the globalization of human well-being indur m. goklany independent scholar based on a policy...
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Fig 2-2: Food supplies per cap vs. income, Source: Based on data from World Resources Institute (2000).TRANSCRIPT
The Globalization of Human Well-BeingThe Globalization of Human Well-Being
Indur M. GoklanyIndur M. GoklanyIndependent ScholarIndependent Scholar
E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]@cox.net
Based on a Policy Analysis piece published by the Based on a Policy Analysis piece published by the Cato Institute in 2002, available from:Cato Institute in 2002, available from:
http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-447es.htmlhttp://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-447es.html
Cereal yield vs. income, 1961-1999Cereal yield vs. income, 1961-1999
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000
GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)
cere
al y
ield
(kg
per
hect
are)
cyp61 cyp99 cy61 cy99
Source: Based on data from World Bank (2001).
Fig 2-2: Food supplies per cap vs. income, 1961-1997Fig 2-2: Food supplies per cap vs. income, 1961-1997
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)
kcal
s/ca
pita
/day
fs61p fs97p fs61 fs97
Source: Based on data from World Resources Institute (2000).
Malnutrition prevalence vs. income, 1987-1998Malnutrition prevalence vs. income, 1987-1998
0
30
60
90
0 3,000 6,000 9,000
GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)
% o
f chi
ldre
n un
der
5 yr
s
malp87 malp98 mal87 mal98
Source: Based on data from World Bank (2001).
Fig 2-7: Access to safe water vs. income 1970-Fig 2-7: Access to safe water vs. income 1970-19951995
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000
GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)
% p
opul
atio
n w
ith a
cces
s
swptob70 swptob95sw70 sw95
Source: Based on data from World Bank (1999).
Access to sanitation vs. income 1985-1995Access to sanitation vs. income 1985-1995
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 7,000 14,000 21,000 28,000 35,000
GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)
% p
opul
atio
n w
ith a
cces
s
sanit85psanit95psanit85sanit95
Source: Based on data from World Bank (1999).
Health expenditures vs. income, 1990-1998Health expenditures vs. income, 1990-1998
1
4
7
10
13
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
GDP per capita (constant 1995 US$)
Hea
lth e
xpen
ditu
res (
% o
f GD
P)
he90phe98phe90he98
Source: Based on data from World Bank (2002).
Infant mortality vs. income, 1960-1999Infant mortality vs. income, 1960-1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)
deat
hs p
er 1
000
live bi
rths
im60p im99p im60 im99
Source: Based on data from World Bank (2001).
Life expectancy vs. income, 1960-1999Life expectancy vs. income, 1960-1999
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)
Life
exp
ecta
ncy
(yrs
.)
LE60p LE99p LE60 LE99
Source: Based on data from World Bank (2001)
Tertiary schooling vs. income, 1965-1996Tertiary schooling vs. income, 1965-1996
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)
enro
llmen
t (as
% o
f elig
ible
pop
.)ter65ter96ter65pter96p
Source: Based on data from World Bank (2001).
Child labor vs. income, 1960-1999Child labor vs. income, 1960-1999
01020304050607080
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)
child
labo
r (%
of c
hild
ren
10-1
4 yr
s ol
d)
cl60ptobcl99ptobcl60cl99
Source: Based on data from World Bank (2001).
Human well-being vs. wealth, 1990sHuman well-being vs. wealth, 1990s
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
$0 $8,000 $16,000 $24,000 $32,000 $40,000
per capita income
Life
Exp
, Inf
Mor
t, T
ert
Sch,
Saf
e H
2O, C
h L
ab
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Dai
ly F
ood
Supp
ly
(kca
l)/ca
pita
Life Expectancy, 1999 Inf Mortality, 1999 Tertiary School, 1996Access to Safe H2O Child Labor, 1999 Food Supply, 1997
Source: World Resources Institute (2000); World Bank (2001).
