in the
subsequent pages.
The plates ,are from excellent photographs taken for the
purpose by Mr. B. Welch, of Belfast.
J. J. H. TEALL,
Director.
Geologicat Survey Office,
28
Jermyn-street, London.
January 26t71,1905.
--
____
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Preface by the.
Directoq . . . . .
11
PART I.--GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
CHAPTER I.-INTN.ODUCTION,
. . . . . .
Area of the Map, 1.
Scope of the Map, 2. Table of
Formations, 3.
Form of the Ground and its
relation to the Geological Strnoture, 4.
1-8
CHAPTER II.-THE OLD RED SANDSTOND, . . . .
0-14
Position and Structure, 9. Lower Old Red Sandstone, 9.
Upper Old Red &and&one, 11.
.
CHAPTBR III.-THE CARBONWEROUSROCKS, . . .
15-35
Position and Classifxation, 15. Lower Limestone Shale
and Carboniferous Slate, 16. Discurfiion
as to Age
of Carboniferoue Slate, 18. Fossils of the Shale and
Slate, 26. Carboniferous Limestone, 28. Fossils of
.
the Limestone, 29.
The Upper Shale, or
Posidcmomya Becheri
Be&, 32.
CHAPTER W.-THE YOST-TERTIARY OR SUPERFICIAL
DEPOSITS, . . . . , . . .
Preliminary Note,
Shore-line, 36.
36, Pre-Glacial or Early Glacial
The Glacial Deposits :-Boulder-clay, 40
;
Boulders, 41;
Glacial Strise, 42
;
Glacial Sand and Gravel, 42
;
Origin of the Glacial Deposits, 44.
Post-Glaoial Deposits
:-Old River Gravels, 47
;
Allu-
vium, 47
;
Peat (absence of), 48
;
Intake, 48
;
Raised
Beach 1 48.
3a9
PART II.--DE\ThlLED DESCRIPTION,
CHA~TFJRV.-D~TA~LED DESCRIVTION OF
THE
SUPERFNIAL
DEPOSITS, . . . . . . . .
50-108
Introduction, 50.
1. The Upland north of the Cork Valley, 50-65.
Upland north-east of Blarneey, 50. Blarney Valley,
5% Eastern end of Bla#rney Valley and CYountry
northward, 54.
Country beltween the Cork and
Blarney Valleys, 53.
Upland east of Kilcully and
north of the C.%rk Valley, between Dunkettle and
Queenstown Juncltion, %. Kilcully, 57, ~Glashaboy
River, 58. Butlerstown a,nd Knockraha, 58. Bally-
nagaul, 59. Upland between Queenstown Junction
and Pigeonhill, 59. Upland to the earth of C&r&to-
hill land Midleton, 61.
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2. The Cork and Midlcton Valley, 65-86.
I%, low ground around Cork, with the bordering
slopes, 65. Carrigrohane and neighbourhood, 66.
Einvirons of ciolrk city and ea#stward to Blackrock,
66. Blackpool, /U. Gouldings Glen, 71.
Bride
Valley, 72. Leo Valley, 73. Douglas, 76. Allu- ,
vium of the Lee Valley, 77. Cork Lough, 77. Arti-
ficial changes around (York, 78.
Llow ground be-
tween Duukettlo and Queenstown Junction, 81.
Little Island, 81.
Harpers Island, 82. Brown
Is~land, 82.
Foaty Isl,and, 82.
Cork Valley be-
tween Foaty Island and Midleton, 82.
3: The Central Ridge, 86-91.
High ground south land south-west of Cork, 86.
R~ochestown, Passage West, and Monkstown, 88.
Great Island, 89. East of Great Island, 91.
4. The Oloyne and Carriga.line Valley, 91-97.
Ballinhassig to Carrigalinel, 931. R+affan and Shanbally,
92. Railway Cuttings from Raffeen to Carrigaline,
93.
Coast Sections near Ringaskiddy, 93.
Coast
Sections at Curraghbinny and Loughbeg, 94. Estuary
of the Owenboy, 94. rhe crlo~yns Valley, east of
Cork Harbour, 95. Corkbeg Island, 96.
5. Tho Southern Ridge and Co.ast-line, 97-1108.
1Jpland south of Bldlinhassig, 917. Upland south and
. south-east of Oarrigalino, 97. Coast sections
from Ringabella Bay to Crosshaven, 98. Poulna-
callee or ahwrch Bav and Ooast northward, 98.
The Upland
south-east of Colrk Harbour, 100.
Aghada, 100. White Bay, 101. I&hes Point, 102.
Trabolgan, 102. Gyleen, 103. Powerhtead Bay, 104.
Power Head, 104. Ballycroneen Bay, 104. Inbrjor
north of Powelr Head, 106. Upland between Cork
.
Harbtour and the open Coa#st, 1107. The Topography
aml Drainage of t.he Upiand, 108.
.
PART III.-ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.
.
CHAPTERVI.-ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, . . . , , 109-X%
Absence of Metalliferous Ores, 109. Building Stone
and Ornamental Marble, 199. Ra#re Minerals, 110.
Slates, 111. Bricks, 111.
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[ vii ]
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
PLATE I.-East P,assage, Cork Harbour
:
A Transverse
VaJley,
Bon t& piece.
PP
II.-Antioline in Old Red Sandstone near Weaver
Point,
To
face p. 9
?S
III.-Carboniferous Limestone, Carrigmore Quarry,
Ballintemple,
?I >,
P* 28
I)
IV.dff of Boulder&y near Ring&skiddy,
,, >?
p. 41.
9) V.-High-level Glacial Gravells nelar Blackpool, ,, ,, p. 72
?)
VI.-Raised Beaoh and Rock Platform near mouth
of Uork Harbour,
?) 2)
p. 99
FIGURES IN TEXT.
Page
Fig. 1. Outline-map showing area of Cork Sheet, . . , 1
99
2.
9,
3.
?, 4.
*t 5:
0 6.
9) 7.
19 9.
$9 9.
9, 19.
1) 11.
tl 12.
)? 13.
), 14,
## 15.
Se&on across the western part of the Map, . .
,
Archceopteris (A&&&s) hibemiq from Kiltorcan,
.
Ar chamodolz (Anodonta) Jukesi,
from Kiltolroan, . .
Structure of Carboniferous Slate at Ring,abella Bay,
.
Czc~mot2ls
from Carbonifereus Slate and Coomhola Grit,
Diagram to explain relations between Carboniferous
Lime-
stone and Uarboniferous Slate
(J. I ?. J& es),
.
.
Diagrammatic section of the Raised Beach and overlying
deposits on the coast near ithe mouth of C?ork Harbour,
Plan of Leamlara Valley system, . . . . .
Cavity in Carboniferous Limestone filled in with drift,
Ballinaspig More Quarry, . . . . .
Diagrammatic section of the Blackpool Gravels and Gould:
ings Glen, . . . . . . . . .
Section across Cork, showing Superficial Deposits of Lee
Valley, . . . . . . . . . .
Plan of Cork in tihreSixteenth Century, . . . .
Plan of Cork in the Eighteenth Century,
. . . .
View of a Delta-Gravel f,an near Carrigtohill,
. .
,,
4
12
13
16
17
21
37
64
70
72
75
78
79
85
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. . _ _ . .
- . _-
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THE GEOLOGY
OF THE COUNTRY AROUND
CORK AND CORK HARBOUR
PART I.-GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
CHAPTER l.-INTRODUCTION.
Area of the Map,
In carrying out the plan of surveying the superficial deposits
in Ireland first in the neighbourhood of the chief centres of
population, the field-work during the year 1903 was concen-
trated upon the country around Cork, and an area equal to
that of an ordinary one-inch sheet of the Ordnance Map was
surveyed.
This ground included portions of four sheets of the
regularly numbered ,series of Ordnance one-inch maps, as the
marginal boundaries of these sheets fall inconveniently in
regard to the city and it,s suburbs.
The field-work has there-
fore been reproduced on a special or unnumbered sheet,
prepared at the Ordnance Survey Ofice, and so arranged that
it includes the surroundings of Cork and all the waterways
Fig 1.
~TOCORKLWDCORKfaRROUR &IEET.
--G?idazs1czQ. 2sgauw;~*4&&6m.
and inlets between the city and the open sea.
This map, to
be known as the
Cork District Sheet, is of the same size
as the ordinary numbered sheets, namely, 18 inches by 12
inches, representing an area of 216 square miles.
The greater
part lay within Sheet,s 187 and 195 of the previous survey,
with a smaller portion within-the eastern borders of Sheets 186
and 194. The accompanying Index-map, Fig. 1, will serve
to show the limits of the new sheet, and also the principal
places, rivers, heights,
&a.,
included within it.
