the golden fleece. sources apollonius of rhodes this is the title of a long poem, very popular in...

The Golden Fleece

sources Apollonius of Rhodes This is the title of a long poem, very popular in classical days, by the third-century poet Apollonius of Rhodes. Jason and Peliasfrom Pindar He tells the whole story of the Quest except the part about Jason and Pelias which I have taken from Pindar. It is the subject of one of his most famous odes, written in the first half of the fifth century. Euripides Apollonius ends his poem with the return of the heroes to Greece. I have added the account of what Jason and Medea did there, taking it from the fifth-century tragic poet Euripides, who made it the subject of one of his best plays.

Journey by water The first hero in Europe who undertook a great journey was the leader of the Quest of the Golden Fleece. He was supposed to have lived a generation earlier than the most famous Greek traveler, the hero of the Odyssey. It was of course a journey by water. Ships did not sail by night, and any place where sailors put in might harbor a monster or a magician who could work more deadly harm than storm and shipwreck. High courage was necessary to travel, especially outside of Greece.

the ship Argo No story proved this fact better than the account of what the heroes suffered who sailed in the ship Argo to find the Golden Fleece. It may be doubted, indeed, if there ever was a voyage on which sailors had to face so many and such varied dangers. However, they were all heroes of renown, some of them the greatest in Greece, and they were quite equal to their adventures.

The Argonautic expedition

Jason and Argonauts the Golden Fleece is the fleece of the gold-haired winged ram. It figures in the tale of Jason and his band of Argonauts, who set out on a quest for the fleece in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly.

Lemnos The isle of Lemnos is situated off the Western coast of Asia Minor (modern day Turkey). The island was inhabited by a race of women who had killed their husbands. The women had neglected their worship of Aphrodite, and as a punishment the goddess made the women so foul in stench that their husbands couldn't bear to be near them.

King Phineus & the Harpies, Athenian red-figure hydria C5th B.C., The J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu

The Amazons Ares Harmony Amazons

The Amazons a nation of all-female warriors in Classical and Greek mythology Herodotus placed them in a region bordering Scythia in Sarmatia (modern territory of Ukraine). Other historiographers place them in Asia Minor or Libya or India.

Mounted Amazon in Scythian costume,

Colchis ancient region at the eastern end of the Black Sea south of the Caucasus, in the western part of modern Georgia In Greek mythology Colchis was the home of Medea and the destination of the Argonauts, a land of fabulous wealth and the domain of sorcery.

Medea avenges herself on Jason by slaying her own children upon the altar, and destroying Kreon and Glauke by fire in the palace (not shown). Triptolemos arrives on the scene with a flying, serpent-drawn chariot to assist Medea in her escape.

the daughter of King Aetes of Colchis, niece of Circe, granddaughter of the sun god Helios, and later wife to the hero Jason, with whom she had two children: Mermeros and Pheres. In Euripides's play Medea, Jason leaves Medea when Creon, king of Corinth, offers him his daughter, Creusa or Glauce. The play tells of how Medea gets her revenge on her husband for this betrayal.

Meda--an enchantress Medea figures in the myth of Jason and the Argonauts Medea is known in most stories as an enchantress and is often depicted as being a priestess of the goddess Hecate or a witch. The myth of Jason and Medea is very old, originally written around the time Hesiod wrote the Theogony.

Medea kills her son, Campanian red-figure amphora, ca. 330 BC, Louvre (K 300)

Jason & the Dragon

Chimaera noun, plural -ras. 1.(often initial capital letter ) a mythological, fire-breathing monster, commonly represented with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail. 2.any similarly grotesque monster having disparate parts, esp. as depicted in decorative art.3.a horrible or unreal creature of the imagination; a vain or idle fancy: He is far different from the chimera your fears have made of him. 4.Genetics. an organism composed of two or more genetically distinct tissues, as an organism that is partly male and partly female, or an artificially produced individual having tissues of several species.

