the group of twenty: input and output legitimacy, reforms, and agenda


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Vda Zg~`hmj _bpa~ |a~ha| h| b lgmvhmqbvhgm gc vda cg~ia~kx mbiaf Fh|lq||hgm _bpa~ |a~ha|0 vdamqina~hmj gc vda pbpa~| lgmvhmqaf zhvdgqv hmva~~qpvhgm g~ ldbmja- BFNH| zg~`hmj pbpa~|~ackalv hmhvhbk hfab| gm b vgphl bmf b~a pg|vaf gmkhma cg~ fh|lq||hgm- BFNH amlgq~bja| ~abfa~| vgpg|v vdah~ lgiiamv| gm vda ibhm pbja cg~ abld zg~`hmj pbpa~ $jhsam hm vda lhvbvhgm nakgz(-\gia zg~`hmj pbpa~| ibx fasakgp hmvg gvda~ cg~i| gc pqnkhlbvhgm-

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Vak5 +42)


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BFNH Zg~`hmj _bpa~ Lggpa~

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|palhchl cglq| gc vda cg~qi-

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_market


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Lgmvamv|

2- Hmv~gfqlvhgm --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

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-------------- 6

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?( vg vda kabfa~| kasak bmvhlhpbvaf b maz cg~i gc

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gpamma|| vg kab~mhmj bmf fakhna~bvhgm $Zggf| >?2?0 @gamhj)B~ldhnqjh >?2?(- Vda kgjhl gcn~hmjhmj hm aia~jhmj algmgihl pgza~| vg vda dhjd vbnka gc hmva~mbvhgmbk bccbh~| |aaiafqmb||bhkbnka- Hm vda zg~f| gc Vhigvdx Jb~vgm B|d hm Ebmqb~x >??4 p~hg~ vg vda chmbmlhbk l~h|h|5Vda fbmja~| gc lkhibva ldbmja mqlkab~ p~gkhca~bvhgm fh|ab|a bmf pgsa~vxmgv vg iamvhgm vda

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>- Â)C^BIHMJ VDA J)>? B\ NGVD B \GQ^LA GC

ÂCGÎ BMF \VBVQ\ RQG G^HAMVBVHGM

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1

dbsa naam cg~iaf zhvd khàihmfaf lgqmv~ha| b| hm 2828 g~ $hm va~i| gc bm bmvh)~asgkqvhgmb~xavdg|( hm 24262421- Hm lb|a| gc lgmla~v| cg~iaf zhvd qmkhà)ihmfaf lgqmv~ha|ig|vmgvbnkx bv vda amf gc Zg~kf Zb~ 22vdah~ ath|vamla db| naam khihvaf hm va~i| gc vhia pa~hgfbmf gm vda bjamfb- Vda ig~a lgiigm bpp~gbld gc vda ~akbvhgm|dhp navzaam b|lamfhmj bmf

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pa~hgf vda Q\ bfgpvaf b |pghka~ ~gka hm vhia| gc l~h|h|b| zhvma||af nx hv| zhkkhmjma|| vgvg~pafg vda 28


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Vda hmvam|hvx gc vda ldbkkamja zb| ibjmhchaf nx b p|xldgkgjhlbk |am|a gc nahmj gqv|hfa~| hm vdaiqkvhkbva~bk |x|vai àpv bzbx c~gi vda|a p~hshkaja|- Vda gmkx ~af~a|| zb| vda~acg~a vd~gqjd|gkhfb~hvx ibthihuhmj vda q|a gc zahjdv gc mqina~|- Bvvaipv| vg majgvhbva b~gqmf vda|afhcca~amla| $bmf hibja| gc nhb| hm vda |x|vai( iav zhvd ~apabvaf cbhkq~a- Vda lkb||hl lb|a gc

vdh| fhkaiib zb| vda 2842 Lbmlqm lgmca~amla b l~abvhsa bvvaipv vg n~ab` gqv gc vdaMg~vd'\gqvd |vbmfgcc hm|ph~af nx vda N~bmfv Lgiih||hgm ~apg~v qmfa~ vda kabfa~|dhp gcIathlg Lbmbfb bmf Bq|v~hb-

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Vbnka 25 Vda _^L*| V~bfa zhvd vda Qmhvaf \vbva|+ >??22? $& nhkkhgm(

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:

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4

Xav mgvzhvd|vbmfhmj vdh| l~hvhlbk pa~|palvhsa vda l~abvhgm gc vda J)>? chmbmla dbf bvv~blvhgm|a|palhbkkx cg~ b lgqmv~x |qld b| vda _^L zhvdgqv dbshmj ibmx facalv|- Hv bkkgzaf bm hmcg~ibkialdbmh|i cg~ fhbkgjqa bigmj |x|vaibvhlbkkx hipg~vbmv lgqmv~ha| nqv fhf |g zhvdhm vdac~biazg~` gc vda N~avvgm Zggf| hm|vhvqvhgmbk |x|vai b vdaia vdbv db| lgmvhmqaf vg na

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Zhvdgqv b lbvbkx|v dgzasa~ vda ~acg~i p~gealv fa|hjmaf vg n~hmj bngqv bm atpbmfaf cg~qi bvvda bpat gc pgza~ lgqkf mgv gsa~lgia vda cg~ihfbnka gn|vblka| gc pgkhvhlbk'fhpkgibvhl hmva~a|v|-Vda |vbvq| rqg ~aibhmaf ig~a bvv~blvhsa vg ig|v gc vda J:'4 iaina~| vdbm b kabp hmvg vdaqm`mgzm- Vda Q\ qmfa~ Jag~ja Z- Nq|d zb| ~akqlvbmv vg |db~a pgza~ qmka|| vda~a zb| bcqmfbiamvbk ~bvhgmbka cg~ fghmj |g- ^ahmcg~lhmj vda|a hm|vhmlv| vda~a za~a lgmla~m| vdbv |qldb ~asbipaf |qiihv lgqkf na q|af vg jbmj qp gm vda Q\- \ibkka~ iaina~| gc vda J)4

zg~~haf bngqv b pg||hnka kg|| gc |vbvq|-

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V~abvx majgvhbvhgm| zda~a vda~a zb| b Nhj Cgq~ g~ b~jqbnkx b Nhj Vd~aa zhvd vda qmhvaf@hmjfgi $Q@( vda Q\ bmf C~bmla- Ig~agsa~ hm |hihkb~ cb|dhgm vda~a zb| b Nhj Vd~aa bvXbkvb bmf _gv|fbi bkvdgqjd gc lgq~|a chsa lgqmv~ha| ~alahsaf pa~ibmamv savg)nab~hmj |abv|bv vda QM- Nx zbx gc lgmv~b|v vda iaina~| gc vda J)>? b~a rqhva mqia~gq| bmf fhsa~|a- Vda~ah| mahvda~ vda hibja gc bkkha| g~ shlvg~| hm zb~ mg~ h| vda~a vda |am|a gc hfagkgjhlbk qmhcg~ihvx g~bmvh)~asgkqvhgmb~x avdg|- Hm vda J)>? b| vda dqn gc vda maz g~fa~ vda~a b~a lgqmv~ha| c~gi


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asa~x rqbf~bmv gc vda jkgna pkq| |gia hipkhlhv $bkvdgqjd mgv hmhvhbkkx cg~ibkhuaf( ~ajhgmbk~ap~a|amvbvhgm-

Qmfa~ |qld lgmfhvhgm| vda~a h| |pbla cg~ fhcca~amvbkvdgqjd pa~dbp| mgv iqvqbkkx atlkq|hsalgipgmamv| vg cg~i zhvdhm vda J)>? bv vda kabfa~| kasak- B| ~adab~|af ig|v gc vda bvvamvhgm

da~a cglq|a| gm vda hmva~blvhgm navzaam vda a|vbnkh|daf J):'J)4 bmf vda ~h|hmj N^HL\ j~gqp$Lggpa~ >?2?(- Zdbv p~gshfa| vda N^HL| zhvd hv| fh|vhmlv ldb~blva~ h| vda hip~a||hsa algmgihlpa~cg~ibmla nx vda amvh~a lkq|va~ gc lgqmv~ha| vdbv lbm na lgm|hfa~af aia~jhmj g~ ~h|hmj |vbva|-Bkk gc vda g~hjhmbk N^HL lgqmv~ha|N~buhk ^q||hb Hmfhb bmf vda _^Ldbsa vdah~ bmmqbk j~g||fgia|vhl p~gfqlv $JF_( gsa~ &2 v~hkkhgm fgkkb~| abld-

Xav naxgmf vda lg~a v~hkbva~bk J)4 lgqmv~ha| bmf vda N^HL\ h| bmgvda~ `ax bknahv kb~jakxqmbmvhlhpbvaf lgipgmamv zhvdhm vda J)>?- Vda jbp navzaam vda kb~ja|v gc vda N^HL |vbva|bmf ihffka pgza~| lgia| gqv lkab~kx hm va~i| gc mgihmbk JF_- B| lgiphkaf nx vda HIC $>?22(vda lgipb~bvhsa fbvb cg~ >?22 pqv vda _^L| algmgix bv Q\&3844-6:? nm vda dhjda|v

bigmj|v vda N^HL |vbva| cgkkgzaf nx N~buhk bv Q\&>12:8>: nm bmf Hmfhb bv Q\&246??4 I~ \b~`gux $bllgipbmhaf nx _~a|hfamv gc vda Aq~gpabm Lgiih||hgm Nb~~g|g bmf vda

C~amld chmbmla ihmh|va~ Ld~h|vhma Kbjb~fa( v~haf vg igsa I~ Nq|d vgzb~f| b amkb~jaf J)4 zhvdphsgvbk aia~jhmj |vbva| bknahv |hjmhchlbmvkx mgv b cqkk)ckafjaf J)>?- I~ Nq|d ihjdv dbsa naam bkbia fql` nqv gm vdh| h||qa da fhf mgv blv b| gma- Cab~cqk vdbv vda \b~`gux bpp~gbld zgqkfjbhm v~blvhgm da ibfa bv lkab~ vdbv da zbmvaf vda |qiihv vg na nhjja~ bmf ig~a hmlkq|hsa vdbmvda J):'J)4 pkq| igfak- \hjmhchlbmvkx vda v~ab|q~x |al~avb~x Dbm` _bqk|gm z~hva| hm dh|iaigh~| vdbv da dbf p~gpg|af b J)>? iaavhmj nacg~a \b~`gux| sh|hv hm bm accg~v vg fackalv vdaC~amld bpp~gbld zdhld vda Zdhva Dgq|a |q|palvaf Pzb| bm accg~vY vg pqkk gcc b pqnkhlhvx lgqpgm gq~ dgia vq~c $_bqk|gm >?2?5 ? bv kab|v hm vdahmhvhbk |vbja|- Zdam vda lbkk lbia cg~ vda J)>? bkk gc vda b|lamfhmj |vbva| mgv gmkx vgg` pb~vnqv ama~javhlbkkx pb~vhlhpbvaf hm vda p~apb~bvhgm- B| vda N~buhkhbm chmbmla ihmh|va~ $Ibmvajb>??4( hmfhlbvaf vda lbkk c~gi vda|a lgqmv~ha| zb| cg~ b maz cg~i gc hm|vhvqvhgmbk hip~gsh|bvhgm5vda~a h| mg bjhka |v~qlvq~a p~apb~af vg fabk zhvd aia~jamlx algmgihl p~gnkai|- Vdbv h| zdbvza dbsa |aam bv vdh| vhiaZa dbsa vg vq~m vdh| J)>? hmvg b cg~qi g~ b vggk gc |gia `hmf vdbvlbm p~gshfa bm|za~| vg hiiafhbva p~gnkai| bmf lgg~fhmbva hv| blvhgm| navva~ bigmj|v ibmx