I)
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a
THE GEOLOGY OF CORK AND CORK HARBOUR.
Scope of the Drift Survey.
The previous work of the Geological Survey in the district,
published on the numbered one-inch sheets above referred to,
wa.s devoted to t,he m,apping of the
solid
rocks only, and,
except in the case of the alluvium of the principal valleys, the
maps contain no indication of the boulder-clay, gravels and
other
superficial
deposits under which these rocks are often
deeply buried.
On the present map the superficial deposits arc
shown by distinctive colours, according to (their composition,
wherever they are of #sufficient thickness to conceal the under-
lying rocks, while the colours representing the solid formations
are confined to the places where these rocks occur at the
surface or are covered only by a thin layer of soil and detritus
derived from the local disintegration {of the rocks.
The field-work on which this map is based was done on the
six-inches-to-the-mile maps of the Ordnance Survey, and has
been reduced from these maps to the one-inch scale for publica-
tion. Manuscript coloured-copies of the six-inch maps have
been prepared and are available for public reference at the
Dublin office of the Geological Survey.
As the recent investigation was confined to the superficial
deposits and did not include a re-examination of the solid rocks,
the boundary lines of the latter shown on the present map
have been transferred from the published maps of the previous
survey. For the same reason the description of the solid
rocks embodied in subsequent pages of this memoir is based
on the information contained in three previous memoirs of the
Geological Survey, viz. ,
the Explanation of Sheets 187, 195
and 196 (published in 1864)
;
Explanation of Sheets 185 and
186 (published, 1861) ; and
and 202 (published, 1862).
Explanation of Sheets 194, 201
The local details given in these
Explanations have not been reproduced ; and where fuller
information with regard to the solid rocks is required the
original memoirs, which are still obtainable through the usual
channels, should be ,consulted.
Since the publication of these
memoirs, however, some revision-work has been carried out
on the solid rocks of the district, resulting in the issue of revised
editions of #all the sheets in the years 1878 and 1879, showing
alterations in the classification and boundaries of the Old Red
Sa.ndstone series ; with further alterations of Sheets 194 snd
195 in the year 1891, consisting in the sep,aration and dis-
tinctive colouring of small tracts of shales supposed to be of
Upper Carboniferous ( Coal Measures ) age. These altera-
tions, which have not hitherto been described, will be briefly
discussed in the present memoir, with references also to other
literature relating to the geology of the district which has been
published since the original memoirs.
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INTRODUCTION.
8
.
A short description of the Glacial and Post-Glacial deposits
is given as a sequel to the account of the solid rocks in Part I.
of this memoir. The detailed description of these superficial
deposits, containing the fuller results of the recent field-work,
is given separately, forming Part II.
;
while in Part III. the
economic geology of the district is dealt with.
Table of Formations occurring within the Map.
RECENT.
GLACIAL.
Reclaimed Land (Intak8) = Estuarine
I,
lluvium.
River Alluvium.
River Gravel and Gravelly D&as.
Sand and Gravel.
Boulder-Clay.
Local Rubble ( Head ).
Infra-Glacial Beach.
OLD RED SANDSTONE.
.
I
Upp8.r Shale or Po&doynonvya
Becheri
Beds (formerly termed Coal-Metl-
sUr8s
?),
not S8~&d~ EJhQWll, 8% p. 3@e
Carboniferous Limestone.
.
Lower Lim8&me Shale, and Carboni-
ferous Slate and Grits.
Upper Old Red Sandstone ( Kiltrbrcan
Beds of the
solid
maps).
Lower Old Red Sandstone ( Dingb
Beds of the solid maps).
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4 THE GEOLOGY OF CORK AND CORK HARBOUR.
Form of the Ground and itpJ relation to the
Geological Structure.
In its leading outlines the geological structure of the district
is remarkably simple, and is very clearly expressed in the form
of the -groGd.
The Carboni-
ferous and Old Red Sandstone
rocks have been compressed
into a series of broad folds or
elongated
1
troughs and ridges
with axes ranging approxi-
mately east and west.
From
these axes the strata dip away
steeply on both sides, forming
a succession of anticlines and
synclines, with the newer rocks
descending into the troughs and
the older rocks rising into the
ridges.
The period of the earth-
movements causing this struc-
ture appears to have been
toward or at the close of Car-
bonif erous times.
Although very great thick-
nesses of rock have been stripped
away and the whole country
has been remodelled by denuda-
tion since the period of folding,
these anticlines and synclines
still govern the surface-features.
The less durable limestones
and shales of the Carboniferous
series are worn away relatively
more quickly than the more
resistant sandy and slaty rocks
which constitute the Old Red
Sandstone ; so that the synclines
are marked by broad deep
hollows of the present surface,
and the anticlines by hilly
ridges.
These features are
illustrated by the coloured sec-
tion at the foot of the map, and
by the following figure (fig, 2)
reproduced
from a former
memoir.
The broad undula-
tions of the rocks are compli-
cated by many minor folds
contained within them, which
are revealed in the contorted
structure frequently visible in
the open sections (see Plate II)
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but these minor folds are without much effect upon the outline
of the land.
The position and direction of the principal folds are indicated
on the foregoing Index-ma& Fig. 1, the nomenclature adopted
being mainly that used by Prof. J. B. Jukes in the earlier
memoirs.
On the south the outcrop of the Old Red Sandstone
which forms the chief constituent of the
Southern Anticline
is marked by
undulating high ground, interrupted only by the
water-channel giving entrance to Cork Harbour.
This tract
culminates westward in Doolieve, 600 feet high, but east of
Cork Harbour the ground does not rise, in the present map,
above 318 feet.
The depression on the northern aide of the upland, #marked
en the Index-map as the Cloyne Syncline, is partly filled, in
its lowest and broadest portion, by Cork Harbour, and is here
mainly underlain by Carboniferous Limestone.
This belt of
limestone, however, becomes contracted westward of Carriga-
line and disappears before reaching Fivemilebridge ; and the
valley then assumes a narrower and steeper aspect.
The
Central Anticline
to
the northward of this depression
traverses the mlap from east to west as a steep-sided ridge of
Old Red Sandstone, broken only by the transverse water-filled
gorges of East Passage (Plate I.) and West Passage by
which the Great Isl*and portion of the ridge is insulated. At
the eastern margin of the map the ridge from side to side is
less than a mile in width and its greatest altitude is about
330 feet ; but it expands gradually westward to about three
miles in width, its flattened crest then forming a gently undu-
lating upland with summits ranging up to 579 feet in elevation.
This ridge is deeply trenched on both flanks by the ravines of
small ,streame draining from shallow basins on the summit
;
and on Great Island it is also indented by a large valley running
nearlypartillel with its strike for about tlwo miles.
The
Cork Syncline,
which forms the principal valley of
the map, is underlain by Carboniferous Limestone and Lower
Limestone Shales brought down in a deep infold between
the OId Red Sandstone rocks of the Central Anticline and the
similar rocks of the Cork or Northern Anticline. It is about
two miles wide in the west, and increases to over three miles
near Midleton at the e.astern margin of the sheet. The lowest
ground of this valley usually occurs immediately at the foot of
the steep slopes by which it is bounded on both sides, and is
due to the rapid weathering of the Lower Limestone shale.
In the middle of the syncline, between the outcrops of this
shale, the massive limestone frequently rises in irregular knolls
which, in a few places,
carry the ground above the loo-foot
contour.
The River Lee runs along the northern edge of the valley
from the western #margin of the map to three miles east of tbe
city of Cork, and then turns southward through Lough Mahon
and the gorge ,at West Passage to Cork Harbour.
After being
deserted by the Lee, the low flat on the northern side of tht
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Q
Cork Syncline is in part occupied by tidal waters, and is con-
firmed eastward to the eastern extremity of Little Island and
Harpers Island.
Tidal chann,els then branch southward from
it around Foaty Island and join the broader inlet which sepa-
rates the northern shores of Great Island from the mainland.
The seemingly aberrant deflection of the Lee. from the broad
longitudinal or
strike
valley to the narrow transverse gorge
by which it breaks through the Central ridge is a good example
of the phenomenon which recurs again and again in the courses
i>f some of the rivers of the South of Ireland, particularly in
respect to the Lee, the Blackwater, and the Suir. It was from
the study of the peculiarities of these river-courses that Jukes
was led to enunciate, in the year 1862,l his famous principle
that the erosion of such valleys must have been commenced on
a plane which lay above the level of the hills and ridges through
which the gorges have been cut, and that the present hills are
the out,come of the differential resistance of the rocks under
the influence of long-continued subserial erosion. This prin-
ciple, which has since found universal application, was stated
as follows by Jukes in describing the Cork district in a
previous memoir (Explanation of Sheets 187, 195 and 196,
p. 32).