Centaur indulgent drinkers and carousers centaurs were notorious for being overly indulgent drinkers and carousers, given to violence when intoxicated, and generally uncultured delinquents, each Centaur was also wild and lusty.

A Great Teacher in Greek Mythology Chiron

Chirona great teacher! In Greek mythology, Chiron or Cheiron or Kheiron ("hand") was held as the superlative centaur among his brethren. Chiron, by contrast, was intelligent, civilized and kind. He was known for his knowledge and skill with medicine.

An Excellent teacher A great healer, astrologer, and respected oracle, Chiron was said to be the last centaur and highly revered as a teacher and tutor. Among his pupils were many culture heroes: Asclepius, Theseus, Achilles, Jason, Peleus, Telamon, Heracles, Phoenix

Chiron and Achilles in a fresco from Herculaneum

GREEK EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY

Medicine was very important to the Ancient Greek. Ancient Greek Culture was such that a high priority was placed upon healthy lifestyles, this despite Ancient Greece being much different to the Greece of the modern World.

Medical practice in Ancient Greece, like Egypt, was based largely upon religious beliefs. The Cult of Asclepios grew in popularity and was a major provider of medical care. This cult developed old theories and introduced several treatments not too dissimilar from modern 'alternative medicines'.

The Ancient Greeks though made major strides in medical knowledge. The works of Hippocrates and his followers led to several scientific facts being recorded for the first time: and perhaps more significantly the work of these philosophers began a tradition of studying the cause of disease rather than looking solely at the symptoms when prescribing a cure.

So the Greeks were very interested in using scientific observation and logic to figure out what caused diseases and what you could do about them. In the 300's BC and afterward, in the Hellenistic period, Greek doctors worked out a logical system for understanding disease. Their writings about this have been collected in the Hippocratic Writings, named after the first and most famous of these doctors, Hippocrates

The legacy of the Ancient Greek world on medical practice has been great. Hippocrates theory of the Four Humors was, for a long time, the basis upon which to develop medical reasoning. Likewise the methodology employed by the Greeks has, to a large extent, been retained and modified to form what we now consider to be conventional medicine.

1792. Oil on canvas. Paris, Facult de Mdecine, Muse dHistoire de la Mdecine

an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles, and was considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the father of medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with, thus making medicine a profession.

However, the achievements of the writers of the Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself are often commingled; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did. Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician Nevertheless, Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician. the systematic study of clinical medicine Hippocratic Oath In particular, he is credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath and other works.

Literature and medicine words are described as the doctors of a diseased temperament Medical images abound in Aeschylus play: the Titan is said to be administering a drug (pharmakon) for humankinds sickness; words are described as the doctors of a diseased temperament; the wandering Io, pregnant with Zeuss child and half transformed into a cow by the jealous Hera, appeals to him for a remedy for her sufferings.

Prometheus: a bad doctor Prometheus is compared to a bad doctor On the other hand, Prometheus is compared to a bad doctor who cannot cure his own disease: despite rescuing humans from their brutish circumstances, he is unable to help himself.

Pythian Ode In his third Pythian Ode (written between 476 and 467 BC), Pindar narrates the story of another figure half-way between human and divine: the miraculous healer Asclepius. His mother Koronis got pregnant by the god Apollo but unwisely went on to betray him with a mere mortal, thus chasing the impossible with hopes unfulfilled (23, is hope a form of hubris?).

techne does not match modern equivalents Tracing the ramifications of these discussions is not an easy task. For a start, it does not help that the semantic range of techne does not match modern equivalents. Essentially the same thing appears to have been variously called techne, sophia (knowledge/wisdom), episteme (rigorous/stable knowledge), or dynamis (power).

The Hippocratic On Techne Also, there was debate as to whether some disciplines, for instance rhetoric, were technai at all. The Hippocratic On Techne, for instance, is a defense against the contention that the techne of medicine does not exist. Moreover, there was debate about what role technicians should play in the community, and about the ethical repercussions of what they did.