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lgqmv~ha|- Za b~a cblhmj vda ig|v |a~hgq| chmbmlhbk l~h|h| pa~dbp| |hmla vda l~h|h| gc 28>8 bmfb| vdh| l~h|h| h| javvhmj ig~a |a~hgq| hv faibmf| rqhl` bm|za~| hiiafhbva bm|za~|- Hv iq|v naigmhvg~af fbx nx fbx dgq~ nx dgq~ |g vdbv vda mala||b~x iab|q~a| lbm na vb`am vg dbmfkavda p~gnkai| vdbv b~h|a- \g vda~a iq|v na sa~x bjhka hm|v~qiamv| bsbhkbnka cg~ vdbv vg dbppam-

Cq~vda~ bkk vda aia~jhmj pgza~| ngqjdv hmvg vda lgg~fhmbvaf bpp~gbld b| lbm na |aam ig|vaipdbvhlbkkx hm vda ibmma~ nx zdhld vda _^L bmf gvda~ lgqmv~ha| ain~blaf vda |vhiqkq|p~gj~bi ngvd hmfhshfqbkkx bmf lgkkalvhsakx- Vg na |q~a vdh| nqx hm zb| cblhkhvbvaf nx vda zbxvdbv vda J)>? chmbmla asgksaf b| b p~gnkai)|gkshmj cg~qi- Dgzasa~ vdh| hibja zb| ~ahmcg~lafhm vq~m nx vda gpamhmj qp gc gvda~ hm|vhvqvhgm| vg vda b|lamfhmj |vbva| vda p~hia atbipka nahmjvda ~acg~i gc vda Chmbmlhbk \vbnhkhvx Cg~qi hmvg vda Chmbmlhbk \vbnhkhvx Ngb~f- Hm |g fghmj bmqina~ gc vda v~bfhvhgmbk bmgibkha| fh|bppab~af ig|v mgvbnkx vda p~a|amla gc Dgmj @gmjLdhmb bmf mgv vda _^L hm vdh| hm|vhvqvhgm-

Qp vg vda Eqma >?2? Vg~gmvg J)>? |qiihv vda~a za~a bipka |hjm| gc |qlla|| hm va~i| gc vda

nqhkfhmj gc hmpqv kajhvhiblx- Igiamvqi nqhkv qp vd~gqjd vda hmhvhbk Zb|dhmjvgm |qiihv hmMgsaina~ >??4 Kgmfgm hm Bp~hk >??8 bmf a|palhbkkx _hvv|nq~jd hm \apvaina~ >??8- Vdafgihmbmv ia||bja vd~gqjd vdh| p~gla|| zb| vdbv jgsa~miamv| maafaf vg chmh|d vda egn nxhipkaiamvhmj vda |vhiqkq| iab|q~a| vdax p~gih|af nacg~a pqvvhmj gm vda n~b`a| zdhld hc fgmavgg bn~qpvkx g~ |db~pkx lgqkf pq|d ibmx algmgiha| nbl` hmvg ~ala||hgm

Fhpkgibvhlbkkx vdh| lgmlamv~bvaf bpp~gbld bk|g dbf vda bfsbmvbja gc mgv jghmj vgg cb~ hmfh|vq~nhmj vda lgm|am|q| a|vbnkh|daf vd~gqjd vda J)>? p~gla||- Bv vda vhia gc _hvv|nq~jd hmkbva \apvaina~ >??8 vda~a fhf bppab~ vg na vda p~g|palv vdbv vda bjamfb lgqkf gpam qp hm big~a binhvhgq| ibmma~- Ig|v mgvbnkx vda h||qa gc jkgnbk hinbkbmla| za~a pkblaf gm vdabjamfb bkgmj zhvd b ~amazbk gc vda f~hsa cg~ HCH ~acg~i $Mak|gm >?2?5 2?(

\hmla _hvv|nq~jd mgmavdaka|| bmx |qld p~g|palv| cg~ bm amkb~jaf lgm|am|q| db| a~gfaflgm|hfa~bnkx- Vda ~akbvhgm|dhp navzaam vda _^L bmf vda Q\ db| naam |asa~akx va|vaf bihf|vldb~ja| gc dahjdvamaf p~gvalvhgmh|i bmf lq~~amlx ibmhpqkbvhgm- Ig~a jama~bkkx vda J)>?|zhkkhmjma|| bmf'g~ bnhkhvx vg atpbmf hv| ibmfbva dbsa naam lq~vbhkaf nx vda hiignhkhubvhgm gch||qa| |qld b| chmbmla cg~ lkhibva ldbmja-

Ig~a |palhchlbkkx vda gpamhmj cg~ ihffka pgza~| lbia bngqv nx jbp| hm bkva~mbvhsa cg~i| gckabfa~|dhp shb vda N^HL\- La~vbhmkx vda atvamv vg zdhld vda N^HL\ zbmv vg ain~bla vdh|hm|vhvqvhgmbk ibhm jbia b| gppg|af vg mbvhgmbk |akc)hm|q~bmla bmf'g~ bkva~mbvhsajkgnbk'~ajhgmbk hm|vhvqvhgmbk gpvhgm| hm zdhld vdax dbsa ig~a bqvgmgix h| |vhkk qmlkab~ $Nb~ib av

bk- >??:(- _qv bmgvda~ zbx hv h| qmlkab~ zdavda~ vda p~aca~amla gc vda nhj ~h|hmj |vbva| c~gi vdajkgnbk \gqvd h| vg zg~` vd~gqjd lg~a hmva~)jgsa~miamvbk cg~qi| g~ vg qvhkhua gvda~ pb~bkkak cg~i|gc hmva~mbvhgmbk lg)g~fhmbvhgm- Gma b~jqiamv pghmv| vgzb~f| vda aia~jamla gc bm binhjqgq|maz g~fa~ hm zdhld iqkvhkbva~bk hm|vhvqvhgm| dbsa gmkx b khihvaf ~gka vg pkbx bkgmj|hfaaia~jhmj mbvhgmbk bmf ~ajhgmbk |v~bvajha| $Zggf| >?2?(-


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\hjm| gc vdh| pb~bkkakh|i zb| cq~vda~ bllamvqbvaf nx vda igsa vg cg~ibkhua vda N^HL|'N^HL\b| b j~gqphmj zhvd b lgmla~m zhvd arqhvx bmf eq|vhla cg~ vda ka|| pgza~cqk bmf vdg|a hmvamfaf vglq~vbhk vda ~a|v~hlvhsa qmhkbva~bk g~ pkq~hkbva~bk'lgbkhvhgmbk blvhshvx nx vda ig|v pgza~cqk- VdaXa`bva~hmnq~j Eghmv Lgiiqmhrqa falkb~af vdbv5 Za b~a lgiihvvaf vg bfsbmla vda ~acg~i gc

hmva~mbvhgmbk chmbmlhbk hm|vhvqvhgm| |g b| vg ~ackalv ldbmja| hm vda zg~kf algmgix- Vda aia~jhmjbmf fasakgphmj algmgiha| iq|v dbsa j~abva~ sghla bmf ~ap~a|amvbvhgm hm hmva~mbvhgmbkchmbmlhbk hm|vhvqvhgm| bmf vdah~ dabf| bmf |amhg~ kabfa~|dhp |dgqkf na bppghmvaf vd~gqjd bmgpam v~bm|pb~amv bmf ia~hv)nb|af |akalvhgm p~gla||- Za bk|g nakhasa vdbv vda~a h| b |v~gmjmaaf cg~ b |vbnka p~afhlvbnka bmf ig~a fhsa~|hchaf hmva~mbvhgmbk igmavb~x |x|vai$Xa`bva~hmnq~j Eghmv Lgiiqmhrqa >??8(-

Nx zbx gc lgmv~b|v |akalv ihffka pgza~| dbsa j~bnnaf vda gppg~vqmhvx vg vbà b kabfa~|dhp~gka zhvdhm vda J)>?- Hm gsa~bkk va~i| hv iq|v na bpp~alhbvaf vdbv b ihffka pgza~ dg|vaf vda J)>? hm >?2? $vda âpqnkhl gc @g~ab damlacg~vd @g~ab( bmf zhkk dg|v hv hm >?2> $Iathlg( >?26$Bq|v~bkhb( >?21 $Vq~àx( bmf pg||hnkx Hmfgma|hb $>?23(- Hm |palhchl va~i| iqld gc vda l~afhv

cg~ ibhmvbhmhmj vda gqvpqv kajhvhiblx bihf pgkhlx fhcca~amla| iq|v jg vg @g~ab bmf Bq|v~bkhb-@g~ab bmf Bq|v~bkhb ngvd zg~àf db~f bcva~ vda Kgmfgm \qiihv vg hm|vhvqvhgmbkhua vda J)>?- B

eghmv gp)af lgkqim vdbv vda kabfa~| gc @g~ab bmf Bq|v~bkhb Kaa Ixgmj)nb` bmf @ashm ^qfflgmv~hnqvaf vg vda Chmbmlhbk Vhia| q~jhmj vda J)>? kabfa~| vg bj~aa gm b c~biazg~` cg~ibl~galgmgihl pgkhlx lgg~fhmbvhgm hm _hvv|nq~j zb| gma gc vda dhjdkhjdv| gc vdah~ eghmv blvhgm$Kaa bmf ^qff >??8(- Ngvd lgqmv~ha| cakv vdbv vdah~ accg~v| pbhf gcc zdam J)>? kabfa~| hm_hvv|nq~jd falhfaf vg fa|hjmbva vda J)>? b| vda p~aiha~ cg~qi cg~ hmva~mbvhgmbk algmgihllggpa~bvhgm bmf vg ibà hv bm bmmqbk iaavhmj-

@g~ab b| vda >?2? ldbh~ lgqmv~x vgg` vda cg~qi vd~gqjd vzg J)>? |qiihv| hm >?2? Vg~gmvg hm

Eqma bmf \agqk hm Mgsaina~- B| vda Algmgih|v pghmv| gqv @g~ab| ama~javhl kabfa~|dhpdakpaf vq~m vda J)>? hmvg b vbk`hmj)|dgp zg~vd dbshmj $Algmgih|v >?2?(- @g~ab db| naamblvhsa bv vda J)>? c~gi vda sa~x najhmmhmj- _~a|hfamv Kaa falhfaf ab~kx gm vg lgmv~hnqva vgjkgnbk fh|lq||hgm| gm zbx| vg chjdv vda jkgnbk chmbmlhbk l~h|h| b| @g~ab zb| gma gc vda db~fa|vdhv shlvhi| hm vda 288?| B|hbm Chmbmlhbk L~h|h|- Da lbkkaf cg~ b |vbmf|vhkk gm v~bfa p~gvalvhgmh|ibv vda ch~|v J)>? \qiihv hm Zb|dhmjvgm hm Mgsaina~ >??4- @g~ab| lgmv~hnqvhgm| dbsa naampb~vhlqkb~kx mgvazg~vdx hm vda b~ab| gc lgiigm hmva~a|v| ngvd cg~ vda aia~jhmj bmf fasakgpaflgqmv~ha| b| hv fachma| hv| ~gka b| b n~hfjhmj pgza~ navzaam vda vzg lbip|- @g~abm hmhvhbvhsa|bv vda \agqk \qiihv hmlkqfaf jkgnbk chmbmlhbk |bcavx mav| bmf fasakgpiamv b||h|vbmla cg~ pgg~lgqmv~ha|-