per capita incomeper capita income
475 612 660 587 564 575
218 259 299 374 459 482725
1,0161,459 1,594 1,929 2,005
9,96915,301 19,736 25,174 29,871 30,114
$10
$100
$1,000
$10,000
$100,000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002
GD
P pe
r cap
ita (i
n 19
95 U
S$, M
XR)
Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Middle income High income: OECD
Source: World Bank (2003)
Child labor (%)Child labor (%)
3937
3532
29 28
33
2825
2219 18
28
2421
11
6 54 30 0 0 0
05
101520253035404550
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002
Chi
ld la
bor (
%)
Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Middle income High income: OECD
Source: World Bank (2003)
Gaps in child labor, relative to hi-income OECDGaps in child labor, relative to hi-income OECD
35 34 3432
29 282926 25
22
19 18
2422 21
11
6 5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002
Gap
in c
hild
labo
r (%
)Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Middle income
Source: World Bank (2003)
Life expectancy at birth (yrs)Life expectancy at birth (yrs)
4044
48 5047 46
4348
5357 59 59
46
6166 68 69 7069 71 74 76 78 78
0102030405060708090
100
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002
Life
exp
ecta
ncy
(yrs
)Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Middle income High income: OECD
Source: World Bank (2003)
Gap in life expectancy, relative to hi-income Gap in life expectancy, relative to hi-income OECDOECD
2927 26 26
31 33
26
2321
19 19 20
23
108 8 9 9
0
10
20
30
40
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002
Gap
in li
fe e
xpec
tanc
y (y
rs) Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Middle income
Source: World Bank (2003)
Infant mortalityInfant mortality
151
134
118110 106 105
148
128
110
9182 81
118
79
54
4032 29
35
2212 8 5 5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002
Infa
nt m
otal
ity (p
er 1
,000
live
birt
hs)
Sub-Saharan AfricaLow incomeMiddle incomeHigh income: OECD
Source: World Bank (2003)
Gap in infant mortality, relative to hi-income Gap in infant mortality, relative to hi-income OECDOECD
117 112106 102 101 99
114106
98
8376 75
83
57
4232
26 23
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002Gap
in in
fant
mot
ality
(per
1,0
00 li
ve b
irths
)
Sub-Saharan Africa Low income Middle income
Source: World Bank (2003)
Cycle of ProgressCycle of Progress
HumanCapital:
Education,R & D
Technology CropYields
FoodSupplies Health
EconomicGrowth/Wealth
Trade
C
B A
P
O
E FGD
JI K
L
N
H
M
Q
Figure 2-11: Global economic development, 1800-1999Figure 2-11: Global economic development, 1800-1999
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
per
capt
a G
DP
(199
0 In
t. $)
US Japan W. Europe L. America World
E. Europe FSU China India Africa
Source: Maddison (2001).
Fig 2-1: Food supplies vs. time, 1936-1999Fig 2-1: Food supplies vs. time, 1936-1999
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Dai
ly F
ood
Supp
lies
(kca
ls/c
apita
/day
)World Developing Developed SS AfricaChina India Brazil S. AmericaFrance Europe United States
Source: Goklany (1999), FAO (2002)
Figure 2-10: Life expectancy, selected countries, early 1950s-Figure 2-10: Life expectancy, selected countries, early 1950s-19991999
$30
$40
$50
$60
$70
$80
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Life
exp
ecta
ncy
(yrs
)
Bangladesh Brazil China India IndonesiaMexico Nigeria Russia South Af Egypt
Source: World Resources Institute (2000); World Bank (2001).
Average income vs. economic freedom indexAverage income vs. economic freedom index
$2,556$4,365
$6,235
$12,390
$23,450
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Economic freedom index quintile
per
capi
ta in
com
e(P
PP, 2
000
US$
)
Source: Gwartney et al. (2002).
Human well-being vs. wealth, 1990sHuman well-being vs. wealth, 1990s
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
$0 $8,000 $16,000 $24,000 $32,000 $40,000
per capita income
Life
Exp
, Inf
Mor
t, T
ert
Sch,
Saf
e H
2O, C
h L
ab
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Dai
ly F
ood
Supp
ly
(kca
l)/ca
pita
Life Expectancy, 1999 Inf Mortality, 1999 Tertiary School, 1996Access to Safe H2O Child Labor, 1999 Food Supply, 1997
Source: World Resources Institute (2000); World Bank (2001).
Figure 2-16: Global economic freedom, 1975-2000 Figure 2-16: Global economic freedom, 1975-2000
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.66.2
6.6
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Avg
. Eco
nom
ic F
reed
om In
dex
Source: Gwartney and Lawson (2002).
Figure 3-1: Global povertyFigure 3-1: Global poverty, 1820-1992, 1820-1992
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Year
head
coun
t of a
bsol
utel
y po
or(in
mill
ions
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
percent in absolute povertyheadcount percent
Source: Bourgignon and Morrisson (2001).
Total fertility rate vs. income, 1960-2000, Total fertility rate vs. income, 1960-2000, uses dumslpuses dumslp
0
2
4
6
8
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
GDP per capita (1995 US$, MXR)
child
ren
per
wom
an
tfr1960tfr2000tfr1960ptfr2000p
Source: After Goklany (2001), based on data from World Bank (2002).
Fig 4-2: Health expenditures per capita Fig 4-2: Health expenditures per capita (HE) (HE) vs. income, 1998vs. income, 1998
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
GDP per capita (PPP-adjusted, current International US$ )
heal
th e
xp (c
urre
nt U
S$) p
er c
apita
Source: Based on data from World Bank (2002).