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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

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American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

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John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

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Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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•3/4/2016

•2

Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

•

•

•

Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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Unit 7: 1920-1939 Chapters 31-32

USHC- 6.1

Explain the impact of the changes in the 1920s on the economy, society, and culture, including the expansion of mass production techniques, the invention of new home appliances, the introduction of the installment plan, the role of transportation in changing urban life, the effect of radio and movies in creating a national mass culture, and the cultural changes exemplified by the Harlem Renaissance.

Culture of the 1920’s

American Heroes in the 1920s (Aviation)

Charles Lindbergh

• The first to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

Amelia Earhart

• First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic

• First person to fly solo from Hawaii to California

• Attempted to Fly around the world Disappeared 1937

•

American Heroes in the 1920s (Sports)

Sports Heroes

• Champions in wrestling, football, baseball, and swimming became American heroes.

•Perhaps the most famous sports figure was baseball’s George Herman ―Babe‖ Ruth

• Jack Dempsey - One of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

• Jim Thorpe

–he won Olympic gold medals in the:

–pentathlon and decathlon,

–played American football collegiately and professionally

–played professional baseball

–played professional basketball.

Americans on the Move

While cities continued to grow, many Americans moved from cities to suburbs.

Improvements in transportation made travel between the cities and suburbs increasingly easy.

A Consumer Economy

The 1920s saw the development of a consumer economy

Until the 1920s, middle-class Americans generally paid cash for everything. Manufacturers developed installment plans and clever advertising to encourage consumers to buy on credit.

Many new electric appliances created a surge in demand for electricity. Between 1913 and 1927, the number of electric power customers quadrupled.

• Vacuum

• Icebox

• Radio

• Lamps

A Consumer Economy

By the 1920s, marketers developed a new approach to advertising.

• Advertisers used psychology to appeal to consumers’ emotions and insecurities to sell products.

As consumption rose so did productivity.

• A measure of productivity is the Gross National Product (GNP). (The GNP is the total value of goods and services a country produces annually.)

Bypassed by the Boom

Some Americans struggled to survive during the 1920s.

Many unskilled laborers remained poor, and their wages and working conditions did not improve with the boom.

Agricultural industries had expanded to meet wartime needs but later failed to uncover new markets.

Waves of Migration

Industrial expansion during the 1920s also encouraged African American migration to the North.

• However, they often faced discrimination in both the North and the South.

Waves of Migration

After World War I, masses of refugees applied for entry into the United States.

• Immigration from China, Japan, and Southern and Eastern Europe was limited

• However, many immigrants from Mexico and Canada filled low-paying jobs in the US.

The Jazz Age

Jazz became so strongly linked to the culture of the 1920s that the decade came to be known as the Jazz Age.

• Harlem, a district in Manhattan, New York, became a center of jazz music.

The Jazz Age: Continued

Jazz pioneers made important contributions to jazz music.

• Duke Ellington

• Louis Armstrong

• Bessie Smith

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Painting

• Painters in the 1920s took the pulse of American life.

•Painters showed the nation’s rougher side;

–Georgia O’Keeffe’s

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

Literature

• Novelist Sinclair Lewis attacked American society with savage irony

• Playwright Eugene O’Neill proved that American plays could hold their own against those from Europe.

Other Art Inspired by Jazz

The Lost Generation

• Gertrude Stein remarked to Ernest Hemingway that he and other American writers were all a ―Lost Generation,‖

The Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Renaissance

• Harlem emerged as an overall cultural center for African Americans

• Expressing the joys and challenges of being African American,

•The following writers enriched African American culture as well as American culture as a whole :

–James Weldon Johnson

–Zora Neale Hurston

–Langston Hughes.

Mass Media

The popularity of motion pictures grew throughout the 1920s; ―talkies,‖ or movies with sound, were introduced in 1927.

• Jazz Singer

Mass Media 1920’s

Newspapers

Tabloids

Magazines

Radios

Radios

Women’s Changing Roles

Flappers challenged conventions of dress, hairstyle, and behavior.

• Many Americans disapproved of flappers’ free manners as well as the departure from traditional morals that they represented.

USHC- 6.2

Explain the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including the role of women, the “Red Scare,” the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial.