This
marine action
[by which the original high-level surface is sup-
posed to have been produced] cannot now be traced anywhere except in a
P
eneral way. The surface produced by it must have been a gently undu-
ating plain, which was wholly above the present surface, unless the
summits of some of the present hills and ridges may possibly have-formed
%
art of it. That formerly existing plain has been eaten into vertically
y the action of the rain and rivers running over it, and these have
removed all the rock that intervened between it and the present surface
of the ground. The result has been that the hard and insoluble sand-
&ones and grit&ones, whether of the Old Red or C?a#rboniferous late, now
form hills and ridges, while the soluble limestones, and the more easily
eroded shales and clay mslartesave ,been worn down into valleys and ffats.
It was long before I arrived at the conviction that this action wad truly
and solely an atmospheric one, but the conclusion was at la& forced
upon me . . . .
Under the explanation given by Jukes, we should regard the
West Pamage as part of the valley initiated by the south-flow-
ing Glashaboy River on an original high-lying land-surface
which rose gently toward the north.
Afterwards, through the
rapid development of the east and west valley along the strike
of the perishable Carboniferouq rocks, more and more of the
drainage of the country to the west,ward w4as drawn through
the gorge, until this water, combined in the River Lee, far
exceeded in voIume that of the original main-stream.
Similarly, the East Passage (Plate I.) represents the con-
tinuation of the valley of the Owennacurra River; and the
entrance of Cork Harbour marks the course taken by the
confluent streams from both gaps in their further passage
Routhward. The present condition of the channels has been
1 On the Mode of Formation of some of
the
River-valleys of the South of
fretand, by J. Reete Jukea.
Quart. Journ. Oed. B loc.,vol. xviii., p. 378.
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PHYB1OQRAPHICAL FfiAlfURfi8.
r
brought about by later depression
of
the land, whereby the
lower
parts of
the valleys were converted into marine inlets,
or ~iaa, as submerged land-features of this kind are sometimes
now termed by geographers.1
Prof. E., Hull, in his
Physical Geology and Geography of
Ireland (2nd ed.
,
1891, p. 208) proposed certain modifications
in Jukess viewIs, by introducing th,e supposition that the west-
flowing streams may have been diverted southward by obstruc-
tions due to faults or folds, but there seems no need to call in
this factor.
More recently Mr. J. Porter, in a suggestive
paper on Geographical Evolution in Cork,2 has arrived at
the conclusion that river-diversion on a large scale may have
taken place through the blocking up of the original channels
by drift d,eposits during the Glacial Period. But it will be
shown in the context that although some minor instances of
river-diversion of this kind have taken place in the district and
are readily recognisable, the principal transverse gorges are of
Pre-Glacial age
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t3
3~14 GI~OLOGY oP CORK
ANY
COOK BARBOUY~.
_
along boat-shaped troughs.
Thus, to the north-east of the
city of Cork the anticline is split into a northern and a southern
branch by thie intervention of the lens-shaped strip of Lower
Limestone Shale occupying the minor Riverstown Syncline,
which gives rise to a small longitudinal valley
;
and again, in
the north-western corner of thie map there is a deep wedge of
Carboniferous Limestone and associated beds, forming the
Blarney Syncline, which is marked by thle broad low strath in
which stand the celebrated ruins of Blarney Castle.
But dis-
regarding these minor infolds, the country north of the Cork
valley may be ,described as an undulating upland of Old R,ed
Sandstone rising gradually toward the north and merging into
the great belt of similarly constituted country which stretches
across Ireland from the west coast south of Dingle Bay to the
east coast south of Dungarvan, generally referred to as the
Mangerton
Axis or Anticline. The highest ground of the
present mlap lies within this tract, the greatest elevation
reached being \640 feet, on the summit of a rounded hill 2%
miles north of Carrigtohill.
by
The margin of this upland is high and st,eep, and is trenched
deep narrow ravines in which the principal streams have
graded their channels to a low level in agreement with the
drainage-level of the Cork valley. But in all parts beyond the
immediate influence of these deep channels, the plateau shows
a mature topography, with gently rounded features and
broad shallow valleys, evidently the relics of a past period
when the base-level of erosion had been nearly attained and
the country was being slowly reduced to the condition of a
penceplain. This period was certainly anterior to Glacial
times, as the Glacial drift not only rests on the gently rounded
features of the plateau, but also in places has been lodged
within the deep ravines. It may be surmised, therefore, that
at some time about the close of fhe Tertiary epoch, the
drainage-system which had become mature and sluggish was
rejuvenated by a relatively rapid deepening of the longitudinal
valleys, probably as the result of some change of climate
accompanied by elevation of the land. The gradient of the
trunk-valleys draining the Old Red Sandstone tracts was thus
sharply raised at their debouchure into the limestone-valleys,
and they commenced to cut rapidly backward into the upland.
We shall revert to the probable reason for this renewal of
erosive activity in a later part of the memoir.
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,
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THE PAL2EOZOIC ROCKS.
.
9
CHAPTER IT.-THE OLD RED SANDSTONE.
The Old Red Sandstones, which constitute the oldest rocke
of thi*s district, consist of alternating bands of sandy and clayey
composition, of which the prevalent tints are various shades
of dull red, brown and green.
The clayey beds are indurated
and converted by a Fell-marked slmatyclelavage into a soft clay-
slate, and the sam,e cleavage-structure also often pervades the
sandstones; thus giving an e,ssentially slaty character to the
whole series (Plate II). The strike of this cleavage is approxi-
mately E. 25 N., its dip being either northerly or southerly,
at angles varying from 60 up to vertical. There are no con-
glomerates in the *series in this district, though in the prolonga-
tion of these rocks to the westward, conglomerates are fre-
quently con,spicuous.
The. lowest beds are exposed along the
crest of the Central anticline and in the Cork (anticlme toward
the northern m,argin of the m.ap, but it is probable that these
beds are still far above the base of the series. In estimating
the thickness of the formation at not less than 5,000 feet,
Jukes remarked that the continuous section at Monkstown
shows a thickness of 4,300 feet, without any change appearing
in the lower beds there shown, or any sign of the base of the
formlation being approached.
l
Fossils are extremely rare in th,e Old Red Sandstone of this
district, being entirely unknown in the lower part of the Beries,
and in the upper part represent,ed only by scanty remains of
plants, #and a shell, ArcIzuznodon (AnodoGa) Jukei It is
believed that the whole series is of fresh-water origin and has
been accumulated in a large lake fed by a powerful river or
rivers.
The series is divided into two parts by slight lithological
differences_the Low,er Old Red Sandstone or so-called
Dingle Beds , and the Upper Old Red Sandstone or Kil-
torcan Beds
-which will now be separately discussed.
Lower Old Red Sandstone,
The lower division, which includes the greater part of the
series, is characterized by the prevalen,ce of brown and purplish
tints in its sandstones and sl.ates, and by the comparative rarity
of the yellowish and greenish beds which prevail in the upper
division. The )boundary between them in this district is, how-
ever, &more or less arbitrary and can only be approximately
defined.
The ,alternative term Dingle Beds was applied to the
Lower Old Reid Sandstone in the revised editions of the solid
sheets published in 1879 and in subsequent editions
;
but it
has not been thought advisable to reproduce this term on the
1 Hem.
t&sol.
ihrvey.
Explantttion of Sheets 187, 196, and 196, p. 7. It is
probable; however, that in this estimate insufficient allowance has been made
for the effect of folding in increasing the apparent thickness of the beds, as this
effect was imperfectly understood et the time when the estimate wss made.
The
preeenoe of
cleava
e in itself implies thst the beds have undergone severe lateral
compression, whia% almost always implies considerable vertiosl expansion.
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OEOLO(fY OP CORK AND CORK HARBOUR.
some confusion appears to have arisen in regard
. . __
. . _
ti it. The name was orlgmally appllled to a, series of sand-
stones, sh#ales and conglomerates in the
Dingle Promontory
which
are supposed to be closely asslociated with Upper Silurian
rocks and are overlain unconformably by part of the Old Red
Sandstone. Professor E. Hull1 believed that this Dingle series
W&S he equivalent of the Glengariff Grits and of the lower part
of the Old Red Sandstone throughout the South of Ireland.
Consequently he held that a great break existed between the
Lower Old Red or so-called Dingle Beds and the Upper Old
Red or Kiltorcan Beds
;
and he reglarded thle former division as
being ,clogely allied with the Upper Silurian, and proposed that
it
nshould be relegated to a new system to be called the
Devono-Silurian formation,2 while the l.atter division was
recognised as being only slightly older than the Carboniferous.