Techne and erga Most definitions of technical knowledge highlight the fact that it has to do with making, knowing-how rather than simply knowing-that. Techne is often linked with erga, a wide-ranging word variously translated as acts, works, results, and sometimes seen as the correlate of logoi-mere talk, as opposed to facts.

A productive (poetic) habit productive habit (exis poietike); In Aristotle techne is equivalent to a productive habit (exis poietike); maker (the technician). productive in the sense that it brings into being something which could equally well not have existed (i.e. is not necessary) and would not exist by nature something whose existence depends on the maker (the technician).

maker or technician This includes production of the non- tangible: health for the doctor, persuasion for the rhetorician, a proof for the mathematician. Production is a process and the realization of a potentiality, and thus techne is often described as a dynamis (power or potentiality).

Aristotles ethics realizing This allows Aristotle a parallel with ethics, because in his view we acquire virtues by realizing them, just as, for instance, we become builders by building. medicine is acquired through experience, and not (only) textbooks Thus, medicine is acquired through experience, and not (only) textbooks.

Medicien and techne Several Hippocratic authors insist on two features that do not get much of an airing in the philosophical texts surveyed above: the fact that medicine, and techne in general, are about taking decisions, and the ability of the doctor to account for his decisions what some texts equate with a knowledge of causes.

The ability of judement For the author of On Techne, the existence of correct and incorrect courses of action constitutes almost a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of techne itself. The doctor can distinguish bad from good cures, and praise or blame various components of a regimen: mistakes, no less than benefits, are witnesses to the existence of the techne [...] how, where the right and the not-right each have a boundary, could there not be a techne?

Ancient Medicine In Ancient Medicine, it is a hallmark of medicine that the truth or falsity of its statements can be ascertained, in contrast to what is unclear and insoluble, and is thus formulated in terms of postulates and hypotheses. Precisely because expert decisions must be based on knowledge not only of the correct, but also of the incorrect, On Joints reports procedures that went wrong, and strives to explain why they went wrong.

the polis and of the technai In charting the development of the polis and of the technai associated with its various stages, it is interesting that medicine, described by the Hippocratics, but also by the playwrights, as one of the most seminal forms of knowledge, is not classified by Socrates as necessary.

civic malaise Instead, it is paired with attendance of law courts as evidence of a sort of civic malaise: if men knew how to manage themselves both in mind and body, neither physicians nor juries would be necessary. Serious conditions, such as wounds and seasonal illnesses, rightly require medical assistance, but the ingenious children of Asclepius deal with trifles, for which they even have to invent new names, and try to prolong life at any cost, even if the sole result is a painful old age or a drawn-out struggle with death.

Socrates Socrates pits this unnecessary medicine against the older medical tradition, embodies by Asclepius himself, who chose to use only necessary medicine because he knew that for all well-governed peoples there is a work assigned to each man in the city which he must perform, and no one has leisure to be sick and be doctored through his life.

a socially defined health The example given is that of a sick builder, who wants a quick cure so he can go back to work, but would prefer death to any long treatments that would prevent him from living his normal life, i.e. working. Asclepius, Socrates comments, was politikos. His techne, we may add, aims not just at health but at a socially defined health at the maintenance of a certain order.

Nature and education (culture) While education is necessary to develop ones nature, it is therefore nature and not education that decides where a person stands in the city. Conversely, a techne is essentially not something one learns, but something one is born for, if not born with. Socrates couches this in a myth according to which people sprang form the earth with ready-formed metallic constitutions: gold for guardians, silver for soldiers and iron and bronze/copper (chalkon) for farmers and the other technicians.

Pharmakon is a drug but also a poison The myth is described as a mechane, a ruse, and also as a lie, albeit a therapeutic one a kind of useful drug administered by the guardians of the city. Pharmakon is a drug but also a poison, and Socrates is keen to highlight the potential danger of disguising the truth. The analogy is inevitable: the rulers of the city, just like doctors, are the only people allowed to lie for a good purpose.

