the great figures in the history of otology
TRANSCRIPT
The Great Figures in the History of
Otology
Fernanda Muñoz ProtoENT Resident
Son Espases Hospital
Descriptions of battle injuries
on the temporal region and its effect on hearing and language of the wounded. The frequency of bleeding
from the ear in head injuries is mentioned and regarded as an unfavourable sign.
Many references to injuries of the nose.
Edwini Smith Egyptian Papyrus(3000-2500 B.C)
Edwini Smith Egyptian Papyrus
Contains prescriptions for diseases of the ear:
“For an ear that is suppurating, olive oil, frankincense and sea salt syringed into the ear;"
“For an ear that hears badly, red lead and resin, grind to a powder, rub in fresh olive oil and apply to the ear."
It is possible that the existence of the eustachian tubes were known, as it is stated 108 in the Papyrus,
'the breath of life passes by the right ear, the breath of death by the left ear."
Ebers Egyptian Papyri(1500 B.C)
Ebers Egyptian Papyri
The first to describe the tympanic
membrane "a dry thin spun web," and he connected it
with the organ of hearing.
Case reports of cases of otitis, and one of his aphorisms reads: "Children suffer from ear discharge,
adults from deafness.“
Father of MedicineHippocrates
460 – 370 B.C Kos, Greece
"An insect must first be killed with vinegar, and
then removed with a probe, the patient should be encouraged to sneeze, or better still, he should be bound to a table with the affected ear downwards, and the table should then be forcibly struck with a hammer so that the foreign body may be shaken out of the ear.”
Injuries of the external ear:
Careful suturing of the skin, if broken.
If intact and a swelling occurs below it, the ear is to be opened from behind and a window cut in the cartilage.
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
25 B.C – 50 A.D Rome
Some of his writings were centuries
in advance of their time. He advised that carious bone should
be removed after making an incision behind the ear. The first reference to mastoid
operative surgery, but centuries were to pass before his advice was put into practice.
Claudius Galen
130 - 216 A.C Pergamon (Modern
Bergama, Turkey)
Professor of Anatomy
at Padua. Revolutionized
anatomy. He gave a detailed
description of the malleus and incus, two of the small bones in the middle ear.
Andreas Vesalius
1514–1564Brussels, Habsburg
Netherlands(modern-day Belgium)
He wrote the first textbook devoted to
the ear. He gave an accurate description of
the eustaquian tube its structure and position, but made no mention of its function.
He described: The internal and anterior muscles of
the malleus and the stapedius, The anatomy of the cochlea.
Bartolomeo Eustachi
1500 or 1514 –1574San Severino, Italy
He described and named some of the
following structures: The inner and middle ears. The chorda tympani, trigeminal,
auditory and glossopharyngeal nerves. He described the bony canal for the
facial nerve which bears his name.
His knowledge was mainly anatomical, as he regarded purulent discharge from the ear as "excrement of the brain."
Gabriele Falloppio
1523-1562Modena, Italy
French anatomist 1683: Eustachian tube was not an avenue
of breathing, but existed simply as a means of renewing the air within the tympanum.
He compared the cochlea to a musical instrument suggesting that the lower tones were perceived by the basal coil.
Pus was often found in the tympanum even when the brain was normal, so the pus could not have come from the brain as was the accepted theory at that time.
Guichard Joseph Duverney
1648-1730Freur, France
German physician and physicist.
Measured the speed at which the signal is carried along a nerve fiber.
High tones were perceived in the basal coil, and the low- tones by the apical portion.
Hermann von Helmholtz
1821-1894Potsdam, Germany
He wrote Tractatus de Aure Humana.
He coined the term Eustachian tube.
1704: First in demostrate the ankylosis of the stapes.
Valsalva Maneuver
Inflating the middle ear by closing the mouth and nose and forcing air up the eustachian tubes.
"Gangrenous pus does not taste good“
Antonio María Valsalva
1966-1723 Imola, Italy
1760: Petit successfully opened the mastoid in a case of
suppuration, but the pathology not being understood, the operation was tried for cases of deafness without suppuration.
Astley Cooper observed cases of perforation of the tympanic membrane with little deafness: Deafness due to eustachian obstruction might be relieved by
puncturing the tympanic membrane.
Twenty years later, Itard gave the true indications for the operation: Presence of exudate in the middle ear which was unable to
escape.
Otitis Media
Eustachian tube catheterisation (1724), Myringotomy or piercing of the ear drum
(1801) Early attempts at mastoidectomy (1774) were
Until anaesthetics and antisepsis were introduced.
Main surgical treatments until the middle of the 19th
century
1800 in London, UK. The first firm to begin commercial
production of the ear trumpet. Rein also sold hearing fans,
and speaking tubes. These instruments helped amplify
sounds, while still being portable.
Frederick C. Rein
Surgeon, anatomist, neurologist, and
philosophical theologian
Difference between sensory nerves and motor nerves in the spinal cord.
1821: Published anatomic diagrams of the facial nerve and the innervation of the facial muscles.
Described Bell's palsy.
Sir Charles Bell
1774 - 1842 Edinburgh, Scotland
Dissections of over two thousand ears.
1841: Described otosclerosis and demonstrated ankylosis of the stapes of the oval window in 160 temporal bones.
His findings that the organ of hearing itself was intact in otosclerosis, led surgeons to investigate the possibility of bypass the middle ear obstruction and reach the intact cochlea by surgery.
Joseph Toynbee
1815–1866, Lincolnshire, UK
Father of Oscar Wilde.
