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Chapter 3 Middle Earth and Three Great Debates in International Relations

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The 1 st Great Debate Visions of the future

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Page 1: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

• Chapter 3

Middle Earth and Three Great Debates in International Relations

Page 2: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

The Great Debatesin International Relations

1st Great Debate (20s & 30s)

2nd Great Debate (50s-80s)

3rd Great Debate (80s & on)

Page 3: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

The 1st Great

Debate

Visions of the future

Classical Realism

Classical Liberalism

Marxism

Page 4: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

CLASSICAL REALISM

• Humans are eternally aggressive

• Conflict is the normal state of the world

• States are primary actors in the international system

• Ends justify means

Page 5: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

• People are inherently good, so conflict can be reduced through social learning

• Conflict is not the norm, but an aberration

• NGO’s & other non-state actors play a significant role in the international system

CLASSICAL LIBERALISM

Page 6: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

MARXISM• Focuses on conflict

among different economic classes

• Social revolution promotes greater equality

• Trees in Fangorn resist perceived efforts to exploit them

Page 7: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

The 2nd

Great Debate

Method:History vs.

Science

English School

Rational Choice

Neo-realism

Neo-liberalism

Neo-Marxism

Page 8: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

English SchoolFocuses on

“international society” of states

Page 9: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

Rational ChoiceUnbounded Rationality

Actors “maximize their

interests” through cost-

benefit analysis

Page 10: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

Rational ChoiceBounded

RationalityCalculations are informed by self-awareness and

psychological factors

Page 11: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

Neo-Realism

Inter-state conflict is inevitable because of anarchic structure of

international systemKey variable is

distribution of military powerUnder anarchy, lack of overarching power or government puts states

into a “security dilemma”

Page 12: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

Defensive

Realism

States seek to increase power only

under certain circumstances

Page 13: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

Offensive Realism

States seek to increase power to maximize

their security

Page 14: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

Neo-Liberalism

Inter-state cooperation is feasibleGreater concentration on role of

international institutions in constraining behavior and

overcoming barriersThe more contact states have

through trade, investment, tourism, etc.,

the stronger the reciprocity

Page 15: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

Neo-Marxism

Inter-state conflict is inevitable because of anarchic structure of

international systemKey variable is

distribution of military power

Under anarchy, lack of overarching power or government

puts states into a “security dilemma”

Page 16: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

Gramscian

Dependency

World Systems

Page 17: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

The 3rd Great

Debate

How knowledge is acquired

Constructivism

Critical Theory

Positivism

Page 18: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

Constructivists

Emphasizes role of socially constructed ideas in shaping

International RelationsWithout a perceived security threat, warlike behavior isn’t considered

and the “norm” is peaceConstructed worlds can constrain behavior in international politics

Page 19: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

Critical Theory

Questions rationalist state-centric framework and research agenda

Focuses on alternative issues and marginalized populations

Argue that normative concerns should be included in International

Relations

Page 20: The Great Debates in International Relations 1 st Great Debate (20s  30s) 2 nd Great Debate (50s-80s) 3 rd Great Debate (80s  on)

Where is IR theory

now?