Vda hfab gc vda chmbmlhbk |bcavx mav bvv~blvaf |v~gmj hmva~a|v c~gi aia~jhmj ib~àv algmgiha|vdbv b~a sqkma~bnka vg |qffam ldbmja| hm hmva~mbvhgmbk lbphvbk ckgz|- Nacg~a vda >??4 l~h|h|aia~jhmj ib~àv| hm maaf fhf mgv zbmv vg vq~m vg vda HIC cg~ dakp nalbq|a bm HIC nbhkgqvn~gqjdv b |vhjib accalv fa|v~gxhmj vda l~afhnhkhvx gc ng~~gza~|- Zdbv vdax maafaf hm vda HICzb| b p~a)l~h|h| p~asamvhgm hm|q~a~ mgv eq|v b pg|v)l~h|h| nbhkgqv cqmf- Fq~hmj vda \agqk\qiihv vda J)>? falhfaf vg |v~amjvdam vda HIC| l~h|h| p~asamvhgm ~gka nx atpbmfhmj vda


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HIC| Ckathnka L~afhv Khma bmf hmv~gfqlhmj b maz _~albqvhgmb~x L~afhv Khma- J)>? kabfa~|dgpaf vdbv vda|a maz |gq~la| gc cqmfhmj zgqkf ~afqla vda maaf cg~ aia~jhmj lgqmv~ha| vgbllqiqkbva cg~ahjm ~a|a~sa| b| |akc)hm|q~bmla bjbhm|v sgkbvhka jkgnbk lbphvbk ckgz|- @g~ab bk|g|gqjdv vda zbx| cg~ vda HIC kamfhmj cblhkhvha| vg khm` qp zhvd sb~hgq| ~ajhgmbk b~~bmjaiamv|

|qld b| vda Ldhbmj Ibh Hmhvhbvhsa $LIH( hm B|hb-@g~ab*| p~a|hfamlx gc vda J)>? bk|g p~a|amvaf bm gppg~vqmhvx vg n~hmj fasakgpiamv h||qa| vgvda vbnka- Zhvd hv| shshf iaig~ha| gc ngvd fasakgpiamv |qlla||a| bmf cbhkq~a| @g~ab pq|dafcg~ b fasakgpiamv bjamfb bmf iqkvh)xab~ blvhgm pkbm hmlkqfhmj b pkafja cg~ fqvx)c~aa rqgvb)c~aa ib~àv blla|| cg~ kgz)hmlgia lgqmv~ha|- Vda hmhvhbvhsa| lgqkf ibà vda J)>? \qiihv biqld ig~a hmlkq|hsa bmf ~akasbmv asamv cg~ vda amvh~a zg~kf b| hv lbm n~hmj ig~a vdbm 2:< mgm)iaina~ lgqmv~ha| hmvg vda J)>?| |pda~a gc hmckqamla-

Vda \agqk \qiihv bk|g bhiaf vg bldhasa ibl~galgmgihl lgg~fhmbvhgm zhvd favbhkaf pgkhlx~algiiamfbvhgm| cg~ abld hmfhshfqbk iaina~ lgqmv~x vg fasakgp vda C~biazg~` cg~ \v~gmj

\q|vbhmbnka bmf Nbkbmlaf J~gzvd- Vda qmasam bmf |kgzhmj jkgnbk algmgihl ~algsa~x|pb~àf b lq~~amlx zb~ zhvd vda Q\ vda _^L bmf Ebpbm naachmj qp vda nbvvka vg j~gz vd~gqjdatpg~v|- Vda _^L| lq~~amlx pgkhlx hm pb~vhlqkb~ zb| vda vb~jav gc ibeg~ lgmla~m bigmj hv|v~bfhmj pb~vma~|- Nakhashmj vdbv vda _^L jgsa~miamv àap| hv| lq~~amlx qmfa~sbkqaf vda Q\bmf gvda~| lbkkaf cg~ vda bpp~alhbvhgm gc vda _^L lq~~amlx bv vda \agqk \qiihv- Hfamvhchlbvhgmbmf lg~~alvhgm gc ibl~galgmgihl hinbkbmla| za~a bmgvda~ vdg~mx h||qa- Vda Q\ zbmvaf vg|av mqia~hlbk vb~jav| gm lq~~amv bllgqmv |q~pkq|a| bmf fachlhv| nqv ibeg~ |q~pkq| lgqmv~ha||qld b| Ja~ibmx bmf vda _^L |v~gmjkx gppg|af p~gpg|bk| vg rqbmvhcx khihv| gm vdai- Hm vdaamf mg n~ab`vd~gqjd gm lq~~amlx bmf hinbkbmla h||qa| zb| ~abldaf bv vda \agqk \qiihv-Nqv @g~ab ibmbjaf vg n~gà~ |hjmhchlbmv bj~aaiamv|- Gm lq~~amlx kasak| vda kabfa~| bj~aaf

vg igsa vgzb~f ib~àv)fava~ihmaf atldbmja |x|vai| bmf gm ibl~galgmgihl hinbkbmla|vdax |av vda fabfkhma gc Eqma >?22 cg~ lgihmj qp zhvd hmfhlbvhsa jqhfakhma| gc zdbvlgm|vhvqva| bm gsa~)vda)vgp fachlhv g~ |q~pkq|- Iafhb ~apg~v| vdbv _~a|hfamv Kaa vd~abvamaf mgvvg amf vda iaavhmj qmvhk vda _^L bmf gvda~ gppgmamv| bj~aa vg vda fabfkhma $Ig bmf \ag>?2?(-

Bmgvda~ àx bjamfb zb| vg gsa~dbqk vda HIC a|palhbkkx vda |dhcv gc 3! hm rqgvb vgqmfa~~ap~a|amvaf iaina~| c~gi vda gsa~)~ap~a|amvaf lgqmv~ha|- @g~ab b| vda ldbh~ zg~àfdb~f vg dbiia~ gqv bj~aaiamv| gm ig|v gc vda lgmv~gsa~|hbk h||qa| nx vda Mgsaina~ >?2?\qiihv- Ig|v bj~aa vdbv ~acg~i gc HIC jgsa~mbmla lgqmv| bigmj vda J)>?| j~abva|vbldhasaiamv| |g cb~-

Hm bffhvhgm vg bjamfb |avvhmj bmf lgg~fhmbvhgm vda @g~abm jgsa~miamv hm \agqk faigm|v~bvafhv| lgiihviamv vg hmpqv kajhvhiblx nx zbx gc accalvhsa lgm|am|q|)nqhkfhmj bmf jkgnbklgiiqmhlbvhgm hm vda ~qm)qp vg vda J)>? \agqk \qiihv- Hv dg|vaf vda Zg~kf Nbm` bmf HIClgmca~amla| bkgmj|hfa vda iaavhmj| gc chmbmla ihmh|va~| bmf lamv~bk nbm` jgsa~mg~| hm @g~abbmf hmshvaf ig|v vgp jgsa~miamv gcchlhbk| c~gi Bc~hlb vg dab~ vdah~ gphmhgm| bngqv vda J)>?bjamfb bmf nqhkf qp b lgm|am|q| gm vda fasakgpiamv h||qa- Vda \agqk Fasakgpiamv


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21? lgipbmha| fq~hmj vda\agqk \qiihv hm b nhf vg ~ackalv vda p~hsbva)|alvg~ shaz| zdam pgkhvhlbk kabfa~| fh|lq|| vda

jkgnbk h||qa| bmf lgmla~m|- Hmfaaf vda .nq|hma|| |qiihv. db| nalgia b ~ajqkb~ asamv b|zhvma||af vd~gqjd vda >?22 Lbmma| |qiihv bmf vda pkbm| cg~ vda >?2> Kg| Lbng| iaavhmj-

6- GMJGHMJ _^GNKAI\ GC GQV_QV BMF HM_QV

KAJHVHIBLX

Mgvzhvd|vbmfhmj vda hmcq|hgm gc vda J)>? zhvd ihffka pgza~ fhpkgibvhl l~abvhshvx bmflgiihviamv vda lgm|v~bhmv| gm vda J)>? dbsa nalgia amg~igq|- Hm lgmv~b|v vg vda

|qlla||a| gc vda hmhvhbk |qiihv| vda Vg~gmvg |qiihv hm Eqma >?2? bmf vda \agqk |qiihv hmMgsaina~ >?2? p~a|amv ig~a ihtaf hc mgv lgipkavakx pa||hih|vhl atpa~hamla|- B| vda q~jamlxgc vda algmgihl l~h|h| fhihmh|daf vda |am|a gc lgiigm pq~pg|a vdbv qmhvaf vda J)>? kabfa~||aaiaf ka|| p~a|amv- B| mgva bngsa bv vda vhia gc vda \agqk |qiihv hm pb~vhlqkb~ vda J)>?nalbia lbqjdv qp hm b mqina~ gc nhvva~ fh|pqva| |qld b| vdg|a gsa~ vda lq~~amlx zb~ ngvd hmva~i| gc Q\ ldb~ja| gc _^L ibmhpqkbvhgm gc vda xqbm bmf Q\ rqbmvhvbvhsa ab|hmj bmf jkgnbkhinbkbmla| bmf vda fanbva gsa~ lq~~amv bllgqmv vb~jav|- Zhvd vda a~g|hgm gc q~jamlx fqa vgpa~lapvhgm| vdbv vda jkgnbk l~h|h| zb| ab|hmj vda|a pgkhlx fhcca~amla| nalbia ainaffaf hmvda J)>? p~gla||- Vda iafhb hml~ab|hmjkx bfgpvaf b iqld ig~a |`apvhlbk shaz vdbv vdah~ab~kha~ jkgzhmj ~ashaz| gc vda J)>?| ~gka b| b l~h|h| lgiihvvaa- Vda maz iggf zb| |qiiaf

qp nx vda Chmbmlhbk Vhia|zdhld lgmlkqfaf vdbv vda \agqk J)>? faigm|v~bvaf dgz mgv vg ~qmvda zg~kf $Chmbmlhbk Vhia|>?2?(-

Bv Lbmma| hm Mgsaina~ >?22 vda hipblv gc vda aq~g)l~h|h| |hvqbvhgm zb| pbkpbnka- Hm|vabf gcnahmj bnka vg igsa cg~zb~f vg vda cqmlvhgm gc |vaa~hmj j~gqp vda J)>? l~h|h| ~asa~vaf vg vda~gka gc l~h|h| lgiihvvaa- Vda fgihmbmv vdaia zb| b lgmla~m zhvd ch~azbkk| bmf nqcca~| bjbhm|vlgmvbjhgm bmf vda maaf cg~ b |q|vbhmbnka pbvd gc algmgihl fasakgpiamv cg~ Aq~gpa-