He was the first to teach otology in the United Kingdom, and students came from all over the world, particularly America.
His name is still associated with the method of treating mastoiditis by a post-aural incision-Wilde's Incision.
Sir William Wilde
1815 -1876Dublin, Ireland
1893: Described the features of Otosclerosis:
Abnormal new bone formation in the ottic capsule disorder and he named it.
He developed surgical instruments:
Ear perforator, surgical knife, grommets for the ventilation after paracentesis.
Politzer's method to restore permeability to the Eustachian tube by using an insufflator.
Politzer's otoscop
Acoumeter for measuring hearing acuity
2 early acoustical hearing aids.
Ádám Politzer
1835 - 1920Alberti, Hungary
1861: He described a syndrome of sudden
vertigo linked to progressive hearing loss and tinnitus.
He defined these discomforts as caused by a problem in the inner ear, as previously considered a form of epilepsy.
Stopped patients affected by this disease being treated as mentally ill.
1874: Jean-Martin Charcot named Meniere’s Disease.
Prosper Menière
1799 -1862Angers, France
In the mid-1800s, a young man with otosclerosis was noted
to have hearing improvement following a skull fracture.
Post-mortem examination of his temporal bones revealed a fracture through the horizontal semicircular canal.
Kessel attempted to create a similar fistula in patients with otosclerosis using a hammer and gouge.
In 1876, Kessel removed the stapes and covered the oval window with scar tissue. These early attempts at treatment failed.
Johannes Kessel (1839 Salzen Hessen)
Discovered what he called the caloric reaction. Syringing fluid to a patient and the patient
experienced vertigo and nystagmus with cold water and to the opposite direction with warmed water. “The direction of flow of the endolymph was providing
the propioceptive signal to the vestibular organ.” This observations made surgical treatment of vestibular
organ diseases possible. 1914: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work
on the Physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.
He also investigated other aspects of equilibrium control, including the function of the cerebelum.
Robert Bárány
1876-1936Vienna, Austria-
Hungary
1929: Opening in the lateral semicircular
canal covered by a tympanic membrane muco-cutaneous flap.
1937: He published the first successful case of fenestration for treatment of deafness caused by Otosclerosis.
This operation was described in 2, 3 or more stages to combat infection.
Maurice Sourdille
1885-1961 Nantes, France
Tumarkin reported that decompression stylomastoid artery was
necessary for the proper treatment of Bell's palsy.
Balance and Duel described the decompression of the distal portion of the facial nerve in the stylomastoid foramen.
Sterling Brunell performed the first facial nerve repair with a graft for the recovery of facial muscle movement.
Bell’s Palsy 1930’s
Long Island Medical School.
1.5 mts tall.
He visited the Manhattan Eye and Ear Infirmary, Mount Sinai, Columbia, and NYU residency programs.
One stage fenestration of the lateral semi-circular canal operation for otosclerosis.
Dental drill for mastoidectomy.
Precursor to the operating microscope, he employed a bright headlight and magnifying loops so he could see well.
Julius Lempert
1891-1968 Lublin, Poland
ENT in Mount Sinai hospital.
1952: Rosen accidentally mobilised the stapes during routine stapes mobility test of the ossicular chain before fenestration. He found a significant, immediate hearing improvement.
He design a new surgical technique: Rosen mobilization. Fracture of the anterior crus
Remove portion of the footplate
Mobilization the rest of the footplate anteriorly
However, he did not receive widespread acclaim in his own country.
Samuel Rosen
1897- 1981Syracuse, US
Hardvard Medical School in 1928. ENT in Massachusetts Eye and Ear Hospital in Boston
>400 articles in medical journals, edited the Archives of Otolaryngology for 10 years, and wrote the textbook Surgery of the Ear (1959), which remains in print.
His medical career spanned 70 years: he continued to see patients until a week before his death.
First physician to use an operating microscope in delicate ear surgery in the US.
George E. Shambaugh Jr.
1903 –1999 Chicago US
He studied chemistry and physics.
He was offered a by Barany (he dismissed because of the hard Swedish winters). He went to Harvard and the Hawaii.
He was able to observe that the basilar membrane moves like a surface wave when stimulated by sound.
The placement of each sensory cell (hair cell) along the coil of the cochlea corresponds to a specific frequency of sound (the so-called tonotopy).
1961: Nobel Prize for discovering the physical mechanism that occurs in stimulating the cochlea.
Békésy audiometer operated by the patient.
Georg von Békésy
1899-1972Budapest, Hungary
He developed and invented the Cochlear implant. Dentist He earned a medical degree from the University of
Southern California after two years in the US Navy. 1946 he co-founded The House Ear Institute with
his older half brother, Howard House (physician, otologist)
1961: First cochlear implantation. Unsuccessful because it was rejected by the patient's body.
1969: Successfully implanted longer lasting model.
William P. House
1923 – 2012Kansas City, US
Hardvard Medicine School. ENT in "Massachusetts Eye and
Ear Infirmary" en Boston 1956: He performed the first successful reconstructive
stapedectomy. Removed the stapes, covered the oval window with a vein graft
and inserted a prosthesis to replace the diseased stapes bone. The patient’s hearing was restored and she heard well for long
time.
He has pioneered numerous techniques in the treatment of hearing loss and dizziness, developed many instruments and prostheses.
Performed > 40,000 stapedectomies, (> 90% success rate) His technique, perhaps with some modifications, is still
practiced worldwide.
John J. Shea, Jr.
1924 –2015Memphis, Tennessee
Thanks!