THE GREEK-TURKISH CONFLICf IN THE 19908

The Greek-Turkish Conflict in the 1990s Domestic and External Influences

Edited by

Dimitri Constas Professor of International Relations, Director of the Institute of International Relations, Panteios University, Greece

Palgrave Macmillan

ISBN 978-1-349-12016-1 ISBN 978-1-349-12014-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-12014-7

© Dimitri Constas 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 978-0-333-53927-9

All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010

First published in the United States of America in 1991

ISBN 978-0-312-04887-7

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Greek-Turkish conflict in the 1990s: domestic and external influences/ edited by Dimitri Constas. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-312-04887-7 1. Greece-Foreign relations-Turkey. 2. Turkey-Foreign relations-Greece. 3. Greece-Foreign relations-1974- 4. Turkey­Foreign relations-1960- I. Constas, Dimitri, 1946-DF787. T8G726 1991 327.4950561-dc20 90-35540

CIP

To Xanthi

Contents

List of Tables

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

Notes on the Contributors

1 Introduction Dimitri Constas

2 Greek-Turkish Relations in the Post-1974 Period Richard Clogg

PART I DOMESTIC INFLUENCES ON FOREIGN POLICY

3 Turkey and the 'Davos Process': Experiences and Prospects

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1

12

Mehmet Ali Birand 27

4 Greek Political Party Attitudes towards Turkey: 1974-89 Van Coufoudakis 40

5 Turkey's Relations with Greece: Motives and Interests Heinz Kramer 57

6 Linkage Politics Theory and the Greek-Turkish Rapprochement

Geoffrey Pridbam 73

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PART II

Contents

DOMESTIC PERCEPTIONS OF CHALLENGES TO NATIONAL SECURITY

7 Greece's Strategic Doctrine: In Search of Autonomy and Deterrence

Athanasios Platias 91

8 The Strategic Matrix of the SEM: A Turkish Perspective Duygu Sezer 109

PART III SYSTEMIC INFLUENCES ON AN INTRA-ALLIANCE CONFLICT

9 Systemic Influences on a Weak, Aligned State in the Post-1974 Era

Dimitri Constas 129

10 Greece, Turkey and the Improvement of US-Soviet Relations

Matthew Evangelista 140

PART IV THIRD PARTIES IN GREEK-TURKISH DISPUTES

11 Third-party Involvement in Greek-Turkish Disputes Ronald Meinardus 157

12 US Policy towards Greece and Turkey since 1974 Helen Laipson 164

13 Soviet Relations with Greece and Turkey: A Systems Perspective

Robert Cutler 183

14 The EC Factor in the Greece-Turkey-Cyprus Triangle Constantine Stephanou and Charalambos Tsardanides 207

Appendices 231

Index 269

List of Tables

1 Defence expenditures as percentage of gross domestic product 121

2 Equipment expenditures as percentage of total defence expenditure 121

3 Deployment of key military equipment by Greece and Turkey 121

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Acknowledgements

I wish to express my appreciation to the Friedrich Naumann Founda­tion of the Federal Republic of Germany for generous financial support, both of the Athens Conference and the publication of this volume. Thanks are also due to Gary Larsen, my research assistant at the Wilson Center for Scholars, Washington, DC, for his contribu­tion to the compilation of the tables included in the Appendices, and my colleague Christos Rozakis for his valuable comments.

Institute of International Relations Panteios University, Athens

x

D.C.

List of Abbreviations

ABM AKEL

CFE CSCE

DECA

EPC

FIR ICAO ICJ INF IR LAND SOUTHEAST

NATO NOTAM PASOK RPP SACEUR

SDI SEM SEVENATAF SIXATAF TRNC

UNCLOS

UNIFICYP

anti-ballistic-missile systems Reform Party of the Working People (Cyprus) conventional forces in Europe Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Defence and Economic Co-operation Agreement European Political Co-operation (European Community) Flight Information Region International Civil Aviation Organisation International Court of Justice intermediate nuclear forces international relations Allied Land Forces Southern Europe (NATO) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Notice to Airmen Panhellenic Socialist Movement (Greece) Republican People's Party (Turkey) Supreme Allied Commander Europe (NATO) Strategic Defense Initiative south-east Mediterranean 7th Allied Tactical Airforce (NATO) 6th Allied Tactical Air Force (NATO) Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (a self-proclaimed 'state' in Cyprus territory under Turkish military occupation, recognised only by Turkey) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea United Nations Forces in Cyprus

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Notes on the Contributors

Mehmet Ali Birand, one of Turkey's most respected foreign-policy commentators, is the head of the Brussels and Moscow bureaux of the Turkish daily Milliyet and producer of The 32nd Day, a monthly international news programme on Turkish television. Most of his major books, such as 30 Hot Days (1975), Blood Money (1977), Turkey and the EEC (1979), 12 September 04.00 hours (1983) and Yes Sir! (1985), deal with different aspects of Turkey's defence and foreign policies and have been translated into English, Greek and German. He has won 40 prizes for his books, articles and television programmes.