Politics of the 1920’s

Election 1920

Candidates

• Warren G Harding Republican 404 16,152,200

• James Cox Democratic 127 9,147,353

Issues of the election

• Emerging from the shadow of World War I

• Putting the economy back on track

Front Porch Campaign

Return to Normalcy

Election of 1920

Republican Warren G. Harding called for a return to ―normalcy.‖

Many Americans hoped that Harding’s ―normalcy‖ would protect them from the spread of Russia’s communism

The Republican “Old Guard” Returns

Warren G. Harding, inaugurated in 1921, looked presidential:

• Found himself beyond his depth in the presidency

•He was unable to detect moral halitosis in his evil associates

•He could not say no and designing politicians leeched on to this weakness

•He promised to gather around him the ―best minds‖ of the party

The Good

Herbert HooverSecretary of Commerce

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

The Good

Andrew MellonSecretary of THE Treasury

Successful Businessman

TAX CUTTER

LOWER TAXES

MORE REVENUE

A Mellon Maxim

―The history of taxation shows that taxes which are inherently excessive are not paid.‖

-- Andrew Mellon

Taxation: The People’s Business

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

Harding was a perfect ―front‖ for enterprising industrialists:

• New Old Guards:

•Hoped to crush the reforms of the progressive era

•Hoped to improve on the old business doctrine of laissez-faire

•But for the government to guide business along the path to profits

–They achieved their purpose by putting the courts and administrative bureaus in safekeeping of fellow stand-patters

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

• Harding lived less than three years as president:

•But appointed four of the nine justices:

•His fortunate choice for chief justice was ex-president Taft, who performed his duties ably but was more liberal than some of his cautious associates

• The Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• It killed a federal child-labor law

•Stripped away many of labor’s hard-won gains

•Rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy

GOP Reaction at the Throttle(cont.)

•Landmark case Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923):

–It reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon (see p. 645):

»Which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

»And invalidated a minimum-wage law for women

»Reasoning: because women now had the vote (19th Amendment), they were the legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation.

–These two cases framed a debate over gender differences:

»Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment?

»Or were they effectively equal in the eyes of the law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

–

The Aftermath of War

Wartime government controls on the economy were swiftly dismantled:

• The War Industries Board disappeared

•With its passing, progressive hopes for more government regulation of big business evaporated

• Returned railroads to private management in 1920

•Some hope for permanent nationalization

•Congress passed the Esch-Cummins Transportation Act:

–Encouraged private consolidation of the railroads

Red Scare

Red Scare (an intense fear of communism and other radical ideas)

• Some Americans were concerned that the European immigrants entering the United States were Communists or other radicals.

Palmer Raids

The United States Attorney General [Mitchell Palmer] hoped to gain public support for a bid for the presidency in 1920.

• In a series of raids which came to be known as the Palmer Raids, the federal government under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, arrested 4,000 alleged communists who were held without bond.

•Later 600 were deported.

•Palmer predicted a series of anarchist attacks that did not materialize and he was discredited, but not before arousing feeling against dangerous foreigners.

“The Case Against the Reds”

―Upon these two basic certainties, first that the "Reds" were criminal aliens and secondly that the American Government must prevent crime, it was decided that there could be no nice distinctions drawn between the theoretical ideals of the radicals and their actual violations of our national laws.‖

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

• Two anarchists were accused of a robbery and murder.

• Many people believed that they were singled out because they were both radicals and immigrants.

• After a trial that many believed was unfair

• The jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death.

The Harding Presidency

Foreign Policy

• Harding and many Americans wanted a policy of isolationism, avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries.

• Harding called for international disarmament, (a program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons).

• He promoted the expansion of trade

• Acted to protect business at home

Americanism

Hiking the Tariff Higher

Businesspeople sought to keep the market to themselves by throwing up tariff walls:

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law:

• Lobbyists wanted to bust the average from 27% to 38.5%, almost as high as Taft’s Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909

•Duties on farm produce were increased

Hiking the Tariff Higher(cont.)

– The high-tariff course set off a chain reaction:

• European producers felt the squeeze

• Impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to the United States

• International trade, Americans were slow to learn, is a two-way street.

The Harding Presidency

Domestic Issues

• As Americans became more isolationist during the Red Scare, they also became more nativist. (Nativism)

• In 1921, Congress passed a law restricting immigration. The law included a quota, (or a numerical limit imposed on immigrants).

The Harding Presidency

The Teapot Dome Scandal

• In 1923, corruption scandals rocked Harding’s administration.

•The worst was the Teapot Dome Scandal. (Harding’s Secretary of the Interior secretly gave drilling rights on government land to two private oil companies in return for illegal payments).

–There was no evidence that Harding was involved in the scandals.

–He died while still in office.