Even wh,ere the two divisions were apparently condormable
and in direct sequence,
Prof. Hull believed that the great
unconflormity existed, but was concealed by the prevalent later
8 olding.
Mr. A. McHenry, who took part in the re-examination of the
ground which led to the issue of the r,evised maps in X379-1880,
is of opinion however that the correlation of the beds showing
Silurian affinities in the Dingle Promontory with the lower
part of the Old Red Sandstone of the country farther eastward
and south-eastw,ard ,cannot be
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OLD RED SANDBTONE. 11
But the question is one which could only be settled by the
critical re-exlamination of a l,arge number of sections in the
south-west of Ireland, and this work is at present beyond the
scope of the survey.
Meanwhile,
designation of
by reverting to the original
Lower Old Red proposed by Jukes, it is
granted that the inference implied in the adoption of the term
Dingle Beds
corroboration.
on the revised
solid
map requires further
Upper Old Bed Sandstone.
The description of this *division given by Juk,es is a,s folc
lows1 :- The Upper or Yellow San&tone differs from that
below chiefly in the greater abundance of yellowish and
greenish cl*ays and sandstones, though often interstratified with
red beds.
The boundary between the upper and lower parts
of the Old Red is quite arbitrary, though their characters are
sometimes sufficiently di.stinct to enable one to recognize them
if a sufficient mass of either be exposed. Beds of rusty brown
colour, readily decomposing into a loamy sand, occur in both,
but chiefly in the upper group. These are decomposed Corn-
stones, ,and, when unweathered, are found to be full of strings
of crystalline carbonate of lime. Many of the clays or slates
of the upper part are also full of holes or lcells, looking at first
like places from which fossils have been removed by decdm-
position. These beds precisely resem,ble Isome beds in the
Old Red Sandstone of South Wales, from which indeed that
of Cork differs only in the presence of slaty cleavage.
Rocks of this character form the greater part of the crest of
the low Southern Anticline (Fig. l), and occur in a narrow
belt along both sides of the Central Anticline. They also
occupy the edge of the upland north of the Cork valley and
surround the depressions which mark the Riverstown and
Blarn,ey synclines. Their thickness is estimated at from 400
to 500 feet.
Fossils are extremely rare in these rocks, but those which
have been found are of great interest, inasmuch as they show
that the beds are of fresh-water origin, and that they are equi-
valent to, the celebrated fossiliferous rocks of Kiltoroan in
Kilkenny .
The term Kiltorcan Beds, which has been applied as an
alternative title to the Upper Old Red Sandstone, expresses
this relationship.
, >
The principal locality for the fossi1.s obtained from these beds
in the Cork district was from an excavation at Tivoli Villa on
the lower Glanmire Road, one mile and a h,alf east of Cork.
The specimens included fragments of the well-known Kiltorcan
plant, Archaopteris (Ad&&ites) Izibernica, Forbes, and the
bivalve mollusc Arckxn~d~n (Andonh)
Jukesi,
Forbes. It
is also stated in a former memoir ( Explanation of Sheet
187 ,
&c., .p. 23, footnote) th,at Sir R. Griffith procured a
large frond of the plant from the cutting at the mouth of the
railway tunnel in the strike of the same beds.
1
Mem. Oed.
Survey.
&planstion of Sheet 187, &cc.,
p. 7.
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The following figures represent the better-preserved apeci-
mens of theBe f&s& obtained from iltorcan.1 The plant-
Fro. 3.
Archceopterie (Adiuntitee)
habernicu
(Forbes), (from Mem. CfeoZ. Burvey.
Explanation of Sheem 147 and 167)
;
Kiltorcan Hill, co. Kilkenny.
c
WkE3
a is a representation in outline, somewhat restored, of a large portion of
one of the fronds reduced to one-sixth of the natural size ; b is a sketch of one of
the leaflets, natural size, showing the venation by longitudinal striae, which are
occasionally forked; c is a single branch in fructification, taken from another
specimen; it shows the spore csses which were originally aggregated into clusters
end grctnulated. (&I&J).
1 R. Griffith and A.
Bron
in the Yellow Sandstone
%
niart
On the Remains of Fossil Plants discovered
t&a,
&c.,
Journ. R. Dubli n fl oe.,
vol. i., p. 313.
W. H. Baii
Hill, co. Ki kenny.
On Fossils from the Upper Old Red Sandstone of Kiltorcen
SC.
Proc. R. Irieh Acad.,
ser. 2, vol. ii., p. 46. See also 6.
Htlughton On the Evidence afforded by Fossil Plants as to the Boundary Line
between the Devonian and Carboniferous Rocks.
Joum. Bed. Sot., Dublin,
vol. vi., p. 227*; 0. Heer On .
Jown. Ued. ~oc.,
vol. xxviii., p.
les;
L [plants] from Kiltorcan. QUMt.
&d later works on Palaeobotany.
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OLD REID SANDSTONE.
13
remains are of peculiar interest,
ELS
hey represent the oldest
land-plants known in the British Islands. The magnificent q
series of these fossils from Kiltorcan preserved in the Survey
Collection in the Dublin Museum of Science and Art include
specimens showing the fructification.
Fro. 4.
Archanodon (Anodonta) Jukesi
(Forbes), (From
Mem. Ueol. Survey:
Explanation
of Sheets 147 and 167 ): Kiltorcan Hill, co. Kilkenny.
Reduced to half natural size. . . . . a exhibits the exterior of this
elongated shell, with its well-marked lines of growth, characters common to
existing fresh-water unios and river mussels
; b
is from a cast of the interior of
the left valve of a very large specimen
;
it shows the impression or cicatrice of
the adductor muscle, and the straight toothless hinge line. (Buily).
There is no sharp line of demarcation between the Upper
Old Red Sandstone And the overlying elaty shales and grits
which are assigned to the Lower Carboniferous system. The
junction is apparently everywhere conformable, with indica-
tions of a gradual passage from the one series to the other,
although a change of conditions is indicated, since the over-
lying beds oontain a *marine fauna.
So close is the association
that it was at one time thought desirable to include the Kil-
torcan Beds with the Carboniferous, and as will presently be
shown, Prof. Jukes in his later papers advocated a return to
this mode of classification.
But on the other hand it would
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I$.
THE GEOLOGY OF CORK AND CORK HARBOUR.
appear to be more in keeping with the method adopted in
England and on the Continent if part of the #division known in
Ireland as the
Lower Carboniferous Slate and Coomhola
Grits were regarded as marine Upper Devonian, and there-
for,e separated from the Carboniferous rocks and chased along
with the Old Red Sandstone system.
An extensive literature
ha,s arisen upon these questions of technical classification, and
there is little doubt that if the Cork rocks were to be re-sur-
veyed at the present day, modifications would be introduced
into the scheme on which the rooks were originally mapped.
But so-long as the true order -of succession of the strata is
expressed upon the map, as in the present case, the scheme of
classification under which the rocks are arranged, though
technically important, will not greatly affect the direct purpose
of the map.
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LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.
15
CHARTER I&--THE CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.
The method of classification adopted in the original survey
of the Carboniferous rocks of the Cork
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16
THE GPOLOGY
OF CORK AND CORK HARBOUB.
Lower Limestone Shale and Carboniferous Slate,
The following is the description of these beds given by
Jukes in 1864 in the Explanation of Sheebs 187, 195 and
196 :-
In the neighbourhood of the Cork valley this group mn&te of dark
gray or
black shale, usually cleaved into clay slate, interstratified with
thin bands of fine-grained gritstone or sandstone of a gray or yellowish
colour.
In some places the lower gray grits alternate with red beds for a
short distance, so that it seems to pass down by insensible gradation
into the upper part of the Old Red Sandstone, although no marine fossils
are known to occur beneath a red bed. Its upper part is nowhere well
seen, except at Riverstown, where it seems as if about to graduate upwards
into the limestone, as thin flaggy limestones alternating with black shales
are visible there.
A curious little bed of conglomerate, consisting of a
base of gray grit in which pebbles of white quartz are enclosed, occurs in
the middle of the slates.
*
FIG. 6.
RingabellalBay, looking E.
~WVOSS
the mouth of CorkHarbour (from Hem. Geol.
Burvey,
Explanation of Sheets 187, 195, and 196 ).
CarboniferousSlate, showing beds, dipping to the S. at 36 ; join@ cutting
the beda at right an lea in two directions ; and cleavage,dipping N. at 70. The
p+ &view_ lies
a out a~,~~~~,,_tq,th~,?~~th~~~~_ zf
i~~~~i~~l~~-~
-@3s&?&-
( From wanti of &ygontinuous section from
up to the limestone,
it is impossible to determine the thickness of the
intermediate beds with any accuracy ;
but it can hardly ever exceed 1,000
or 1,500 feet, when the limestone is present above it.
