the global experience -...

Chapter

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

AP® Seventh Edition

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.

All Rights Reserved

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert

The Transformation of the West, 1450–1750

18


All Rights Reserved


Figure 18.1 This tapestry with a Tree of Life design from India dates from the early 18th

century. This particular design is on cotton, but it shows the colors and artistry that made

Indian fabrics such a popular global commodity in the postclassical and Early Modern periods.


All Rights Reserved


Chapter Overview

I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce, 1450–1650

II. The Commercial Revolution

III.The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change

IV.Political Change

V. The West by 1750


All Rights Reserved


TIMELINE 1300 C.E. to 1750 C.E.


All Rights Reserved


The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce

• A New Spirit

– Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)

Secular writing

• The Italian Renaissance

– Begins 14th, 15th centuries

In northern Italy


All Rights Reserved




– Italy

Urbanized

Merchant class

Political rivalry

– Petrarch, Boccaccio

Use Italian

Secular topics


All Rights Reserved




– Painting

Use of perspective

Shadow, distance

Focus on humans

–Michelango Buonarotti

– Leonardo da Vinci

– Niccolo Machiavelli


All Rights Reserved




– Humanism

Looking back to classical past

Study of texts, especially ancient

– Encouraged innovation


All Rights Reserved



• The Renaissance Moves Northward

– By 1500, impetus moves north

– Northern Renaissance

France, Low Countries, England, Germany

• Thence to eastern Europe

Francis I

More concerned with religious matters

William Shakespeare

Miguel de Cervantes


All Rights Reserved



• Changes in Technology and Family

– Johannes Gutenberg

Movable type

Advances in literacy

– European-style family pattern

Late marriage

Nuclear family

Limit birth rates


All Rights Reserved



• The Protestant and Catholic Reformations

– 1517, Martin Luther and Protestantism

Attacks church institutions

Bible the only authority

• Vernacular translations

– Protestant protest used for political gain

German opposition to the papacy

Rulers seize church lands


All Rights Reserved




– Henry VIII

Establishes Anglican church

– Jean Calvin

Calvinism

• Predestination


All Rights Reserved




– Catholic Reformation

Renewal

Jesuits

• Missionaries

• Education


All Rights Reserved


Map 18.1 Western Europe During the Renaissance and Reformation

Different Protestant denominations made inroads in much of northwestern Europe with

the Reformation, but Catholicism maintained its hold on significant portions of the continent.


All Rights Reserved



• The End of Christian Unity in the West

– Religious Wars

France

• Calvinists v. Catholics

• 1598, Edict of Nantes

– Promises Protestants' toleration

Thirty Years War (1618–1648)

• Devastating to Germany

• Netherlands independent

• Treaty of Westphalia


All Rights Reserved



• The End of Christian Unity in the West

– Religious Wars

English Civil War

• 1640s

• Calvinists, Anglicans, remaining Catholics

Dominated politics for almost a century

Lessened connection between God and nature

– Literacy increases


All Rights Reserved


Figure 18.2 Civil war over religious issues and the relative power of king and parliament

resulted in the beheading of Charles I in London in 1649. As this painting suggests, the

regicide was one of the most controversial events in English history.


All Rights Reserved


Map 18.2 Europe Under Absolute Monarchy, 1715

The rise of absolute monarchies led to consolidation of national borders as states asserted full control of areas within their

boundaries. For example, a recent study shows that villages that straddled the French–Spanish border were undifferentiated before 1600, but

by 1700 they showed marked national differences because of different state policies and the greater impact of belonging to one

state or another.


All Rights Reserved


The Commercial Revolution

• The Impact of the World Economy

– Inflation, 16th century

–Gold, silver from New World

–Demand outstrips supply

– Prosperity increase for ordinary people and merchants


All Rights Reserved


The Commercial Revolution

• Social Protest

– Proletariat develops

– Attitudes towards poor change

– Protests

–Witchcraft persecution

• A Balance Sheet

– Europe more commercial

– Religion remained strong despite role shift


All Rights Reserved


Map 18.3 European Population Density, c. 1600

Europe experienced new levels of population concentration in some urban areas by 1600,

although by Asian standards, city size remained fairly modest.


All Rights Reserved


The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of Change

• Scientific Revolution

–Did Copernicus Copy?

Nicolaus Copernicus

• Polish monk

• Planets move around sun

• Work of al-Urdi, al-Tusi

– Earlier Arab scientists

– May have had knowledge of them


All Rights Reserved



• Science: The New Authority

– Johannes Kepler

Observations confirm earlier work

– New instruments add to data collection

–Galileo Galilei

Uses Copernicus' work

–William Harvey

Circulatory system


All Rights Reserved


Figure 18.3 Johannes Kepler, one of the leading figures in the Scientific Revolution.


All Rights Reserved




–Methods

Francis Bacon

• Empirical research

René Descartes

• Skepticism

Isaac Newton

• System of natural laws


All Rights Reserved




–Deism

God does not intervene with nature

– John Locke

Use of reason


All Rights Reserved


Visualizing the PastVersailles

The palace at Versailles.


All Rights Reserved


Political Change

• Absolute Monarchies

– 17th century, medieval balance disrupted

– France dominates

Centralized monarchy

Bureaucracy

"Absolute monarchy"

Louis XIV the best example

• Nobles kept at court


All Rights Reserved


Political Change

• Parliamentary Monarchies

– England

Difference of representatives selected by noble and upper urban classes

Civil War

• Glorious Revolution

• Parliament triumphant


All Rights Reserved


Elites and Masses

• End of the witchcraft hysteria

– Not brought about by leaders

–Ordinary peoples' openness to change

Older women maintain low profile

• Who makes the changes

– Elite vs. ordinary

Science opens gap among educated

Innovation of family by ordinary people

• New parent–child relationships


All Rights Reserved


The West by 1750

• Political Patterns

–Great change in central Europe

– Frederick the Great of Prussia

Religious freedom

State regulates economy

Overseas commercial networks


All Rights Reserved


The West by 1750

• Enlightenment Thought and Popular Culture

– Scientific Revolution leads to Enlightenment

Scientific methods applied to other fields

–General principles

People are good

Reason the answer

Belief in progress


All Rights Reserved


The West by 1750

• Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing

–Mass consumerism

– Agriculture

Nitrogen-fixing crops

Stockbreeding

Swamp drainage

Potatoes, etc. introduced


All Rights Reserved


The West by 1750

• Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing

–Domestic system

Households produce finished goods

• Innovation and Instability

– Change becomes the norm

Commercial

Cultural

Political

the global experience -...

Documents