Election 1924

Candidates

• Calvin Coolidge (I) Republican 382 15,725,016

• John W. Davis Democratic 136 8,386,503

• Robert M. LaFollette Progressive 13 4,822,856

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Corruption (Teapot Dome Scandal)

Coolidge on Isolationism

―It will be well not to be too much disturbed by the thought of either isolation or entanglement of pacifists and militarists. The physical configuration of the earth has separated us from all of the Old World, but the common brotherhood of man… has united us by inseparable bonds with all humanity.‖

-- Calvin Coolidge

Inaugural Address (1925)

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Naval Arms Control

Avoid Arms Race

Washington Naval Conference 1921

Dawes Plan

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Coolidge wanted peace and stability without getting the US too deeply involved in other nations.

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg worked with the French foreign minister to create the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

• Under this pact more than 60 nations agreed not to threaten each other with war.

• Unfortunately, there were no provisions for enforcement, and many of the countries that had signed the pact would be at war with each other by 1941.

Social Issues of the 1920’s

The Great Migration

PULL Factors

PULL Factors

Race Riots

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

The Most SUCCESSFUL Silent Film EVER

(Second) Ku Klux Klan

Peak Membership:

5 Million (1925)

The True American

Circa 1920

TARGETS

March on Washington

1925

Notable Klan Members

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

To young people aspiring to become involved in politics:

"Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."

Sen. Byrd on the Klan

―I was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision... Seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions.‖

Decline

By 1930, the Klan’s membership declined sharply due to acts of violence and scandals involving its leaders.

Issues of Religion

Fundamentalism

As science, technology, modern social issues, and new Biblical scholarship challenged traditional religious beliefs, a religious movement called fundamentalism gained popularity.

• Fundamentalism supported traditional Christian ideas and argued for a literal interpretation of the Bible.

Special Creation

Darwinism

Human Evolution

Tennessee Law

AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities... and all other public schools of Tennessee...

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any [public schools]... to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals.

Tennessee Law

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That any teacher found guilty of the violation of this Act, Shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, shall be fined not less than One Hundred $ (100.00) Dollars nor more than Five Hundred ($ 500.00) Dollars for each offense.

•

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.

•

John Scopes

Substitute Teacher

Taught a lesson on evolution to purposefully violate the law

American Civil Liberties Union

Clash of the Titans

GUILTY

...but not really!

The conviction was overturned by a higher court.

The “Monkey Trial”

―Such obscenities as the forthcoming trial of the Tennessee evolutionist, if they serve no other purpose, at least call attention dramatically to the fact that enlightenment, among mankind, is very narrowly dispersed. It is common to assume that human progress affects everyone -- that even the dullest man, in these bright days, knows more than any man of, say, the Eighteenth Century, and is far more civilized. This assumption is quite erroneous…

The “Monkey Trial”

Prohibition

The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which took effect on January 16, 1920, (made the manufacture, sale, and transport of liquor, beer, and wine illegal).

Congress also passed the National Prohibition Act in 1919. This was more commonly known as the Volstead Act. This was to enforce the 18th AmendmentAs a result,

•many Americans turned to bootleggers (suppliers of illegal alcohol).

• speakeasies (Bars that operated illegally), were either disguised as legitimate businesses or hidden in some way, often behind heavy gates.

Prohibition sharpened the contrast between rural and urban areas, since urban areas were more likely to ignore the law.

Additionally, it increased the number of liquor-serving establishments in some major cities to far above pre-Prohibition levels.

Prohibition

Organized Crime

Organized Crime

• The tremendous profit resulting from the sale of illegal liquor, as well as the complex organization involved, helped lead to the development of organized crime.

• Successful bootlegging organizations often moved into other illegal activities as well, including:

•gambling

•prostitution

• racketeering

• As rival groups fought for control in some American cities, gang wars and murders became commonplace.

• One of the most notorious criminals of this time was Al Capone, nicknamed ―Scarface,‖ ―a gangster who rose to the top of Chicago’s organized crime network‖.

•Capone proved talented at avoiding jail but was finally imprisoned in 1931.

A Failed Experiment

―Five years of Prohibition have had, at least, this one benign effect: they have completely disposed of all the favorite arguments of the Prohibitionists.

―None of the great boons... that were to follow the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment has come to pass. There is not less drunkenness in the Republic, but more. There is not less crime, but more. There is not less insanity, but more. The cost of government is not smaller, but vastly greater. Respect for law has not increased, but diminished.‖

-- H.L. Mencken

USHC- 6.3

Explain the causes and consequences of the Great Depression, including the disparities in income and wealth distribution; the collapse of the farm economy and the effects of the Dust Bowl; limited governmental regulation; taxes, investment; and stock market speculation; policies of the federal government and the Federal Reserve System; and the effects of the Depression on the people.