\qld b ~a|v~hlvaf gqvlgia zb| atbla~nbvaf nx vda vam|hgm| hm C~amld kabfa~|dhp- Hm |vxka vda~abk fachlhamlx zb| fqa vg gsa~)p~gih|hmj nx _~a|hfamv \b~`gux- Hm|vabf gc lgmlamv~bvhmj gm bibmbjabnka bjamfb I~ \b~`gux falkb~af vdbv p~gj~a|| lgqkf na jb~ma~af gm b zhfa mqina~

gc c~gmv|5 bm binhvhgm vdbv lginhmaf |vbva)lamv~h|i zhvd akaiamv| gc hmmgsbvhsa mavzg~`hmj zhvdmgm)|vbva blvg~|- Vda ig|v mgvbnka hkkq|v~bvhgm gc vda v~bealvg~x vgzb~f| vda mavzg~` bpp~gbldzb| vda akasbvhgm gc Nhkk Jbva| vg b p~hshkajaf pg|hvhgm zhvd hm vda J)>? b| b pgza~cqk ldbiphgmcg~ b Chmbmlhbk V~bm|blvhgm vbt- Bkvdgqjd p~gshfaf zhvd hm|hfa~ |vbvq| masa~vdaka|| Jbva| zb|ib~jhmbkhuaf bv Lbmma| bihf vda p~agllqpbvhgm| zhvd vda aq~g b~ab l~h|h|-


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Hm va~i| gc bjamfb vdh| kg|| gc igiamvqi fga| mgv v~bm|kbva hmvg b lgkkbp|a gc vda amvh~a J)>?p~gealv- Bmf vda|a lgm|v~bhmv| |dgqkf mgv na atbjja~bvaf vg vda pghmv zda~a vda J)>? h|shazaf b| dbshmj kg|v hv| lbpblhvx vg blv b| b dqn gc jkgnbk jgsa~mbmla- B| b l~h|h| lgiihvvaavda J)>? h| |vhkk igshmj cg~zb~f gm b mqina~ gc pghmv|- Gma h| vg pqv aipdb|hua gm HIC

|q~sahkkbmla hm|hfa Aq~gpa hv|akc zhvd vda pq|d vg dbsa Hvbkx bllapv sgkqmvb~x gsa~|hjdv gsa~hv| bq|va~hvx iab|q~a|- \qld b igsa h| fa|hjmaf vg l~abva bm accalvhsa hm|v~qiamv vdbv zgqkfbkkgz vda|a bq|va~hvx iab|q~a| vg na hipkaiamvaf vg b lkab~ vhiavbnka zhvdgqv bmx |khppbja-Vda cblv vdbv vda chmbk falkb~bvhgm |bx| vdbv vdh| |q~sahkkbmla zhkk na lb~~haf gqv zhvd pqnkhlsa~hchlbvhgm zhvd ~a|palv vg pgkhlx hipkaiamvbvhgm gm b rqb~va~kx nb|h| |dgz| vda atvamv gc vdabmthavx-

B| b mb|lamv |vaa~hmj lgiihvvaa vda~a h| bk|g p~gj~a||bfsbmla| ~ahmcg~laf nx Q@ _~hiaIhmh|va~ Fbshf Lbia~gm| ~apg~v gm jkgnbk jgsa~mbmlah| vg vb`a |vap| cg~zb~f| |giafaj~aa gc hm|vhvqvhgmbkhubvhgm shb b |al~avb~hbv bmf b lgmvhmqaf cglq| gm h||qa| naxgmf vdahiiafhbva binhv gc vda chmbmlhbk l~h|h|b v~amf lgmvhmqaf nx vda |hjmbk vdbv vda Iathlbm

p~a|hfamlx zgqkf dbsa j~aam j~gzvd b| gma gc vda phkkb~|-

Xav vda cg~ihfbnka lgm|v~bhmv| gm vda J)>? |dgqkf mgv na hjmg~af- Fqa vg vda ainaffaflgm|v~bhmv| gc lgkkalvhsa blvhgm b| \vapdam @~b|ma~ p~afhlvaf vda \agqk J)>? |vqinkaf gsa~b zhfa mqina~ gc vda hipafhiamv| nacg~a hv $B|hbm Hm|vhvqva cg~ _gkhlx \vqfha| >?2?(- Hm vdacbla gc |qld hipafhiamv| vda~a h| b maaf vg kgg` bv vda J)>? mgv gmkx b| vda dqn gc b mazigfa gc lggpa~bvhgm nqv bkva~mbvhsakx b| ngvd bm bllgiigfbvhsa'cqmlvhgmbkkx lggpa~bvhsa bmfb pgkhvhlbk' lgmckhlv)g~hamvaf hm|vhvqvhgmbk fa|hjm-

Hm va~i| gc hmpqv kajhvhiblx vzg ckbz| hm vda g~hjhmbk J)>? fa|hjm |vbmf gqv- Vda ch~|v ckbz zb|vda bn|amla gc vda QM hm vda fa|hjm- Bkvdgqjd \al~avb~x Jama~bk Nbm @h)Iggm fhf bvvamf vda

Zb|dhmjvgm J)>? |gia lgm|hfa~bnka fh|vbmla bppab~af navzaam vda QM bmf vda J)>?bpp~gbld gm vda asa gc vda hmhvhbk \qiihv- Hm b maz| lgmca~amla gm 22 Mgsaina~ $vda J)>?nahmj gm 26)21 Mgsaina~( Nbm cglq|af dh| bvvamvhgm gm vda maaf cg~ hmlkq|hsaiqkvhkbva~bkh|i zhvd b cglq| gm p~gvalvhmj vda zakk)nahmj gc vda fasakgphmj lgqmv~ha| b| zakkb| ibeg~ QM fasakgpiamv jgbk| hmlkqfhmj lkhibva ldbmja cggf l~h|h| h||qa| bmf chmbmlhmj cg~fasakgpiamv- Hfabvhgmbkkx vda ibhm |gq~la gc lgmva|v lbia c~gi vda igsa nx vda JB_~a|hfamv vg lgmsama b pbmak gc atpa~v| ldbh~af nx Eg|apd \vhjkhvu hm lgmv~bfh|vhmlvhgm vg vdaJ)>?- G~jbmhubvhgmbkkx vda ibhm bkva~mbvhsa cglbk pghmv nalbia vda QM Lgmca~amla gm vdaJkgnbk Algmgihl L~h|h| bv vda amf gc Eqma >??8-

Dbshmj j~bnnaf vda |pgvkhjdv b| vda fgihmbmv |hva gc l~hvhlh|i fq~hmj vda cg~ibvhsa |vbja| gcvda J)>? bv vda kabfa~| kasak dgzasa~ vda QM)g~hamvaf nbl`kb|d bjbhm|v vda J)>? db| ab|af-B| vda J)>? db| atpbmfaf hv| bjamfb vda QM db| amfg~|af vda l~afg vdbv vda vzg hm|vhvqvhgm|b~a fhcca~amv bmf lgipkaiamvb~x mgv lgipavhmj bmf lgmv~bfhlvg~x $@hi >?2?n(- QM \al~avb~xJama~bk Nbm @h)iggm db| bllapvaf fa cblvg b |qng~fhmbva ~gka hm zdhld da bvvamf| vda J)>?|qiihv b| vda zg~kf| vgp lhshk |a~sbmv nqv pkbx| b |algmfb~x ~gka vg vda kabfa~| |abvaf bv vdazg~kf| vgp vbnka-


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Vda gvda~ l~hvhlh|i h| c~gi b mgm)iaina~ pa~|palvhsa- Zdhka bl`mgzkafjhmj vda hmmgsbvhsafa|hjm cg~ jkgnbk jgsa~mbmla vd~gqjd vda a|vbnkh|diamv gc vda J)>? cg~ maz iqkvhkbva~bkh|ivda |akc)|akalvhsa mbvq~a gc vda J)>? $bmf vda nhb| vgzb~f nhjma||( atpg|a| vda Bldhkka| daak gcvda J)>? hm va~i| gc hv| ~ap~a|amvbvhgmbk jbp|- Vda J)>? hm p~hmlhpka bmf hm p~blvhla db| naam

bmhibvaf nx bm hm|v~qiamvbkzhvd bvvamfbmv gqvpqv kajhvhiblxpq~pg|a- Hm vda ~q|d vg chmf|gkqvhgm| mgmavdaka|| vda~a h| b maaf vg lbvld qp hm va~i| gc hmpqv kajhvhiblx bngqv vdanbkbmla navzaam iaina~ bmf mgm)iaina~ lgqmv~ha| bmf vda ~ajhgm| vdax lgia c~gi- Hclgjmhubmv gc vda cg~qi| |v~amjvd| |gpdh|vhlbvaf gn|a~sa~)pb~vhlhpbmv| gc vda @g~abm |qiihv~algjmhuaf iaina~|dhp lgipg|hvhgm b| vda J)>?| jkb~hmj zab`ma|| $Kaa >?2?5 6


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lkbigq~hmj cg~ b j~abva~ ~gka --- Cg~ q| vda àx lgmla~m h| vg |aa vdbv vda p~hmlhpka Pgc amdbmlaf~ap~a|amvbvhgmY jav| bllapvaf $âqva~| >??8(-

Da~a vda kbl` gc b sh|hnka lbipbhjm nx B|hbm lgqmv~ha| mgvbnkx Ibkbx|hb bmf Vdbhkbmf h||bkhamv- Ngvd gc vda|a lgqmv~ha| dbf naam iaina~| gc vda J>> vdbv bk|g aia~jaf c~gi vda

B|hbm'HIC l~h|h| hm 2884 bmf dbf naam lgm|hfa~af cg~ iaina~|dhp cg~ vda J)>? chmbmla- Nqv hmmahvda~ lb|a fhf vda|a lgqmv~ha| ibà b dhjd)p~gchka pqnkhl lkbhi vg b |abv bv vda vgp vbnka gm bmbvhgmbk nb|h|-

Vda vdh~f j~gqp gc gqv|hfa~ lgqmv~ha| atp~a||af lgmla~m vdbv falh|hgm| za~a nahmj vbàmzhvdhm vda J)>? zhvdgqv vdah~ ~ap~a|amvbvhgm g~ lgm|amv nqv ~bvda~ vdbm gqv~hjdv ~aealvhgm vdap~aca~amla db| naam b pq~|qhv cg~ hmlkq|hgm- Vda J)>? h| shazaf b| dbshmj |gia pg|hvhsacabvq~a| nqv ~aibhm| hm maaf gc ~achmaiamv hm g~fa~ vg ibthihua hv| namachv| vg b j~abva~ ~bmjagc lgqmv~ha|-

Vdh| g~hamvbvhgm h| |dgzlb|af bngsa bkk hm vda B|hbm lgmvatv vd~gqjd B\ABM- Vdh| zb| b

