The Graphs and Illustrations

Joint Involvement of European States in Great Power Wars, 1496–1514

Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, A.D. 990–1990 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990), 176–177.

Joint Involvement of European States in Great Power Wars, 1656–1674

Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, A.D. 990–1990 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990), 176–177.

Share of World GDP, 1700–1890

Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts (London: Verso, 2001), 293.

Share of World Manufacturing Output, 1750–1900

Derived from data in Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers (New York: Vintage Press, 1989), 149.

Population of India, China, and Europe, 1400–2000

Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, Atlas of World Population History (New York: Viking Penguin, 1978); United Nations, 2000 Revision of the World Population Estimates and Projections (http://www.un.org/esa/population/wpp2000at.xls).

Factory Smokestacks, Nineteenth-Century England

Income Inequality in the United States, 1910-2010

Derived from data in Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-first Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), technical online appendix (http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/capital21c). Data points for 1911-16 inferred from Chart I.1, p. 24.

The Maps

The Eight Circuits of the Thirteenth-Century World System

Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 34.

The Eurasian and African World-System in the Fifteenth Century

Philippe Beaujard, "The Indian Ocean In Eurasian and African World Systems before the Sixteenth Century," Journal of World History 16.4 (Dec. 2005), p. 429. Also in Philippe Beaujard, Les mondes de l'océan Indien, tome 2, L'océan Indien, au coeur des globalisations de l'Ancien Monde (7e-15e siècles) (Paris: Armand Colin, 2012). Used by permission of the author.

The World circa 1400–1500

The World circa 1760

The World circa 1900

The World’s Poorest Countries by Region (defined as having a gross national income in 2001 of less

than US$1,000, as indicated by darker shading)