Platos Republi c how the Athenian youth should be educated The question of nature and education in Platos Republic is linked to the concrete problem of how the Athenian youth should be educated, which is tackled in several of his other dialogues. Can virtue be taught? Is it acquired by practice, or does it come with nature? virtue an episteme In the Meno (which, famously, contains a demonstration that knowledge does not come exclusively from having learnt), the issue is rephrased as, is virtue an episteme?

Virtue and knowledge Because if virtue is a knowledge, there must be teachers of it. Because if virtue is a knowledge, there must be teachers of it. Anytus, the tannery owner, is chosen as mouthpiece for the opinion that virtue is transmitted through ones family; he had been introduced (ironically) as the best qualified for the task.

virtue is not teachable Socrates then gets Anytus to admit that virtue is not teachable, because if it could be taught by the best teachers (i.e. older virtuous men), then all the sons of famous Athenians like Themistocles would have been virtuous, when in fact all their fathers could make them learn was various technai. that virtue is neither natural nor taught, but comes from divine fate The conclusion of the Meno is that virtue is neither natural nor taught, but comes from divine fate.

moral neutrality Platos sustained engagement with the problem of how to control technicians shows that, for many, techne spelt trouble. techne produces, but does not necessarily provide, knowledge about how to use the product. One of the most frequently highlighted danger zones was its moral neutrality: techne produces, but does not necessarily provide, knowledge about how to use the product.

techne could be used for both good and bad ends Sophocles Antigone Already according to the chorus in Sophocles Antigone, techne could be used for both good and bad ends; like human beings, it could be both terrible and wondrous. A similar ambiguity is detectable in Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus: the protagonist attributes to himself wealth, kingship and techne surpassing techne; he then characterizes Tiresias, the seer who has darkly alluded to the true story of Oedipus family, as blind in his techne remember that divination was a techne. Finally, he describes his own achievement in solving the sphinx's riddle as intelligence (gnome), not something he had learnt.

Tiresias seated holding sacrificial knife as Odysseus (left) stands by him.

Knowledge Knowledge no techne Oedipus distinctive form of knowledge Oedipus distinctive form of knowledge is therefore, despite his claims, no techne after all, and the technical incapacity he attributes to Tiresias (who is, of course, literally blind, just as Oedipus will be at the end of the play) ends up providing an accurate account of the facts, and a solution to the plague at Thebes.

Political knowledge Concretely, Athens in the late fifth to fourth century BCE saw the rise of a new breed of political men, who did not belong to the small group of families, often interrelated through marriage arrangements, which appear to have been more prominent until then. Aristophanes often depicts these people as technicians: Cleon the tanner is perhaps the most (in) famous of all.

technicians In Platos Apology Socrates examines the claims to knowledge of various groups, and finds that the technicians (called both cheirotechnai and demiourgoi), unlike poets and rhetors, knew things that he did not.

Better knowledge their knowledge was better substantiated liable to getting ideas above their counterparts In other words, technicians were the group Socrates chose to monitor more closely, because their knowledge was better substantiated than that of their counterparts, and that made them more liable to getting ideas above their counterparts, and that made them more liable to getting ideas above their station.

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Oedipus: a pun Oedipus , oedi - oidos pus pous Oedipus (clubbed feet) (swollen feet) oidos Oedipus Sphinx

http://beaver.dlc.ncnu.edu.tw/projects/emag/article/ 200706/ .pdf

Myron Discus- Thrower 450 B.C.

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7OO 5OO B.C. Exekias Ajax & Achilles Playing Draughts Exekias Ajax & Achilles Playing Draughts

540 B.C. 540 B.C.

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500 B.C. 500 B.C.

the golden fleece. sources apollonius of rhodes this is the title of a long poem, very popular in...

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