~gnq|v lkbhi bv vda gqv|av zhvd B\ABM bfsglbvhmj cg~ b cg~ibk |abv bv vda vbnka gc vda J)>? b|gppg|af vg |hipkx ~ap~a|amvbvhgm nx hv| ldbh~- Vdh| zbx cg~zb~f zb| bfsglbvaf bv Fbsg| hmEbmqb~x >?2? nx vda Shav Mbia|a _~hia Ihmh|va~ Mjqxam Vbm Fqmj $B\ABM \al~avb~hbv>?2?( b| da pq|daf vda mgvhgm vdbv vda~a |dgqkf na bm hml~ab|a PhmY vda ~ap~a|amvbvhgm gc J)>? H vdhm` vdbv hv h| hipg~vbmv vg hm|vhvqvhgmbkh|a vda pb~vhlhpbvhgm gc ~ajhgmbk g~jbmh|bvhgm| khàB\ABM- Gsa~ vhia dgzasa~ B\ABM faigm|v~bvaf lgm|hfa~bnka ckathnhkhvx- Vda kabfa~|*|vbvaiamv c~gi vda >?2? B\ABM \qiihv falkb~af5 .B\ABM |v~gmjkx nakhasa| vdbv hv lbmlgmv~hnqva vg vda fakhna~bvhgm| gc vda J)>? vd~gqjd lgmvhmqaf pb~vhlhpbvhgm gc vda B\ABM Ldbh~bmf vda B\ABM \al~avb~x Jama~bk. $^bmb >?2?0 ^bmb >?22(-

1- ÂJHGMBKH\I B\ B LBVBKX\V CG^ CQ^VDA^

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Hv h| vda fxmbihl |q~~gqmfhmj vda J)>? b| bm akasbvaf cg~i gc maz iqkvhkbva~bkh|i vdbvlgmvhmqa| vg na |qnealv vg |l~qvhmx- Bkvdgqjd vda lgg~fhmbvhgm p~gnkai| dbsa nalgia ig~afhcchlqkv b| hv| bjamfb db| asgksaf vda rqbkhvx gc vda J)>? amv~ap~amaq~|dhp bmf valdmhlbk~abfhma|| lgmvhmqa| vg |vbmf gqv- Vb`hmj bllgqmv gc vda cqmfbiamvbk pgza~ ldbmja vb`hmjpkbla hm vda jkgnbk algmgix $Bkatbmf~gcc bmf Lggpa~ >?2?0 Ldhm >?2?( vda J)>? |a~sa| b|vda dbkkib~` |hjmbk vdbv vda iqkvhkbva~bk |x|vai lbm mgv gmkx bfbpv nqv |a~sa b| b lbvbkxvhlbjamv cg~ gvda~ cg~i| gc hm|vhvqvhgmbk ~acg~i mgvbnkx hm vda v~bm|hvhgm c~gi vda Chmbmlhbk \vbnhkhvxCg~qi vg vda Chmbmlhbk \vbnhkhvx Ngb~f bmf vda ~afh|v~hnqvhgm gc sgvhmj ~hjdv| bmf |abv| hm vdaHIC-

Xav mgvzhvd|vbmfhmj hv| c~bihmj b| bm hmmgsbvhsa fhpkgibvhl p~gealv hv h| |vhkk b |v~avld vg b~jqavdbv vda J)>? n~gbfamaf gqv lgipg|hvhgm bmf atpbm|hsa bjamfb lbm na arqbvaf zhvd vda


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2:

faigl~bvhubvhgm gc jkgnbk jgsa~mbmla $B|hbm Hm|vhvqva cg~ _gkhlx \vqfha| >?2?(- Zhvd vda J)>?|hm|vhvqvhgmbk ainaffafma|| db| lgia bm hmvam|hvx gc |amvhiamv vdbv vda g~jbmhubvhgmbk cg~ibvmala||b~x cg~ b phsgvbk l~h|h| lgiihvvaa h| mgv vda lgm|v~qlv bpp~gp~hbva cg~ hv| akasbvhgm vg bjkgnbk |vaa~hmj lgiihvvaa-

\gia gc vda hmj~afhamv| a||amvhbk cg~ vdh| igfhchlbvhgm lamva~ gm acchlhamlx jgbk| zhvd vda bhigc ib`hmj vda J)>? zg~` ig~a |iggvdkx- Zhvd ~a|palv vg vda J)>? p~apb~bvhgm p~gla|| vdaibhm cglq| db| naam gm vda p~g| bmf lgm| zhvd ~a|palv vg vda a|vbnkh|diamv gc b |al~avb~hbv hmg~fa~ vg p~gshfa hm|vhvqvhgmbk iaig~x lgmvhmqhvx cg~ igmhvg~hmj bmf cgkkgz)qp gc lgiihviamv|b| zakk b| vg |qppg~v gqv~abld bmf lgm|qkvbvhgm $Lb~hm >?2?(- Ldbiphgm| gc vda kabfa~| b~afhcca~amv |ldggk ~a|h|v bmx nhj igsa vg gsa~)nq~abql~bvhua vda cg~qi- Xav ngvd @g~ab bmfC~bmla dbsa atp~a||af |qppg~v cg~ hm|vhvqvhgmbkhuhmj vda J)>? cg~qi vd~gqjd vda l~abvhgm gc b\al~avb~hbv-

Vda pg|hvhsa hibja gc vda J)>? mgmavdaka|| kha| mgv gmkx gm javvhmj vdhmj| fgma nqv gm

kajhvhiblx- Hc vda kg|| gc vda khcangbv avdg| ibà| hv ig~a fhcchlqkv vg ibhmvbhm hm|vhvqvhgmbklgda~amla gm bm h||qa |palhchl nb|h| hv ibà| hv ig~a lgmvhmjamv vg bff~a|| vda J)>?|jgsa~mbmla fachlhamlha|- Kgg`hmj hmzb~f| vda p~hg~hvx h| gm hmv~gfqlhmj g~fa~ vg vda J)>?dg|vhmj cqmlvhgm|- B| b l~h|h| lgiihvvaa vda J)>? b| b kabfa~| |qiihv n~gà zhvd vda|arqamlhmj a|vbnkh|daf nx vda J)>? Chmbmla- ^bvda~ vdbm ldgg|hmj dg|v| bllg~fhmj vg b j~gqpg~ nqlàv |x|vai vda|a fqvha| za~a fh|v~hnqvaf gm bf dgl nb|h| zhvd vda Q\ qp vg vda_hvv|nq~jd J)>? fghmj ig|v gc vda g~lda|v~bvhgm- Lgmch~iaf nx vda |akalvhgm gc Iathlg vg dg|vhm >?2> dgzasa~ vda J)>? bppab~| vg na igshmj nbl` vg vda kajblx igfak gc vda J)>?chmbmla-

Kgg`hmj gqvzb~f| vda cglq| lgmla~m| vda lkg|hmj gc vda ~ajhgmbk ~ap~a|amvbvhgm jbp kb~jakx gm

nadbkc gc |ibkk lgqmv~ha|- \gia |hjmhchlbmv p~gj~a|| db| bk~abfx naam ibfa bknahv hm bm bf dglcb|dhgm- Hm va~i| gc |qn|vbmla vda ibhm bvv~blvhgm gcca~af cg~ mgm)iaina~| shb vda asgkshmj J)>? bjamfb db| naam gm @g~ab| p~gpg|bk| gm vda Jkgnbk Chmbmlhbk \bcavx Mav bmfFasakgpiamv H||qa|- Bllg~fhmj vg F~ Eqm`xq Kaa |amhg~ bfsh|g~ vg vda @g~abm Ihmh|v~x gc\v~bvajx bmf Chmbmla hm vbk`| zhvd vda Shav Mbia|a Ihmh|v~x gc Chmbmla gcchlhbk| $b| dg|v gc vdaJ)>? bmf vda _~a|hfamlx gc B\ABM >?2? ~a|palvhsakx( hm vda mab~ va~i vda J)>? lgqkf |av qpb ~ajhgmbk)|lbka lggpa~bvhgm ~ajhia g~ iqvqbk bj~aaiamv gm chmbmlhbk |bcavx b||h|vbmla $ShavMbi Nq|hma|| Maz| >?2?( vdbv zgqkf dakp hm|qkbva fasakgphmj lgqmv~ha| c~gi vda hkk)accalv| gcjkgnbk algmgihl l~h|a|-

B| zhvma||af nx vdh| vxpa gc hmva~blvhgm B\ABM db| p~gsaf ~alapvhsa vg j~abva~ hmlkq|hgm hmvda J)>? p~gla||- Gqv~abld accg~v| vg ~ajhgmbk g~jbmhubvhgm| |qld b| B\ABM hm vq~m gcca~| vdaJ)>? bm gppg~vqmhvx vg amdbmla hmlkq|hgm bmf bff~a|| kajhvhiblx lgmla~m| $Ndbvvbldb~xb>?2?(- B\ABM pb~vhlhpbvhgm bv vda Eqma >?2? \qiihv hm Vg~gmvg $Thmdqb >?2?( cgkkgzaf vdh|igfak shb vda pb~vhlhpbvhgm gc vda B\ABM Ldbh~ bmf \al~avb~x Jama~bk- Vdh| bpp~gbldngk|va~af ngvd vda J)>?| hmpqv bm gqvpqv kajhvhiblx cqmlvhgm bkgmj zhvd hv| lbpblhvx gc vdacg~qi vg blv b| b mavzg~` dqn-


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Vda nhj ~aibhmhmj rqa|vhgm ~a|v| gm zdavda~ vda|a vxpa| gc ckqhf bfeq|viamv ~abld vdangqmfb~x gc zdbv h| shbnka g~ zdavda~ vdax p~gshfa b |vbjhmj j~gqmf cg~ cq~vda~ ~acg~i|- Bv vda\agqk |qiihv vda J)>? |avvkaf gm b cg~iqkb cg~ mgm)iaina~ pb~vhlhpbvhgm ambnkhmj vda |qiihvdg|v vg hmshva qp vg chsa jqa|v|- Gm vda cbla gc hv vdh| zamv b kgmj zbx vg |avvkhmj vda ~ajhgmbk

~ap~a|amvbvhgm b| hv h| ~apg~vaf bv vda vhia vdbv vda \da~pb| |av b v~bfhvhgm vdbv vda hmshvbvhgm||dgqkf na ibfa gm b lgm|am|q| gc J)>? iaina~| mgv hm vda dg|v lgqmv~x| gzm fa|h~a $ Ldg>?2?(- Gm lkg|a~ kgg` vdgqjd vdh| cg~iqkb fga| mgv amf vda fanbva-

Vda ig|v binhvhgq| iabm| gc ia|dhmj acchlhamlx zhvd kajhvhiblx h| vg vaipa~ vda g~hjhmbkigfak cg~ b J)>?- ^bvda~ vdbm bkkgzhmj cq~vda~ AQ ~ap~a|amvbvhgm b| db| dbppamaf vd~gqjdvda p~a|amla gc \pbhm bmf vg |gia atvamv vda Mavda~kbmf| b p~gla|| gc ~gkknbl` bmflgmv~blvhgm |dgqkf na hipkaiamvaf- Vdh| |hmjka nhj igsa zhkk dakp nqhkf kajhvhiblx cg~ vda J)>?gqv|hfa gc vda AQ- Nqv eq|v b| hipg~vbmvkx hv zhkk amlgq~bja ig~a hmmgsbvhsa cg~i| gclgg~fhmbvhgm hm|hfa vda AQ vda hm|v~qiamvbk ~bvhgmbka cg~ zdhld db| naam ~ashvbkhuaf nx vdafhcchlqkvha| zhvd bff~a||hmj vda aq~g b~ab l~h|h|- B| dhjdkhjdvaf nx b N~gg`hmj| Hm|vhvqvhgm

pqnkhlbvhgm vda~acg~a vda gmjghmj jgsa~mbmla |vbkaibva hm Aq~gpa h| l~abvhmj j~hfkgl` cg~zhfa~ jkgnbk jgsa~mbmla ~acg~i $Nbvvbldb~xb N~bfcg~f bmf Khmm >?2?(-