( It is in many places very fossiliferous, the fossils, except the plant
remains, being all of marine origin ; and it is remarkable that no un-
doubted marine fossils are ever found in the red beds, but frequently
make
their appearance in the gray.
The characters here assigned to the Lower Limestone Shale do not,
except in the element of thickness and slaty cleavage, differ from those
which are found in similar beds between the top of the Old Red Sandstone
and the base of the Carboniferous Limestone generally in the south of
Ireland and also in S. Wales.
The descriptionapplies to the whole valley
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LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.
17
of Cork, and to the neighbourhood of Ballycottin, Cloyne, Queenstown,
and Monkstown.
Near Monkstown, they are certainly 1,000 feet thick,
where they dip beneath the Carboniferous Limestone ; but where they
rise again from beneath it, about Carrigaline and Coolmore, they seem to
be much thicker, so that it appears impossible to assign them a less
thickness than 2,000 or 3,000 feet.
This thickness must be again doubled
in the Kinsale country, as excellent sections are seen on both sides of the
promontory of the Old Head, exposing a thickness of not less than 6,000
feet of dark gray shales and sandstones.
(See
Explanation of Sheet 194,
&c.)
The grits which come in in the lower part of this series were called
by myself Coomhola grits, from the name of a place in Bantry Bay,
where they assume a far greater importance than near Cork.
They have
rather a peculiar assemblage of fossils, which occur either in the grits, or
in the slates which are interstratified with the grits, such as shells of the
genera Cuc&Zcea, and
Curtomtus,
the
Avicula
Damn.onie&s, and others,
FIG. 6.
Curtonotus from Carboniferous Slate and Coomhola Grit; County Cork (from
1Mem. Geol. Survey : Explanation of Sheets 187, 195, and 196 ).
a, Curtonotus elegans
(Salter), cast of interior of shell.
b. Exterl%r of shell.
c, G?.
Ourtonotus
var.
elongatue,
cast of interior of shell. d. From gutta-percha
impression of hinge.
e.
&rtonotus
var.
rotundatus,
cast of interior of shell.
f.
Curtonotus
species, cast of interior of shell.
g.
Curtonotus central&,
cast of in-
terior of shell. (Baily.)
but these are mingled with many other species which are found in the
shales and limestones of the Carboniferous formation throughout the
British Islands.
If we give to these gray beds the name of the Lower
Limestone Shale (which they have in S. Wales and near Bristol) in all
those places where it has the Carboniferous Limestone above it, it will be
better to adopt Sir R. Griffiths term of Carboniferous Slate for those
districts where it acquires so great a thickness, and is no longer covered
by the Carboniferous Limestone.
This is the more necessary, because I now believe that the part thus
called
hhn~ferozls slate
never had the
Carboniferous Limestone
above
it, but is contemporaneous with that limestone-mud, sand, and silt being
deposited over one part of the district, while calcareous matter was being
accumulated in another,
c
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18
THE GEOLOGY OF CORE AND CORK HARBOUR.
A list of the fossils which have been recorded from the Lower
Limestone Shale and associated deposits within the area of the
present sheet or from localities only just beyond its boundaries
is given subsequently (pp. 26 and 27). The list h,as been com-
piled from that of the late W. H. Baily, published in the
Explanation of Sheets 187, 195 and 196, with additions from
a
later paper published by Jukes, for which the fossil-lists were
also prepared by Baily.
The names of the fossils in this list,
and also in the subsequent lists, are reprinted as given in the
original records cited, as it was found that much confusion and
risk of error would have arisen if the names had been altered
to their supposed equivalents in present nomenclature without
re-examination of the original specimens, which is beyond the
scope of the present drift-survey.
It will be noticed that there are very few species in the list
obtained from that part of the Iseries classified as Lower
Limestone Shale by Jukm which have not al,so been obtained
from the Carboniferous Slate district or from the Coom-
hol,a Grits of 4he same district. Therefore if these lists may
be taken m fairly representative of the fauna of the different
rock-groups, there is no palEeontologica1 evidence on which to
establish a distinction between them. Neither do we find any-
thing in the fossils to support the view of Jukes, on the one
hand, that part of the Carboniferous Slate of the south-
western district may be equivalent to the C,arboniferous Lime-
stone of the north and north-east, and therefore in part newer
than the Lower Limestone Shale
;
nor, on the other hand, to
support the widely held opinion that the CoomhoLa Grit
series may be older than th,e Lower Limestone Shale. If the
Carboniferous Slate and Coomhola Grits be relegated to the
Upper Devonian, it would appear to be necessary to regard the
greater part of the Lower Limestone Shale of the Cork district
as Upper Devonian also.
(See Note at end of list, p. 27.)
The views of Jukes on the question of classification, to which
reference has been made, are expressed in the following state-
ment, extracted from the Explanation of Sheets 187, 195 and
196, pp. 32-37 :-
I havz, however, arrived at a conclusion difEerent from my original
one respecting the relations between the rock groups of the district,
which it will be well to give a brief account of here. Wherever th6 Car-
boniferous Limestone occurs in this district, it lies above beds of dark
gray or black shale or slate.
These beds are thicker near Cork than they
are farther to the north, about
Mallow for instance, or anywhere in
that latitude, either at Kenmare to the west, or at Dungarvan to the east.
Proceeding from, &Fk to the aou+h and west towards Kinsale, these
gray slates become still thicker, but are still capped by the limestone as
far as Carrigaline.
The most obvious supposition is that the lowest lime-
stone beds about ,Cork are the same beds which are the lowest at Mallow,
and that the lowest beds about Carrigaline are the same as the lowest
at Cork ; in fact, that while the limestone remained the same over the
whole area of the south of Ireland, a great thickening took place in the
oeds below the limestone in the south-western part of the county of Cork.
This increase of thickness in those beds, as we proceed towards the south-
wesi, is an undoubted fact. ; but I now believe that it was accompanied
by a corresponding thinning out and dying away of the limestone, and
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LOWER CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS.
19
that the bottom beds of the limestone at Carrigaline correspond to beds
which are above the bottom beds near Cork, and the bottom beds of Cork
are in like manner contemporaneous with beds that lie above the bottom
beds at Dungarvan and Mallow.
The first suspicion that such an interpretation was the true one, was
derived from the examination of the fossils. Some specimens of fossil
fish were found by the late Mr. Flanagan, in some black shale near
Ballyheedy R.C. Chapel, SW. of Ballinhassig (in Sheet 194). Professor
Edward Forbes recommended me, in the year 1852, to send these to Sir
P, de M. Grey Egerton, for his inspection and determination. Sir R.
Egerton was kind enough to inform me that they belonged to the genus
Ccrzlacunthus
which he said he had never seen any trace of in any beds
below the Coal Measures.1
These fish remains were accompanied by shells of the genus Po&
donomya. The same shells occurred also near the inner corner of the
.
Old Head of Kinsale, near Lispatrick Lower, where they had been pro-
cured by Sir R. Griffith, and have since been found by ourselves. Posi-
donomya, although very characteristic of the lower Coal Measure Shales
in the south of Ireland, does occur in the Carboniferous Limestone also.
I therefore concluded that it might occur in the Carboniferous Slates which
I then supposed to lie wholly below the limestone, and that the genus
Codacmthw might also be found in earlier rocks in the south of Ireland
than elsewhere.
Still the possibility of these black shales being Coal Measures, resting
on the Carboniferous Slate by overlap or unconformability, remained
present to my mind, accompanied, however, by a repugnance to the sup-
position that the Carboniferous Slate could possibly be contemporaneous
with the Carboniferous Limestone.
A short visi$ however, in Se tember,
Fl
1852, to the neighbourhood of
Barnstaple, in N. Devon, and t e
acquisition of a set of fossils from
Mr. Symons, of Braunton, collected in that parish, removed this repug
nance. I saw that both lithologically and palseontologically, bed for
bed, and fossil for fossil, the Braunton and Pi&own rocks of Devon were
identical with the Carboniferous Slate of Cork. The Marwood Sand-
stones, and the gray grits below them that form Baggy Point, were ob-
viously the same as our Coomhola Grits, and the red and green rocks
that rise up from beneath those rocks in Morte Bay, are exactly similar
to:? Upper Old Red Sandstone of large parts of the we& of County
Rut the Coal-Measures of Devon rest on the Carboniferous Slate,
without the intervention of any Carboniferous Limestone in its ordinary
form, often without any appearance of limestone at all.