Crash and Depression(1929-1933)

Election 1928

Candidates

• Herbert C. Hoover Republican 444 21,391,381

• John W. Davis Democratic 87 15,016,443

Issues of the election

• Good Economy, Prohibition

Economy Appears Healthy

Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election, benefiting from the years of prosperity under previous Republican presidents.

Americans had unusually high confidence in the economy in the 1920s.

• People made risky investments based on the popular notion that everyone ought to be rich.

Many employers believed that they could prevent strikes and keep their productivity high with benefits that would meet and exceed the demands of workers.

• This approach to labor relations is called welfare capitalism.

Economy Appears Healthy (continued)

Under welfare capitalism employers:

• raised wages

• provided paid vacations

• health plans

• recreation programs

• English classes for recent immigrants.

• They set up ―company unions‖ to hear the concerns of their workers.

As a result of welfare capitalism, organized labor lost members during the 1920s.

Economic Danger Signs

1. Uneven Prosperity

2. Personal Debt

3. Playing the Stock Market

• The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation

•Buying on margin

4. Too Many Goods, Too Little Demand

5. Trouble for Farmers and Workers

• Coolidge vetoed a farm relief bill.

The Market Crashes

The market crash in October of 1929 happened very quickly.

In September, the Dow Jones Industrial Average had reached an all time high of 381.

On October 23 and 24, the Dow Jones Average quickly plummeted, which caused a panic.

On Black Tuesday, (October 29, 1929), most people sold their stocks at a tremendous loss.

Great Crash (collapse of the stock market)

• Overall losses totaled $30 billion.

The Great Crash was part of the nation’s business cycle.

The Great Depression

The economic contraction that began with the Great Crash triggered the most severe economic downturn in the nation’s history—the Great Depression.

The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the United States entered World War II in 1941.

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression.

• Both the Great Crash and the Depression were the result of deep underlying problems with the country’s economy.

Underlying Causes of the Depression

1. Unstable Economy

• The prosperous economy of the 1920s lacked a firm base.

• The nation’s wealth was unevenly distributed.

• Those who had the most tended to save or invest rather than buy goods.

• Industry produced more goods than most consumers wanted or could afford.

2. Over Speculation

• Speculators bought stocks with borrowed money and then pledged those stocks as collateral to buy more stocks.

• The stock market boom was based on borrowed money.

3. Government Policies

• During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve System cut interest rates to assist economic growth.

• In 1929, it limited the money supply to discourage lending.

• As a result, there was too little money in circulation to help the economy after the Great Crash.

Poverty Spreads

People of all levels of society faced hardships during the Great Depression.

Sometimes the homeless built shacks of tar paper or scrap material. These shanty town settlements came to be called Hoovervilles.

Farm families suffered from low crop prices.

Poverty Spreads (Continued)

As a result of a severe drought and farming practices that removed protective prairie grasses, dust storms ravaged the central and southern Great Plains region.

• This became known as the Dust Bowl.

The combination of the terrible weather and low prices caused about 60 percent of Dust Bowl families to lose their farms

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Poverty Strains Society

Impact on Health

• Some people starved and thousands went hungry.

• Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care.

Stresses on Family

• Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments.

• Men felt like failures because they couldn’t provide for their families.

• Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Discrimination Increases

• Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.

• Lynchings increased.

• Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Americans Pull Together

Penny Auctions (When banks foreclosed on a farm, neighboring farmers would bid pennies on land and machines, which they would then return to the original owners).

Signs of Change

Prohibition Is Repealed

• In February 1933, Congress passed the Twenty-first Amendment

The Empire State Building

The End of an Era

• Many things that symbolized the 1920s faded away.

- Organized crime gangster Al Capone was sent to prison.

- Calvin Coolidge died.

- Babe Ruth retired.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy

Hoover convinced business leaders to help maintain public confidence in the economy.

To protect domestic industries

• Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot tariff,(the highest import tax in history).

•European countries also raised their tariffs, and international trade suffered a slowdown.

Hoover set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), (which gave government credit to banks, industries, railroads, and insurance companies).

• The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole. Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry.

Hoover’s Limited Strategy (Continued)

Hoover did not support federal public assistance

• He believed it would destroy people’s self-respect and create a large bureaucracy.

Finally, public opinion soured for Hoover when he called the United States Army to disband a protest of 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans called the Bonus Army.

A “New Deal” for America

FDR promised a New Deal for the American people.

He was ready to experiment with government roles in an effort to end the Depression.