Vg na |q~a vda pgkhvhlbk bmf fhpkgibvhl p~a||q~a| vg bff mgv |qnv~blv zhkk lgmvhmqa vg nahmvam|a- B lb|a hm pghmv h| vda v~abviamv gc vda Mavda~kbmf| bv vda Vg~gmvg J)>?- Dbshmj hmhvhbkkx|hjmbkaf vdbv vda Fqvld zgqkf mgv na hmshvaf Lbmbfb ~akamvaf $mgv eq|v gqv gc b |am|a gc kh`a)ihmfafma|| nqv b| b ~a|qkv gc jggf pa~|gmbk ldaih|v~x bv vda kabfa~|dhp kasak( bmf bkkgzafvda Mavda~kbmf| hm zhvd b lkq|va~ gc gvda~ lgqmv~ha| $Avdhgphb Ibkbzh bmf Shav Mbi( hipkhlhvkxqmfa~ vda nbmma~ gc ~ajhgmbk ~ap~a|amvbvhsa|- Zdbvasa~ pgkhvhlbk g~ fhpkgibvhl bfsbmvbjajbhmaf nx vdh| |qppkaiamvb~x igsa mgmavdaka|| zb| gcc|av nx vda p~gnkaibvhl kgjhl gc kavvhmj

hm bmgvda~ AQ lkbhibmv- Hm|vabf gc kamfhmj l~afamla vg vda mgvhgm vdbv vda J)>? ~ap~a|amvaf b|dhcv gc jkgnbk jgsa~mbmla cg~ b zg~kf vdbv zb| ~abkhjmhmj hv| pgza~ bmf mg~ibvhsa cgqmfbvhgm|hv ~ahmcg~laf vda hibja gc vda J)>? b| dbshmj bm b~nhv~b~x lkqn fa|hjm $IblLdb~ka| >?2?(-

Xav vda kgjhl gc |qnv~blvhmj bv kab|v |gia AQ ~ap~a|amvbvhgm hm g~fa~ hm va~i| gc ~ajhgmbk~ap~a|amvbvhgm db| naam bl`mgzkafjaf nx @g~ab b| vda dg|v gc vda Mgsaina~ >?2? J)>?|qiihv- Zhvd vda cg~iqkb majgvhbvaf nx vda J)>? \da~pb| hm pkbla vda fgg~ gpamaf vgAvdhgphb Ibkbzh Shav Mbi bmf \hmjbpg~a b| vda ~ap~a|amvbvhsa| gc bkva~mbvhsa g~jbmhubvhgm|nqv lkg|af vg cq~vda~ AQ ~ap~a|amvbvhgm naxgmf vda lb|a gc \pbhm $hm hv| bmgibkgq| pg|hvhgm b|b pa~ibmamv jqa|v(- Hm eq|vhcxhmj vda hmv~gfqlvhgm gc vda J)>? pkq| chsa bpp~gbld vda @g~abmp~apb~bvg~x lgiihvvaa atpkhlhvkx |vbvaf vdbv vdh| falh|hgm dbf naam ibfa nalbq|a za chmbkkxbj~aaf vdbv za maafaf vg dbsa b navva~ jagj~bpdhlbk nbkbmla $Ldg >?2?(-

Ig~agsa~ b| zhvma||af nx vda igfa gc vda amjbjaiamv gc ngvd C~bmla bmf Iathlg zhvd |ibkklgqmv~ha| vdh| lqkvq~a h| nalgihmj hmj~bhmaf hm vda J)>?- Nacg~a vda cg~ibvhgm gc vda J)>?C~bmla pq|daf vda hfab gc b J~gqp gc 26 $J)26( p~hshkajhmj vda _^L Hmfhb N~buhk Iathlg bmf\gqvd Bc~hlb bkgmj zhvd Ajxpv- Cg~ vda Lbmma| J)>? hm Mgsaina~ >?22 nx zbx gc lgmv~b|vC~bmla hmshvaf bmgvda~ j~gqp gc lgqmv~ha| bkk nqv gma gc zdhld chv| hmvg vda lbvajg~x gc |ibkk


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|vbva|5 Avdhgphb b| ldbh~ gc MA_BF vda QBA b| ldbh~ gc vda Jqkc Lggpa~bvhgm Lgqmlhk bmfArqbvg~hbk Jqhmab b| ldbh~ gc vda BQ bkgmj zhvd \pbhm bmf \hmjbpg~a ~ap~a|amvhmj vda ?- Bv vda ch~|v Zb|dhmjvgm FL |qiihv hmMgsaina~ >??4 \b~`gux kbiamvaf vda kbl` gc |qlla|| hm vdh| bjamfb b~ab- Xav b| pq|daf nxvda _b~h|)nb|af GALF vda J)>? db| igsaf vg |amf b |v~gmj |hjmbk vg vdg|a GCL| vdbv dbsa~acq|af vg |hjm vbt hmcg~ibvhgm atldbmja fabk|-


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>?

Hc b |hjm gc acchlhamv blvhgm dgzasa~ vda h||qa gc GCL| ~bh|a| vda rqa|vhgm gc hmpqv kajhvhiblxvg b sa~x fhcca~amv kasak- Lbm vda J)>? mgv gmkx |pab` cg~ vda ~a|v gc vda zg~kf nqv hipg|a hv| zhkkgm lgqmv~ha| vdbv fg mgv nakgmj vg vda j~gqp- Vdh| h||qa gc cbh~ma|| gc ~ap~a|amvbvhgm lbia vgvda cg~a hm |gia gc vda falkb~bvg~x |vbvaiamv| nx vda g~jbmhua~| gc vda ?( chmbmlhbk lamva~| nalbia b ibeg~ h||qa bmf lgqmv~ha| kh`a \hmjbpg~a bmf \zhvua~kbmfqmatpalvafkx cgqmf vdai|aksa| hm vda j~ax kh|v bmf lbia qmfa~ |gia p~a||q~a vg bkva~ vda zbxza gpa~bva- Vdh| zb| zhvdgqv p~hg~ lgm|qkvbvhgm zhvd q| za za~a mgv hmsgksaf hm vdafh|lq||hgm| nqv za dbf vg ~ablv vg vda falh|hgm vb`am nx vda J)>? bmf za dbsa ~ablvaf- Vdbvfga|mv |aai vg ia vg na vda ~hjdv zbx vg jav vdhmj| fgma- Dgmj @gmj PLdhmbY zdhld dbf b|hvqbvhgm sa~x |hihkb~ vg \hmjbpg~a dbf Pvda _^LY vg kgg` bcva~ hv| hmva~a|v| |g hv h| mgv gm vdaj~ax kh|v nqv \hmjbpg~a zb| bmf gvda~ lgqmv~ha| vgg- \g H vdhm` hv h| hipg~vbmv vdbv gm h||qa|vdbv lgmla~m gvda~| vdg|a zdg dbsa ibeg~ hmva~a|v |dgqkf bk|g na n~gqjdv hmvg vda fh|lq||hgm-Vdbv h| b ibvva~ gc p~gla||0 hv zgqkf hip~gsa kajhvhiblx bmf vda |am|a gc cbh~ma|| $Ldgzfdq~x

>?2?(\vhkk hc b lbvbkx|v cg~ blvhgm vda ? zhvd |gia akaiamv gc vda igfak vg ~ajhgmbkhua vda cg~qi- Vdh| |ab~ld h| mgvamvh~akx mgsak- Eq|v b| cg~ia~ _~hia Ihmh|va~ Ib~vhm gc Lbmbfb bfsglbvaf b |dhcv c~gi vda J)4vg vda J)>? b| vda phsgvbk cg~qi cg~ fabkhmj zhvd jkgnbk p~gnkai| cg~ia~ Nakjhbm _~hiaIhmh|va~ Jqx Sa~dgc|vbfv db| naam b ldbiphgm vg ~ajhgmbkhua vda J)45 vda lg~a gc dh| hfabnahmj vdbv vdh| v~bfhvhgmbk lkqn gc vda ~hld lgqkf na lgmsa~vaf hmvg J)4 hmvg b mavzg~` gc vda


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nhj ~ajhgmbk lgmvhmamvbk g~jbmhubvhgm|- Hm vdbv c~biazg~` I~ Sa~dgc|vbfv lgmlapvqbkhuaf bcg~qi ibfa qp gc ~ajhgmbk j~gqphmj| |qld b| vda Aq~gpabm Qmhgm IA^LG\Q^ B\ABMMBCVB bmf vda Bc~hlbm Qmhgmbkk zhvd arqbk zahjdvhmj $Sbm Kbmjamdgsa >??6(-

Hc ig~a binhvhgm h| maafaf vg v~bm|kbva vdh| hfab c~gi vda J)4 vg vda J)>? |qld vdhm`hmj jga|

vg vda lg~a gc vda J)>?| p~gnkaibvhrqa- Gm vda gma dbmf vdh| bpp~gbld bl`mgzkafja| vda J)>?| dhjdkx hmmgsbvhsa bvv~hnqva|- Cb~ ig~a vdbm bm qm)~acg~iaf QM g~ bm qm)~ap~a|amvbvhsa J)4 vda J)>? gcca~| b shbnka g~jbmhubvhgmbk qpfbvafabkhmj zhvd vda pb~bfgthlbk |hvqbvhgm zda~avda pgkhlx bqvdg~hvx cg~ vbl`khmj jkgnbk p~gnkai| |vhkk nakgmj| vg vda |vbva| zdhka vda |gq~la| gcvda p~gnkai| bmf pgvamvhbk |gkqvhgm| b~a |hvqbvaf bv v~bm|mbvhgmbk ~ajhgmbk g~ jkgnbk kasak$Vdb`q~ bmf Sbm Kbmjamdgsa >??3(hm g~fa~ vg na hm vqma zhvd >2|v

Hm hm|v~qiamvbk va~i| b mavzg~` $b| gppg|af vg |hipkx b lkqn( bpp~gbld eqip| gqv asam gm

vda bjamfb hvai| vdbv dbsa fgma ig|v vg pqv b n~bà gm vda J)>?| blvhshvha| vda aq~g b~abl~h|h|- Bkvdgqjd vda lg~a ~a|pgm|hnhkhvx cg~ fabkhmj zhvd vda aq~g b~ab l~h|h| zhkk ~aibhm zhvd vdaAq~gpabm algmgiha| vdai|aksa| vda J)>? |vhkk db| bm hipg~vbmv ~gka hm va~i| gc vda q|a gcpaa~ p~a||q~a- \qld valdmhrqa| hm |gia zbx| bv kab|v lbm na lgmmalvaf zhvd vda lqkvq~a gcpaa~ p~a||q~a ainaffaf hm gvda~ ~ajhgmbk cg~qi| bngsa bkk B\ABM nqv gmkx hc vda~a h| nqhkv hm~ajhgmbk ~ap~a|amvbvhgm-

lamvq~x ~abkhvha|- Gm vdagvda~ dbmf hv gcca~| gma cq~vda~ zbx gc fabkhmj zhvd vda J)>?| kajhvhiblx jbp| zhvd b j~abva~nbkbmla navzaam iaina~ bmf mgm)iaina~ lgqmv~ha| bmf vda ~ajhgm| vdax lgia c~gi-