The whole
series of N. Devon seemed to me to be a conformable one, and in many
instances it a.ppeared difficult to draw any very decided boundary between
the Coal Measures and the rocks below. If, however, we have Coal
Measures abov& and Old Red Sandstone below, the rocks between them
must be of the age,of the Carboniferous Limestone.
It is possible, there-
fore, that the sa,me may take place in Cork, and that the small patches
of black shale, which in Cork contain fish of the genus Caelacanthus, and
shells of the following species-Posidomomyn Becheri and P. mern&raru;ccea,
Avi oul opect en papyraceus, Lw nw l i cardi um sp.,
Orthoceras
inctum,
0. sea-
Zcvre, nd 0. zcn&2;atum, and
Goni at i t es sphceri cus,
an assemblage so pecu-
liarly characteristic of the lower Coal Measure shales throughout, Ireland,
from Kerry to Dublin-are really themselves Coal Measure shales also.
The plants identified by Mr. Baily as Nceggemthiu dichotoma, also occur
in the same locality as the C& acanthus.
If we add to this the fact that these patches of black shale differ in
lithological character from the general mass of the Carboniferous slate,
and are precisely like the lower Coal Measure shales* of Kerry, Limerick,
1 See pages 32-35 for discussion of these supposed Coal Measures.
* This is espeoially emarkable n one
a small quarry by the roadside, at Rag z
lace, where saw them freshlyo
P
ened, at
ridge, three miles S.W. of
between CooloulithaHouse and TemplemichaelChurch.
Bnl inhassig,
C2
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2
THE GEOLOGY OF CORK AND CORK HARBOUR.
Tipperary, Kilkenny, Carlow, and Dublin, the evidence in favour of
Ei;tteally those beds becomes sufficient to warrant us in accepting
.
On a reexamination of the Carboniferous limestone between
their
it as
Car-
rigaline and Cork Harbour, with this idea as a basis, I saw that two
points, that had previously struck me as remarkable, favoured this
hypothesis.
One of these points is near Carrigaline Church and Castle.
A mass
of dark gray, fine-grained grit is visible at the corner of the cross-roads,
while immediately north of it there comes in thick, massive, gray, crystal-
line, crinoidal limestone.
Neither of these rocks are at all like the beds
that usually occur at the base of the limestone, where it passes down into
the Lower Limestone shale, so that it is probable that the bottom beds
at this locality are not the regular basal beds of the limestone, but some
higher ones.
I was at one time half inclined to suspect that the lime-
stone might be unconformable to the lower rocks at this place, but the
exposure of the latter is too small and obscure to found such a sup-
position on.
I The other instance i.s much more telling, though it has to be sought
in an obscure locality. It is on the south side of the promontory of
Ringaskiddy, on the eastern shore of the shoal inlet there
where some beds of dark gray shale and thin gray grit bands, verk liketh;?
Carboniferous slate beds (and not like any beds that are called Calp),
come in above some 800 or 900 feet of thick, gray, crystalline limestone.
These look very much like beds of Carboniferous slate beginning to be
intercalated between beds of the limestone, or like beds of Carboniferous
slate con&g in over the Eimestme, and as if the limestone was begin-
ning to die away as an
inlier
in the slate.
Lastly, we may appeal to the general palseontological evidence procur-
able from the Carboniferous slate itself.
With t-he exception of the shells
called Czcc~ZZcca nd Cwrtomtus, and a few other fossils which are found
almost solely in the gritstones (and which we m.ay suppose, therefore, to
have been sand-loving animals)., and a few species, such as Modiola
Macada,mi and Avicula Danmomensis, which are found chiefly in shales
or slates (and appear, therefore, to have been inhabitants of muddy
bottoms), most of the species found in the Carboniferous Slate are also
found in the Carboniferous Limestone. It is true that the limestone has
many species which are not found in the grits or in the shales or slates,
but it is obvious that we may attribute this also to the nature of the
different sea bottoms which were favourable to them, and not to the dif-
ferent periods of their existence.
Certain animals loved clear seas and calcareous bottoms, certain
others preferred sand, and others again mud, all inhabiting simulta-
neously different parts of the same sea ; while others, and those the most
abundant in individuals, ranged indiscriminately throughout. Among
the latter we may include those common Carboniferous species, Fenestella
antiqua,
A thy ri s ambigua,
Producta scabricula,
Rhynchonella plezlrodon,
Spirzfem
czcspidata and
S. striata
(varieties of which latter species are
probably the
disjmcta
of Sowerby,
Vmmezci l l i i
of Murchison),
Strepto-
rhynchus crennistria,
and
Terebratbla hastata,
which range throughout
the Carboniferous Slate, as thev do throughout the Carboniferous Lime-
stone, occurring in the grits and slates side by side with the fossils that
are peculiar to those beds.
[ I feel, then, now assured that the Carboniferous Slate must be taken
to be contemporaneous with the Carboniferous Limestone, and that here
and there in the Carboniferous Slate country of Cork, small patches of
Coal Measure shales come in conformably on the topmost bed of the
Carboniferous Slate, just as they do on the top of the Carboniferous
Limestone in the northern part of County Cork, and the rest of the S.
of Ireland.
The deposits of sand and mud which first succeeded the formation of
the Old Red Sandstone in South Ireland and South Wales, were con-
tinued uninterruptedly through the whole Carboniferous period to the
southward and westward of a line which runs through Kenmare Bay,
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ark
Harbuur, and the Bristol Channel, while to the
north of that line
those muddy and sandy deposits were interrupted during a large part
of the period, and the Carboniferous Limestone was formed from the
waste of the bodies of marine animal organisms, which flourished in the
abeence of the mtchanic$ detritus.
Coomhols Grits.
,
-
.
,
-
.
.
-
.
.
.
--
*
.
.
.
.
1
Carboniferous lA;meatone,
The Carboniferous Limestone was mainly derived from the debris of
submarine forests of Crinoidal animals
; just as many great bulks of
limestone are being now formed in tropical seas from the debris of
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L;OWE R CA~kO~IFtiROU$ R6CK&.
This conclusion will apply to the Eifel limestones and the other rocks now called
Devonian in Europe and America, as well as to those of the British Islands.
It
will also follow that no part of the Old Red sandstone can properly be called
Devonian, as the topmost bed of the Old Red sandstone will then be shown to
have been in existence before any of the beds containing the marine Devonian
shells were deposited.
The upper art of the series called Old Red sandstone, that containing plant
remains and fis
%
of the genera Pterichthys, Coccosteus, &c., will then form the
conformable base of the Carboniferous series, while the lower
art, containing fish
of the genera Cephalaspis, &c., %ill more properly belong to t
Silurian Series.
e top of the Upper
These hypothetical conclusions, however, are here put forth as problems for
solution, having a sufficient amount of probability to make them worth enter-
taming, and not as demonstrated theorems.
E.B.J.]
It will be noticed that much stress is laid by Jukea in the
above-quoted passages on the supposed Coal Measures directly
overlying the Carboniferous Slate in the neighbourhood of
Ballinhassig . But, as already mentioned, it must now be
acknowledged, for reasons to be subsequently discussed, that
the correlation of these beds with the Coal Measurers can no
longer be sustlained. Their fa,una, though newer than that
of the Carboniferous Slates themselves is still a
Lower
Car-
bonifer0u.s fauna, being one which iss found in other parts of
Ireland in the ,sh&les associ.at,ed with the upper part of the
Carboniferous Limestone (p. 33).
In the above argument Jukes fully recognized the close
relationship of the Carboniferous Slate series with the Pilton
and Marwood Beds of Devonshire both in their respective
faunas and in their lithological characters. This correla-
tion has indeed been accepted by all geologists who have
attempted to compare the Cork rocks with those of Devon-
shire.1 Thus, Davidson, in dealing with Devonian brachiopods
in his great Monograph on the Brachiopoda, vol. iii., part vi.,
pp. 106-107 (Palaont. Sot. for 1863), pointed out the close
resemblance of these fossils from the two countries, and en-
forced the comparison by a tabular list. He contributed a
further discussion of the correlation to the Geological Surveg
Memoir on Sheets 192 and 199 (pp. 28-30)) published in 1864,
from which the following passages may be quoted :-
it would appear that about twenty-one species of Brachio-
pod;
hkebeen found to occur in the North Devon grits and slates, while
about sixteen have been recognised in the Irish corresponding beds.
Of the twenty-one North Devon species, nine or ten only have been
recognised in the Irish brown grits, not quite half of the species being
common to the two.