As governor of New York, Roosevelt had set up an unemployment commission and a relief agency.

A “New Deal” for America (Continued)

FDR’s wife, Eleanor, was an experienced social reformer.

• She worked for:

•public housing legislation

• state government reform

•birth control

•better conditions for working women

The Election of 1932

Franklin Roosevelt

1. Believed that government had a responsibility to help people in need.

2. Called for a reappraisal of values and more controls on big business.

3. Helped many Americans reassess the importance of ―making it on their own‖ without any help.

4. Much of his support came from urban workers, coal miners, and immigrants in need of federal relief.

Roosevelt won 57 percent of the popular vote and almost 89 percent of the electoral vote.

The Election of 1932

Herbert Hoover

1. Believed that federal government should not try to fix people’s problems.

2. Argued that federal aid and government policies to help the poor would alter the foundation of our national life.

3. He argued for voluntary aid to help the poor and argued against giving the national government more power.

Hoover gave very few campaign speeches and was jeered by crowds.

USHC- 6.4

Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering and achieving economic recovery, in protecting the rights of women and minorities, and in making significant reforms to protect the economy such as Social Security and labor laws.

The New Deal(1933–1941)

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

The term New Deal came to refer to the relief, recovery, and reform programs of FDR’s administration that were aimed at combating the Great Depression.

Restoring Hope and the First Hundred Days

In the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt pushed many programs through Congress

• to provide relief

• create jobs

• stimulate the economy

Some of FDR’s programs were based on the work of federal agencies that had controlled the economy during World War I.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

1. Stabilizing Financial Institutions

• FDR wanted to restore public confidence in the nation’s banks.

•Emergency Banking Act

•Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933.

–This act established a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

2. Providing Relief and Creating Jobs

• FDR persuaded Congress to establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

• FERA put money into public works programs

– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

• The CCC put more then 2.5 million men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks.

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

3. Regulating the Economy

• In 1933, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

• NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

4 Areas of New Deal Reform

4. Assisting Home-owners and Farmers

1. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

2. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The Second New Deal

When the New Deal failed to bring about significant economic improvement, critics began to attack the programs.

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional

The Supreme Court also struck down the tax that funded AAA subsidies to farmers.

The Second New Deal

The Second New Deal included:

• more social welfare benefits

• stricter controls over business

• stronger support for unions

• higher taxes on the rich

New and Expanded Agencies

Congress passed the

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 8 Million Jobs

• Social Security Act

• Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)

• Farm Security Administration (FSA)

• National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act(1935)

The 1936 Election

FDR won a landslide victory over Republican candidate Alfred M. Landon.

FDR carried every state except Maine and Vermont, winning 523-8 in the electoral college.

FDR’s victory showed that most Americans supported the New Deal.

Limitations of the New Deal

The New Deal fell short of many people’s expectations.

• The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

• covered fewer than one quarter of all gainfully employed workers.

• It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.

• The NRA codes, in some cases:

•permitted lower wages for women’s work

•gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.

Limitations of the New Deal

No New Deal programs protected domestic service, the largest female occupation.

Many federal relief programs in the South reinforced racial segregation and because the Social Security Act excluded farmers and domestic workers, it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Too Much

Republicans, in Congress believed that the New Deal went too far.

A group called the American Liberty League, founded in 1934.

Political Critics

New Deal Does Not Do Enough

Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New Deal because they believed that the programs did not provide enough help.

Other Critics

Some other New Deal critics were demagogues

• Father Charles E. Coughlin

• Huey Long

Modern-Day Critics

Modern critics also attack:

• the policy of paying farmers not to plant.

• In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources.

Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending.

Modern-Day Critics (Continued)

Debate about the New Deal continues today.

Critics believe:

• that the programs violated the free market system.

Supporters believe:

• that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Roosevelt, in an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill.

• He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old.

• His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices.

• His real intention, however, was to ―pack‖ the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.

The Court-Packing Fiasco

Critics warned that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers.

In the end, FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him.

However, he also suffered political damage.

The Recession of 1937

In August 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industrial production and employment levels fell.

The nation entered a recession

• The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions.

The Recession of 1937

The President had become concerned about the rising national debt

To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money.

• As a result the national debt rose from:

•$21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

The New Deal had a profound effect on American life.

• Voters began to expect a President to formulate programs and solve problems.

Lasting New Deal Achievements

Some federal agencies have also endured such as:

• Tennessee Valley Authority

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

• Social Security system

Perhaps the New Deal’s greatest achievement was to restore a sense of hope to the nation.

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