\algmfkx vda igsa nx @g~ab vg ain~bla b cg~i gc dg|v'~ajhgmbk hm|vhvqvhgmbk igfa gc gqv~abld$g~ vg n~ab` zhvd J)4 va~ihmgkgjx lgm|qkvbvhgm( |dgqkf na ~achmaf bmf hm|vhvqvhgmbkhuaf- \qld bp~gla|| gc lgm|qkvbvhgm lgqkf na amdbmlaf nx hipkaiamvhmj vdh| cg~i gc blvhshvx vd~gqjd ig~asb~haf iabm|0 cg~ atbipka hm bffhvhgm vg vda hmhvhbvhsa| vbàm nx vda dg|v lgqmv~x igsa| bkgmj

vda|a khma| lgqkf na vbàm shb b J)>? \al~avb~hbv $hc gma h| a|vbnkh|daf b| p~gpg|af nx_~a|hfamv \b~`gux bmf @g~ab( g~ ig~a kgg|akx shb b vabi gc \da~pb| $hm ahvda~ b v~gh`b cg~ibvg~ b ig~a bf dgl cb|dhgm(- Hm bllg~fbmla zhvd vda p~hmlhpka gc sb~hbnka jagiav~x vda cglq|zgqkf na gm |akalv j~gqp| gc vda atlkqfaf zhvd b cqmlvhgmbk g~hamvbvhgm nahmj amjbjaf zhvdpb~vhlqkb~ bjamfb hvai| gc vda J)>?-

Hm va~i| gc vda pgkhlx bjamfb vda lgmla~m gc \hmjbpg~a hm bm amdbmlaf pg|hvhgm jhsam hv|kabfa~|dhp ~gka hm vda ?22 zhkk lgmvhmqa vg cglq| gm vda J)>?| ibhm jbia hm va~i| gc chmbmlhbk~ajqkbvhgm ngvd fh~alvkx bmf hmfh~alvkx shb vda Chmbmlhbk \vbnhkhvx Ngb~f bmf vda Nb|ak lgiihvvaa

gm nbm`hmj |qpa~sh|hgm- Xav hc hv lbm lgm|gkhfbva hv| pkbla hm vda J)>? shb vda ? shb b ~ajhgmbk Lgiihvvaa gc chmbmla ihmh|va~| bmf jgsa~mg~| gc lamv~bk nbm`| qmfa~ vda


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bq|phla| gc vda B|hbm Fasakgpiamv Nbm` bmf'g~ gvda~ ngfha|- Vdh| hmhvhbvhsa db| zg~àf zakk-Vda |lgpa gc vda iaina~|dhp cg~ vdh| lgiihvvaa h| hip~a||hsa hmlkqfhmj b| hv fga| ngvd|gia lgqmv~ha| vdbv |gqjdv iaina~|dhp $Mhja~hb bmf Ajxpv bmf Mhja~hb( hm b ~acg~iaf J)4vdai|aksa| $L2? >?2?0 Bkk Nq|hma|| >?2?(-

Bkvdgqjd |vbva| zhkk ~avbhm vdah~ p~hiblx zhvdhm vda J)>? lgmvatv hv zhkk bk|g na bfsbmvbjagq| hcpb~vhlhpbvhgm lgqkf na |v~avldaf gm b cqmlvhgmbk nb|h|- B ~ajhgmbk fhiam|hgm lgqkf na nqhkv hmvgvda J)>? Nq|hma|| cg~qi vda |v~qlvq~a vdbv db| nalgia b ibeg~ ainaffaf lgm|vhvqamlx cg~vda J)>? $@hi)Eh)dxqm >?2?b( b| db| vbàm pkbla hm vda Hmva~mbvhgmbk Ldbina~ gc Lgiia~la|J)>? Bfsh|g~x J~gqp-

Zhvd |gia |qppkaiamvb~x hmmgsbvhsa ~acg~i| bkgmj vda|a khma| hv ibx na |qjja|vafvda~acg~a vdbv vda ~ajhgmbk fxmbihl| |q~~gqmfhmj vda J)>? lgqkf igsa c~gi b zab`ma|| vg b|gq~la gc |v~amjvd- B| aipdb|huaf vd~gqjdgqv vdh| pbpa~ vda ~aealvhgmh|v| gc vda J)>? dbsamgv naam ibmx hm mqina~ zhvd ig|v ~ajhgmbk ngfha| zbmvhmj vg chmf zbx| vg zg~` zhvdhm vda

|qiihv p~gla||- Ig~agsa~ cg~ibkh|vhl ~alhpa| gc fabkhmj zhvd vda ~ajhgmbk fhiam|hgm $|qld b|~ajhgmbk akalvhgm|( dbsa mgv jbhmaf v~blvhgm naxgmf vda ~abki gc lgmlapvqbk vdhm`hmj $Zbfabmf Sa|va~jbb~f >?2?(-Vda cabvq~a vdbv hmlqklbva| vda J)>? zhvd |g ibmx gc hv| hm|vhvqvhgmbkckbz| hv| bf dgl hip~gsh|af mbvq~a bk|g p~gshfa| vda v~bhv vdbv bkkgz| vda cg~qi vg igsanaxgmf vda|a fachlhamlha|- Vda J)>? lbm ibà bipka b||a~vhgm| bngqv hv| pg|hvhgm b| b igfakgc jkgnbk jgsa~mbmla- Vg cqkkx eq|vhcx vda|a lkbhi| dgzasa~ vda cg~qi iq|v na ig~a vdbm bckathnka bmf pq~pg|acqk fhpkgibvhl |pbla cg~ iqkvhkbva~bk hmmgsbvhgm- Hv iq|v bvvamf vg hv| ig|vjkb~hmj |gq~la gc lgmva|vbvhgm vda J)>?| kbl` gc hmlkq|hsama|| qmfa~ihmhmj hv| kajhvhiblx-

4- LGMLKQ\HGM5 HI_A^BVHSA\ BMF LGM\V^BHMV\ ZHVDÂ\_ALV VG CQVQÂ J)>? ÂCGÎ

Vda hm|vhvqvhgmbkhubvhgm gc vda J)>? bv vda kabfa~| kasak hm b |hihkb~ cb|dhgm vg vda g~hjhmbk J)>?Chmbmla zb| |dgl` blvhsbvaf $@h~vgm cg~vdlgihmj >?2>( hm vdbv vda cg~qi zb| a~alvaf vglb~~x gqv b jgsa~mbmla ~a|pgm|a vg b |a~hgq| l~h|h|- Vdh| hmvam|a qmbmvhlhpbvaf mbvq~a gc vda|dgl`| pkblaf vda gmq| gm fakhsa~x mgv kajhvhiblx cg~ vda cg~qi- Hv zb| gmkx bcva~ vdahiiafhblx gc vda l~h|h| blvhsbvhgm ab|af vdbv kajhvhiblx lgmla~m| ~g|a vg vda vgp gc vdapgkhlx'fhpkgibvhl fanbva-

B| vda J)>? jbhm| b j~abva~ ~gka hm vda jgsa~mbmla b~ldhvalvq~a p~hib~hkx vd~gqjd bmatpbmfhmj |vaa~hmj j~gqp bjamfb vda kajhvhiblx lgmla~m| gc vda cg~qi mala||b~hkx nalgiaig~a p~a||hmj- Bllgiigfbvhmj vda fa|hjm h||qa| gc kajhvhiblx b~a kgmja~)va~i p~gealv| vdbvfhcca~| c~gi vda hm|vbmvbmagq| bf dgl atpa~hamla gc vda J)>? hm va~i| gc vda jgsa~mbmlabjamfb- Vdbv h| vg |bx kajhvhiblx h| b vdaia vdbv zhkk na bllg~faf j~abva~ bvvamvhgm zdam vdacg~qi igsa| cq~vda~ hmvg vda pg|v l~h|h| pa~hgf- C~gi b cqmlvhgmbkh|v pa~|palvhsa kajhvhiblx


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>? lgmmalvhgm| zhvd vda J)>?| zhfamhmj pgkhlx binhv- Hc kajhvhiblxh| faaiaf vg na vda bfsbmlaiamv gc jgsa~mbmla nx vdg|a fh~alvkx hipblvaf nx pgkhlxfalh|hgm| bmf fakhna~bvhgm| vdbm vda J)>? hm vda zbà gc vda lq~~amv l~h|h| zb| kbl`hmjkajhvhiblx hm vdbv vda jgsa~mbmla falh|hgm| za~a ibfa nx bmf cg~ vda sa~x lgqmv~ha| vdbv za~a

bv vda lg~a gc vda jkgnbk chmbmlhbk l~h|h|- Hm lgmv~b|v vg gvda~ pgvamvhbk cg~iqkba $J:'J)4 J)4pkq| hmvg b J)2>'2? nx b Jkgnbk AlgmgihlLggpa~bvhgm Lgqmlhk $\vhjkhvu âpg~v >?2?(7 G~ |dgqkf za eq|v vbà vda lq~~amv |hvqbvhgm cg~j~bmvaf |hmla hv h| gmkx b |akc)|akalvaf cg~qi bmf zhkk lgmvhmqa vg na b |akc)|akalvaf cg~qi-

Hm va~i| gc hv| hmpqv bmf gqvpqv kajhvhiblx vda~a h| b fhkaiib zhvd J)>?- Hc hv nalgia| ig~a~ap~a|amvbvhsa hm vda cqvq~a h-a- lgsa~hmj ig~a |vbva| hv ihjdv na ka|| p~gfqlvhsa bmf accalvhsa-Fava~ihmhmj zdavda~ vda J)>? |dgqkf |bl~hchla |gia kajhvhiblx cg~ j~abva~ acchlhamlx g~ shlasa~|b zhkk kb~jakx fapamf gm vda sh|hgm gc vda cg~qi zhvd ~a|palv vg vda gsa~bkk lgm|vakkbvhgm gc

jkgnbk jgsa~mbmla- Hv lbm na pa~|qb|hsakx b~jqaf vdbv ~ajhgmbkhubvhgm gc J)>? h| b jggf hfabbmf lgqkf na b |gkqvhgm vg vda fhkaiib- Nqv vda p~algmfhvhgm h| vdbv abld ~ajhgmbk ngfx h|dhjdkx acchlhamv hm qmhcxhmj vdah~ pgkhlx |vbmla| bmf vdam ib`hmj p~gfqlvhsa p~gpg|bk|- Zhvd vdafaapamhmj hipblv gc vda aq~g b~ab l~h|h| hv h| hml~ab|hmjkx fhcchlqkv vg |aa vdbv vdh| h| mgv bmab|x vb|` asam hm vda AQ |g hv zhkk hmashvbnkx vbà b kgmj vhia vg ~abkhua vdh| jgbk-

Bv vda ibl~g)|v~qlvq~bk kasak gc zg~kf pgkhvhl| vda J)>? b| vda maza|v hm|vhvqvhgmbk hmmgsbvhgm hmiqkvhkbva~bkh|i h| b ~ackalvhgm gc zhfa~ v~amf| vb`hmj pkbla zhvdhm vda hmva~mbvhgmbk |x|vai- Hc b||gia gn|a~sa~| hmfhlbva $Zggf| >?2?0 Ldhm >?2?( ~ajhgmbkh|i bmf falamv~bkhubvhgm hm vdahmva~mbvhgmbk |x|vai h| hmfhlbvhsa gc vda v~bealvg~x gc vda hmva~mbvhgmbk |x|vai vdam ih~~g~hmjvdh| v~amf zhvdhm vda jgsa~mbmla |v~qlvq~a gc vda J)>? h| ~ab|gmbnka-