They contain in common
Athyr is
(perhaps concentrica),
Spkifera
disjuncta
and
Cyrt ina het erocl i t a 1
hitherto considered to belong to the
Devonian age, but there is no reason why they should not have existed
also in that of the Carboniferous period.
The absence, however, in these Irish beds of any example of
Eh.
l at i costa, St rophdosia caperat a, Product us pra& ngus,
and Gngulla
mola,
species so common and characteristic of the ,North Devon beds, is very
remarkable ; but our not having met them among the specimens sent from
Ireland fovr e,xamination, is no proof that they do really not occur in
these Irish grits.
1
Since the above was written, this correlation has been restated by Dr.
Wheelton Hind in a paper to which further reference is given on p. 26.
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ti4
THE GEOLOGY OF CORK AND CORK HARBOUR.
In a paper1 published in 1866, Jukes expressed his convic-
tion, after personal examination of the Devonshire sections,
that
the rocks of North Devon belong partly to the group
called Carboniferous Slate in Ireland, and partly to the Old
Red Sandstone. And Ias he still adhered to the view that the
Csrboniferous Slate was in part deposited synchronously with
the Carboniferous Limestone, he suggested that the upper
portion of the Devonian series in Devon might also be equiva-
lent to the Carboniferous Lime,stone.
The following concise re-statement of his views with regard
to the Gork rocks as a whole, is given by Jukes in his last-
quoted paper (p. 345) :-
One general conclusion may be briefly stated as the result of the
examination of t.he western part of @ounty (York, namely, t,hat there are
two great formations in it, the Old Eed Sandstone below, and the Car-
boniferous Slate above ;
the Old Red Sandstone containing no marine
fossils and scarcely any fossils at all, except Elands in its upper portion ;
the Carboniferous Slate containing some of these plants, but also marine
fossils, sometimes in grea,t profusion. The Old Ited Sandstone has a
prevailing red tinge t,hroughout
with no beds of black or bluish-grey
slate ; the Carboniferous Slate has a prevailing black or bluish-grey
colour, with no beds of a red tinge. Both are greatly affected by slaty
cleavage.
It may also be stated that where the Carbonifcrous Slate and Car-
boniferous Limestone are both present together, the Carboniferous Lime-
stone is uppermost
; but that where the Carboniferous Limestone has a
thickness of 2,000 feet, or upwards, the dark slates between it and the
Old Red Sandstone are very thin, rarely more than 200 feet in thickness
;
while where these dark slates thicken out to more than 2,000 feet, there
is no great thickness of Carboniferous Limestone over them. Where the
Carboniferous Slate attains a still greater thickness, and swells out to
three, four, or five thousand feet, it has never any Carboniferous Lime-
stone over it at all, but there appear here and there patches of black
slate upon it, which both lithologically and paheontologica.lly resemble
the Coal-Measures. If so, the Carboniferous Slate occupies, there, the
whole interval between the top of the Old Red Sandstone and the base
of the Coal-Measures, with a perfectly conformable and continuous series
of beds to the exclusion of the Carboniferous Limestone ; and therefore
replaces that limestone.
Prof. E. Hull2 at la later date expressed the same opinion as
to the relationship between the Carboniferous Slate and the
Pilton and Marwood Beds of Devonshire, and the correlation
has been frequently referred to by other writers. On the
1 On the Carboniferous Slate (or Devonian Rocks) and the Old Red Sandstone
of South Ireland and North Devon.
Quart. Joum. Geol. Sot., vol. xxii., pp.
320-371. See also the following other papers by Jukes :- Additional Notes
on the Grouping of the Rocks of North Devon and West Somerset, privately
printed, Dublin, 1867.
Notes for a Comparison between the Rocks of the
South-west of Ireland and those of North Devon and of Rhenish Prussia [con-
taining a :ood list of fossils and fossil-localities], Journ. R. Geol. Sot. of Ireland.
vol. i. (1867), pp. 103-138
;
Further Notes on the Cla.ssification of the Rocks
of North Devon, ibid., vol. i. (1867), pp. 138-143 ; and Notes on parts of South
Devon and Cornwall, ibid., vol. ii. (1871), pp. 66-107.
2 A possible explanation of the North Devon Section, Geol.
Mag.,
dec. ii.,
vol. v. (1878), p. 532 ; and
,.Cn a proposed Devono-Silurian Formation, Quart.
Journ. GwZ. Qoc.,
vol. xxxvm. (1882), p. 208.
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LOW&%
CAttkbNIFEBOUS
ROCKS.
25
strength of
this correlation some authors,
including Jukes and
Hull, have
Lower
urged that the Devonshire beds
CarboGif erous .1
should be classed as
It has, however, been supposed by most later workers that
the Carboniferous Limestone period is represented in Devon
and Cornwiall by part of the Culm series2-a shaly and sandy
group differing widely from its equivalents in other parts of
Britain-and fhat the Pilton and Mtarwood beds which under-
lie this series are older than the Carboniferous Limestone and
must be retained in the Upper Devonian. If this method of
classification be finally adopted for the English rocks it will
re-act to some extent upon the system adopted by Jukes in
Ireland, and, as previously rioted, it would probably become
requisite to relegate a large part of the Carboniferous Slate
series to the Upper Devonian.
Within recent years the fossils of the Pilton and Marwood
beds have been carefully re-described by the Rev. G. F. Whid-
borne in vol. iii. of his Monograph of the Devonian Fauna of
the South of England (& onogr. P zon.t.ot.,01s. l., 1896,
li., 1897, and iii., 1898) ; but no similar work has yet been done
on the Cork fossils, and the list given below is based entirely
on the determinations made by Baily over forty years ago.
It is highly desirable that the fauna of the Carboniferous Slate
and Coomhola Grits should be re-examined in the light of
present palpontological knowledge, ,and until this has beer1
done further discussion of the correlation is hardly possible.
But the absence of some characteristic Devonshire species,
commented on by Davids,on,
and the comparative poverty of
the Irish fauna, suggest that the conditions in the two regions
were not identical, and that only part of the Pilt,on and Mar-
wood series is represented by m.arine deposits in Ireland.
.
As a summary of our present knowledge, .it may be con-
cluded that in the dilstrict under discussion, after the long
period of lacustrine conditions represented by the Old Re,l
Sandstone, a wide-reaching depression occurred by which the
area was submerged beneath the sea. This submergence took
place before the close of the Devonian period-if we accept the
limits usually assigned to that period in the south of England-
and was continued throughout Lower Carboniferous times.
The earliest sediments accumulated during this submergence
are therefore of Ialte TJpper Devonian age, but .pass insensibly
1 See Correlation Tables in
Renort of Sub-Committee on Carboniferous,
Devonian, and Old Red Sandstone,
published in
Report of International Leo-
logical Congre.%s,London 1888.
2For some recent conclusions regarding the Culm Series, see Mr. W. A. E,
Usshers papers The British Culm-measures, Proc. Somerset drchocol. & Nat.
Hist. Sot., vol. xxxviii. (1892), pp. 111-219, and The Culm-measure types of
Great Britain, Trans. Inst. Mining
Engineers,
vol. xx. (1901), pp. 360-387.
See
also Messrs. G. J. Hinde and H. Fox, on Radiolarian Rocks in the Lower Culm,
Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soe., vol. li. (1 395), p. 662. Since the above was written,
however, Dr. Wheelton Hind has urged, on palnontological grounds, that the
Lower Culm is equivalent to the Pendleside Series of the North of
England, and t,herefore newer than the main mass of the Carboniferous Lime-
stone ; see his paper
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26
THE GEOLOGY OIf CORK AND CORK HARBOUR.
upward into similar sediments of Lower Carboniferous age.
These sediments include the Carboniferous Slate and Coomhola
Grits, and the Lower Limestone Shale. In this conformable
sequence any division to be drawn between Upper Devouian
and Lower Carbomferous rocks must be more or less arbitrary
i
and for purposes of local stratigraphy it is more convenient to
adhere to the existing method, by which the marine beds are
united as a group.
For the sake-of analogy we may cite the case of the
Rhatic Beds, which lie conformably between the salt-lake
deposits of the Triassic or New Red period and the marine
sediments of the Lias, and are classed sometimes with the
underlying and sometimes with the overlying series. It is
noteworthy, moreover, that the Rh&ic fauna in its broader
features bears a distinct resemblance to that of the Carboni-
ferous Slate. The classification of such passage-beds in our
conventional scheme of geological systems has ever been a
source of difficulty and divergent opinion.