Richard Ctogg is an Associate Fellow of St Antony's College, Ox­ford. He is the author of A Short History of Modem Greece (2nd edition London, 1986), Parties and Elections in Greece: The Search for Legitimacy (London, 1987) and Politics and the Academy: Arnold Toynbee and the Koraes Chair (London, 1986). He has also edited a number of volumes of conference papers and has published numer­ous articles on aspects of modem Greek history and politics.

Dimitri Constas holds an MA degree from Carleton University, Ottawa, and AM, MALD and Ph.D degrees from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, Boston, Mass. He is Professor and Director of the Institute of International Relations, Panteios University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, as well as the President of the Hellenic Society of International Law and International Relations. He was a Robert Schuman, Fulbright and Wilson Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC, and a Visiting Professor at the Depart­ment of Political Science, University of British Columbia, Van­couver. He has written or edited several books in the Greek language, and his articles have appeared in books and journals published in Canada, Cyprus, West Germany, Holland and the United States.

Van Coufoudakis is Professor of Political Science and is currently serving as Associate Vice-Chancellor for Academic Affairs at Indiana University-Purdue University at Fort Wayne. He received his Ph.D

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Notes on the Contributors xiii

in political science and his MP A degree from the University of Michigan. He also holds a BA degree from the American University of Beirut. He has written extensively on post-Second World War American foreign policy, and the politics, foreign and defence poli­cies of Greece, Turkey and Cyprus. His work has appeared in books and professional journals published in the United States, England, Belgium, Italy, Greece and Cyprus.

Robert Cutler is a member of the Department of Political Science at Laval University, Quebec, Canada. Trained at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Michigan, he has been Research Fellow and Exchange Scholar at universities in the United States, France, Switzerland and the USSR. His work on Soviet foreign policy has been published by International Affairs, Soviet Studies, World Politics and other journals and he has also written on political psychology and nineteenth-century Russian anarchism.

Matthew Evangelista is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He was educated at Harvard and Cornell Universities and the Pushkin Institute in Moscow and has held fellowships at the Brookings Institution and Stanford Uni­versity. He is the author of Innovation and the Arms Race: How the United States and the Soviet Union Develop New Military Tech­nologies (1988) and numerous articles in journals such as Inter­national Security, World Politics and International Organisation.

Heinz Kramer is a member of the research group on 'West European Politics' of Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Ebenhausen, Federal Republic of Germany. He studied economics and political science at the University of Hamburg and the University of Saarbriicken. He holds degrees in economics from the University of Saarbriicken. His main fields of research are political aspects of EC integration process, and relations between Turkey and the EC.

Helen Laipson has been at the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress since 1970. Her work has focused on the Arab­Israeli conflict, North Africa, and the Eastern Mediterranean. Prior to joining the CRS, she worked as a Turkish and Greek affairs analyst in the Department of State's Bureau of Intelligence and Research, and from 1986 to 1987 she was detailed to the Policy Planning Staff at the Department of State. She has a BA degree from

xiv Notes on the Contributors

Cornell University and an MA from Johns Hopkins School of Ad­vanced International Studies.

Ronald Meinardus studied political science and modern history at the University of Hamburg. His books include Die AJrikapolitik der Republic Sudafrika (1981) and Die Turkei-Politik Griechenlands (1985) and he has contributed to German scientific journals on the Cyprus issue, Greek-Turkish affairs and Greek domestic policy.

Athanasios Platias is an Assistant Professor of Strategic Studies at Panteios University, Athens. He holds a Ph.D from the Department of Government, Cornell University (1986). He has been a Ford Foundation Fellow at the Center for Science and International Af­fairs, Harvard University, a Research Fellow at the Peace Studies Program, Cornell University and a SSRC-MacArthur Fellow in In­ternational Peace and Security at MIT's Program in Science, Tech­nology and International Security.

Geoft'rey Pridham is a Reader in European Politics and Director of the Center for Mediterranean Studies, University of Bristol. His publications include Transnational Party Cooperation and European Integration (1981); The New Mediterranean Democracies: Regime Transition in Spain, Greece and Portugal (editor, 1984); Coalitional Behavior in Theory and Practices: An Inductive Model for Western Europe (editor, 1986); Political Parties and Coalitional Behavior in Italy (1988); Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Regime Con­solidation in Southern Europe (editor, 1990); and Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Democratic Transition in Southern Europe (editor, forthcoming).

Duygu Sezer is Professor of International Relations at Bilkent Uni­versity, Ankara. She was a Visiting Professor at the School of International Affairs, Columbia University. Her publications include Turkey's Security Policies and various articles in learned journals.

Constantine Stephanou studied law and international relations and earned his Ph.D degree at the University of Thessaloniki. He is Assistant Professor of International Institutions at Panteios Univer­sity, Athens, and Visiting Professor at the Universities of Nice and Grenoble. He is also Director of the Greek Centre of European Studies and Research, and General Secretary of the Hellenic Univer-

Notes on the Contributors xv

sity Association of European Studies. He has written and edited numerous books and articles on EC affairs.

Charalambos Tsardanides was educated at the University of Athens, Department of Political Science, and at the University of London, London School of Economics and Political Science, where he earned his Ph.D. He is currently Assistant Professor of International Re­lations at Panteios University, Athens and a Research Associate at the Foundation of Mediterranean Studies, Athens. He is the author of The Politics of the EC-Cyprus Association Agreement: 1972-1983 (1988).