Vda ibhm ldbkkamja h| vg p~a|a~sa vda ckqhfhvx gc vda J)>? zdhld h| qmfa~z~hvvam nx hv| hmcg~ibkfa|hjm- Vdh| ckqhfhvx fa|phva |gia pgkhlx fh|bj~aaiamv| h| bigmj vda cg~qio| ig|v |hjmhchlbmvcabvq~a| cg~ zabshmj vda cg~qio| bpp~gblda| vg lg~a algmgihl jgsa~mbmla ldbkkamja|0zdavda~ cg~ atbipka gm vda h||qa| gc chmbmlhbk ~ajqkbvhgm jkgnbk hinbkbmla| vda pg||hnhkhvx gcb chmbmlhbk v~bm|blvhgm vbt v~bfa bmf fasakgpiamv chmbmla- Hmcg~ibkhvx db| zg~àf vg cblhkhvbvaihtaf lgbkhvhgm| gc a|vbnkh|daf bmf aia~jhmj |vbva| zhvdhm vda J)>? shb bf dgl j~gqphmj|- Hv h|


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>6

vdq| hipa~bvhsa vdbv vdh| hm|vhvqvhgmbk fa|hjm h||qa mgv na v~abvaf hm b chtaf ibmma~- Hc bmf zdamvda J)>? igsa| naxgmf hv| l~h|h| lgiihvvaa g~hamvbvhgm b |vbja p~gealvaf ig|v |a~hgq|kx nxvda aq~g b~ab fhkaiib| bmf vda p~gv~blvaf |phkk)gsa~ accalv hm gvda~ ~ajhgm| gc vda zg~kf b~ash|hvhmj gc vda J)>?o| ~gka hm jkgnbk jgsa~mbmla zhkk na b shvbk mala||hvx-


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>1

ÂCAÂMLA\

Bkatbmf~gcc B- \- bmf B- C- Lggpa~ af|- >?2?- ^h|hmj \vbva|+ ^h|hmj Hm|vhvqvhgm|5 Ldbkkamja|cg~ Jkgnbk Jgsa~mbmla- Zb|dhmjvgm FL5 N~gg`hmj| Hm|vhvqvhgm-

Bkk Nq|hma||- >?2?- Bc~hlbm Fasakgpiamv Nbm` J~gqpL)2? vg Fh|lq|| Fasakgpiamv Bjamfbcg~ J>? \qiihv hm \agqk- 6 Glvgna~-

BmjakgmhH- bmf E- _h|bmh)Ca~~x- >?2>- Vda J>?5 Ldb~blva~| Hm \ab~ld gc bm Bqvdg~- N~qajak Zg~ hmj _bpa~>?2>'?6-

B|hbm Hm|vhvqva cg~ _gkhlx \vqfha|- >?2?- Vda J>? bmf Jkgnbk Jgsa~mbmla âcg~i- \agqk5Xgm|ah Qmhsa~|hvx-

B\ABM \al~avb~hbv- >?2?- Shaz| gc B\ABM \gqjdv cg~ J>? Bjamfb- _~a|| âkab|a- Eb`b~vb-

2? Can~qb~x-|kqmf B- >??8- Vda J>? iq|v na \vgppaf- Vda Chmbmlhbk Vhia|- >3 Mgsaina~-

Nbhkhm B- >??1- C~gi V~bfhvhgmbk vg J~gqp Dajaigmx5 Vda J:+ vda Khna~bk Algmgihl G~fa~bmf vda Lg~a)pa~hpda~x Jbp- Kgmfgm5 B|djbva-

Nb~ib M- A- bvma~ bmf \- Zana~- >??:- B Zg~kf Zhvdgqv vda Za|v- Vda Mbvhgmbk Hmva~a|v 8? $Eqkx)Bqjq|v(5 >


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>:

Kaa F)d- >?2?- C~gi Vg~gmvg vg \agqk5 Asgkqvhgm gc vda J)>? p~gla||- \vqfhb FhpkgibvhlbKTHHH$>??8- Vda J>? lbm kabf vda zbx vg nbkbmlaf j~gzvd Chmbmlhbk Vhia|-> \apvaina~-

IblLdb~ka| V- >?2?- Vda atpbmfhmj J)4 bff| qp vg b J>? hm Dqmv|shkka zdhka Vg~gmvg| J>?zhkk na b J??4'v~?42?22-dvi

Ib~vhm _- >??6- Bff~a|| nx _~hia Ihmh|va~ _bqk Ib~vhm gm vda gllb|hgm gc dh| sh|hv vgZb|dhmjvgm FL- >8 Bp~hk-

Ig E- bmf A- \ag- >?2?- Vda @g~abm J>? _~a|hfamlx bmf asgkshmj jkgnbk jgsa~mbmla DJLXZg~`hmj _bpa~ \a~ha|- \agqk- Glvgna~-

Vda Mbvhgm- >?2?- _b`h|vbm sghla| gppg|hvhgm vg QM xhakfhmj algmgihl falh|hgm| vg J)>?- 28Eqma-

Mak|gm ^- I- >?2?- Vda J)>? bmf Hmva~mbvhgmbk Algmgihl Lggpa~bvhgm5 Nbl`j~gqmf bmfHipkhlbvhgm| cg~ Lgmj~a||- Zb|dhmjvgm5 Lgmj~a||hgmbk â|ab~ld \a~shla- 2? Bqjq|v-

Jgsa~miamv gc Mg~zbx- >??8- Mg~zajhbm Lbkk cg~ Mg~fhl Iaina~|dhp hm vda J>?- _~a||âkab|a- G|kg5 Ihmh|v~x gc Cg~ahjm Bccbh~|-

dvvp5''zzz-~ajea~hmjam-mg'am'fap'qf'|akalvaf)vgphl|'V~bfa)pgkhlx'iaina~|dhpWJ>?-dvik7hf914:846#ap|kbmjqbja9am)JN=

Gb`kax F- >??8- Falgqpkhmj jbhm| maz j~gqp gc ldaa~kabfa~|- Chmbmlhbk Vhia|- Eqma >?22-

_bqk|gm D- >?2?- Gm vda n~hm`5 Hm|hfa vda ^bla vg \vgp vda Lgkkbp|a gc vda Jkgnbk Chmbmlhbk\x|vai- Maz Xg~`5 Nq|hma|| _kq|-

^bldibm J- >?2?- Bia~hlb h| kg|hmj vda c~aa zg~kf- Chmbmlhbk Vhia| 6 Ebmqb~x-

^bmb _- ^- >?2?- âcg~i gc vda Hmva~mbvhgmbk Chmbmlhbk B~ldhvalvq~a5 Dgz Lbm B|hb dbsa bj~abva~ hipblv hm vda J>?- \hmjbpg~a5 ^H\H Zg~`hmj _bpa~ Mg- >?2- 8 Eqma-

^bmb _- ^- >?22- Ibà J>?)pkq| v~bm|pb~amv- Ldhmb Fbhkx- 2 Mgsaina~-

âqva~|- >??8- Bc~hlbm ChmIhm| lbkk cg~ J>? sghla ig~a |qppg~v- 1 Glvgna~-

^qjjha E- 284?2?- Mg~zbx vbà| bhi bv J>?- >> Eqma-

Vda \vhjkhvu âpg~v- >?2?- Maz Xg~` MX5 Vda Maz _~a||-
http://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/2008/tr081011.htmhttp://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/2008/tr081011.htm


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>4

dvvp5''zzz-qm-g~j'jb'p~a|hfamv'3??4- Amdbmlhmj Jkgnbk Jgsa~mbmla vd~gqjd âjhgmbkHmvaj~bvhgm- Hm5 âjhgmbkh|bvhgm bmf Jkgnbk Jgsa~mbmla- Vda Vbihmj gc Jkgnbkh|bvhgm7+afhvaf nx B- C- Lggpa~ L-Z- Dqjda| bmf _- Fa Kginba~fa- ^gqvkafja'Zb~zhl`

\vqfha| hm Jkgnbkh|bvhgm- Kgmfgm5 ^gqvkafja--

Zbfa ^- 2884- C~gi Ih~blka vg L~gmxh|i- Lbin~hfja Egq~mbk gc Algmgihl|>>$3(5 38??4- Jama~bk B||ainkx _~a|hfamv qmsahk| favbhk| gc pbmakp~gnhmj jkgnbk chmbmlhbk |x|vai- 26 Mgsaina~-

Q\)Ldhmb Nq|hma|| Lgqmlhk- >?22- Q\)Ldhmb V~bfa \vbvh|vhl| bmf Ldhmb| Zg~kf V~bfa\vbvh|vhl|-

dvvp|5''zzz-q|ldhmb-g~j'|vbvh|vhl|'v~bfavbnka-dvik

Sbm Kbmjamdgsa K- >??6- âjhgmbk Hmvaj~bvhgm bmf Jkgnbk Jgsa~mbmla- QMQ)L^H\

Gllb|hgmbk _bpa~|-

Shavmbi Nq|hma|| Maz|- >?2?- B\ABM| pg|hvhgm vgzb~f| vda J>? \agqk |qiihv- 1\apvaina~- Shavmbinq|hma||-b|hb'b|abm|)pg|hvhgm)vgzb~f|)vda)J>?)|agqk)|qiihv-

Thmdqb- >?2?- B\ABM vg bvvamf J>? \qiihv hm Vg~gmvg- ldhmb-g~j-lm- >> Eqma- dvvp5''zzz-vda_^L-g~j-lm'zg~kf'>?2?)?3'>>'lgmvamvW>?>:64-dvi-

Zbfa ^- bmf E- Sa|va~jbb~f- >?2?- Gsa~dbqk vda J>? cg~ vda |bà gc vda J2:>- ChmbmlhbkVhia|- >2 Glvgna~-

Zggf| M- >?2?- Jkgnbk jgsa~mbmla bcva~ vda chmbmlhbk l~h|h|5 B maz iqkvhkbva~bkh|i g~ vda kb|v jb|p gc vda

j~abv pgza~|7 Jkgnbk _gkhlx2 $2( >?2?5 123??4- Iaavhmj gc vda Cg~ahjm Ihmh|va~| gc vda _agpka|

âpqnkhl gc Ldhmb vda ^q||hbm Cafa~bvhgm vda âpqnkhl gc Hmfhb bmf vda Cafa~bvhsaâpqnkhl gc N~buhk- 23 Ibx-

Xq X- >??1- Ldhmb| asgkshmj jkgnbk shaz- Hm5 âcg~ihmj c~gi vda Vgp5 B Kabfa~| >? \qiihv+afhvaf nx E- Amjkh|d ^- Vdb`q~ bmf B- C- Lggpa~-Vg`xg5 QMQ_-

Ubzxb I- B)D- >??8- BIC Ldbh~ibm5 \B mgv gsa~ ~ap~a|amvaf hm J>?- Fgz Egma|- 6 Glvgna~-
http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/background.shtmlhttp://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/background.shtml

the group of twenty: input and output legitimacy, reforms, and agenda

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