FOSSILS OF THE LOWEIR LIMESTONE SHALE, CARBONI-
FEROIJS SLATE AND COOMHOLA GRIT from localitim within the
limits of the Cork map or olosely adjacent to its outer boundaries, com-
piled from W. H. Bailys list (marked B.) in Xem. Geol. Szcruey,
Explanation of Sheets 187, 195 and 196 (1864), pp. 8-18 : with additions
from I the neighbourhood of Ballea (marked J.) from the paper of
J. Beete Jukes,
On the Carboniferous Slate (or Devonian Rocks) and
the Old Red Sandstone of South Ireland and North Devon, in Qwurt.
Jowm. GC&. Hoc., vol. xxii. (1866), p. 336-7. For the exact localities
at which the fossils were found reference should be made to the above-
mentioned publications.
.
Lower
1
ar-
t
itll3dIN3
bog feous
T--
oomhole
Grit.
PLANT q.
Filicites line&us, Baily . . . .
B
B
AOTINOZOA.
Cyathophyllum(P&r&) celticum, Lonsd.
.
. .
Pleurodictyum problematicum, QoZdf.
.
. :
5
EOHINODERMATA.
Actinocrinus polydactylus, Miller .
.
Cyethocrinus pinnatus, Qoldf. .
---- (1Actinocrinus) varisbilis, Phi& .
:
Cyathocrinus (1 Actinocrinus), and other crin-
oidal remains.
. .
. . JJ
ii
J
B
Plstyorinua . . . . . .
CRUSTAOEA.
. .
J
Cypridina (Leperditia) subrecta, PO&. .
.
B J
1The classification of the Coomhola series as passage-beds is
ado ted also
by Dr. Wheelton Hind in the correlation table in his paper on The Sub
ivisions
of the CarboniferousSeries n Great Britain and some of their European Equiva-
lents. Trans. Ed&b. Geol. Sot.. vol. vii. (ZSSS), p. 360.
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POSSILS OF THE LOWER LIMESTONE SHALE, ETC.
27
BRYO~OA.
Ceriopora rhombifera, Phi& . . .
Fenestella antiqua,
Goldf.
. . .
BRACHIOPODA.
Athyris ambigua, &our.
. . . .
Discina nitida, Phi&
Orthis Michelini, Lkv. (including some speci:
mens which may possibly be 0. inter-
lineata, Sow.)
Productus scabriculus, Martin . . .
---
semireticulatus, var. Martini, Sow.
.
Renssellseria stringice s ? F. Roemer
.
Rhynchonella pleuro on,
.
Phil?. (or R. lati-
Costa).
Spirifera cuspidata, Martin
. . .
----
striata, Martin (along with forms
usually named S. disjuncta or S. Verneuili)
Spirifefep cristata, var. octoplicata, J. de 0.
Streptorhynchus crenistria, Phill. . .
Terebratula hastata,
J. de C. Sow.,
. .
LAMELLIBRANcHI_~TA.
Avicula damnoniensis, Sow. . . .
Aviculopecten nexilis, Sow.
. . .
Cucullaea Hardingi, Sow. (including vars.
trapezium and amygdalina).
Curtonotus elegans Salter (and vars. elongatus
and rotundatus).
Cy ricardia Phillipsi, &Orb.
. . .
Po abra ? sp.
Modiola Macadami, P&X
: : : :
Nucula, sp.
Sanguinolites, sp: 1 1 1 1 1
Sedgwickia bullata ? MCoy . . .
GASTEROPODAwith HETEROPODA).
Acroculia striata, Philt.
. .
Bellerophon subglobatus, MCo~ . .
----
sp.
Euomphalus, sp.
: : : : :
Natica, sp.
Pleurotomaria, sp.
1 1 1 1 1
Turbo, sp.
. . . . . .
CEPHALOPODA.
Goniatites, sp.
Orthoceras unduiatum; SOW:
: : :
---- sp. . . . . . .
Lower
LiK&;ne
.
. .
. .
BB
B
B
. .
::
B
. .
B
. .
B
B
B
BB
B
B
. .
B
B
ti
. .
. .
. .
ii
B
~~-
bOll;OUS
.
i
J
ii
J
. .
J
3
B
J
J
J
. .
J
J
. .
. .
;
J
. .
J
J
. .
. .
. .
3
. .
J
oomhob
Qrit.
. .
. .
z
.
..
.
ii
B
B
:
B
ii
B
. .
BB
B
. .
. .
. .
i3.
ii
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Note.-As it was held by Jukes that the Lower Limestone Shale, Carboniferous
Slate, and Coomhola Grit were equivalent deposits and all of Carboniferous
age, their classification for purposes of fossil-collecting was probably considered
to be of secondary conse uence,
original list, from which tx
and therefore the separation indicated in the
more or less arbitrary.
e above table has been compiled, has evidently been
xxii., p. 337) that
Jukes stated in his paper (Quart. Journ. Geol. Sot., vol.
CucuZZ@a, and Curtonotus were found at several localities,
but always in grits, the situation of which showed them to be low down in the
Carboniferous Slate.
As these fossils are recorded in the list from all three
divisions, it may be inferred that the grit-bands with the peculiar fauna ocour in
the Lower Limestone Shale as well as in the Carboniferous Slate.
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ab
TEtE GEOi;Oc;P F CORK AND C6BR RARBOUR.
Carboniferous Limestone.
The following is the short description of the Carboniferous
Limestone given by Jukes in the Explanation of Sheets 187,
195 and 196 (p. 9) :-
The Carboniferous Limestone
preserves nearly the same characters
over the whole
area, being a pale gray compact
or crystalline limestone,
almost
always thick bedded.
It is, however, so much cut up by numerous
joints, and
often so much affected
by an imperfect slaty cleavage, that
it is generally impossible to say which are the original planes of stratify-
cation, and
determine its dip by any observatioss
made in the limestone
itself.
Where this can be determined, it always agrees with that of the
rocks below,
no appearance of the slightest unconformity having ever
.been observed in any of the beds of the district.
It may be further noted that in many places the limestone
is seamed or veined with dolomite, usually of a, brown colour.
It also includes irregular bands and nodules of chert. Though
usually f
a grey or blu.ish grey colour, in a few places it has
been stained pink or red, and then affords a handsome orna-
mental marble when polished. The principal localities for
this red limestone lie a little to the south and south-west of
Midleton, where the rock is quarried as an ornamental stone
(p. 110). The ordinary grey limestone
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CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE.
29
The groups of fossils thus dealt with are as follows :-The
Entomostraca, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, J. W. Kirkby, and
G. S. Brady (Monogr.
Palaont. Sot.
between 1874 and 1899) ;
the Trilobites and other Crustacea, by Dr. H. Woodward
(Mon. Pal. Sot. for 1878,1883 and 1884) ; the Lamellibranchs,
by Dr. W7. Hind (Mon. Pal. Sot. between 1896 and 1904-not
yet complet,ed)
;
and the Cephalopod,s, by Dr. A. H. Foord
(Mon. Pal. Sot. between 1897 and 1903). In most cases these
rnonographs contain numerous figures of Cork fossils.
From the above works and other publications hereafter men-
tioned the following list has been compiled :-
LIST OF FOSSILS FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE
OF THE CORK DISTRICT
;
compiled from the following
publications
: -
BAILY, W. H.-List in previous Memoir Geol. Survey : Explanation of Sheets
187, 195 and 196 (1864), pp. 8-18.
DAVIDSON,
T.-List of Brachiopoda in Mem. Geol. Survey : Explanation
of Sheets 192 and 199 (1864), pp. 27-28.
DONALD, MISS J.- Notes on some new and little known species of Carbon-
iferous Murchisonia, Quart.
J
ourn. Geol. Sot., vol. xlviii. (1892)
;
and Notes
on Murchisonia and its allies,
ibid.
vol. li. (1895), p. 221.
FOORD, A. H.- Monograph of the Carboniferous Cephalopoda of Ireland,
Fa,Gzont. Sot. for 1897-1903.
HAU~HTON, S.- On some Fossil Pyramidellidae from the Carboniferous
Limestone of Cork and Clonmel,
Proc. Dubli n Univer. * Zool. & Botan. Assoc.,
vol. i. (1859), p.
282.
HIND, W.--- MFmograph of the British Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata,
Pakeont Sot. for 1897-1904.
JONE;. T. R., J. W. KIRKBY, and G. S.
BR.\DY.-
Monograph of the British
Fossil Bivalved Entomostraca from the Carboniferous Formations, Palceont.
SOS. for 1874 and 1884.
JONES, T. R., and H. WOODWARD.
Monograph of the British Palaeozoic
Phyllopoda, Palaeont Sot. for 1899.
WOOD WARD, H.-- Monograph
of the British Carboniferous Trilobites,
Pakont Sot. for 1883 and 1884
;
and Monogr. of the British Fossil Crustacea
belonging to the Order MerJstomata, Part V., ibid