The Handbook of Mummy Studies

Dong Hoon Shin • Raffaella BianucciEditors

The Handbook of MummyStudiesNew Frontiers in Scientific and CulturalPerspectives

With 368 Figures and 25 Tables

EditorsDong Hoon ShinLaboratory of BioanthropologyPaleopathology and History of DiseasesDepartment of Anatomy and Cell BiologyInstitute of Forensic and AnthropologicalScienceSeoul National University College ofMedicineSeoul, South Korea

Raffaella BianucciNewMexico Health Enhancement and MarathonClinics Research FoundationAlbuquerque, NM, USA

Warwick Medical School, Biomedical SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventry, UK

Legal Medicine Section, Department of PublicHealth and Paediatric SciencesUniversity of TurinTorino, Italy

ISBN 978-981-15-3353-2 ISBN 978-981-15-3354-9 (eBook)ISBN 978-981-15-3355-6 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3354-9

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claimsin published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Preface

Mummies, either natural or embalmed, ancient or modern, are the bodies of onceliving organisms – human and animals – which are “temporarily immortalized.”These bodies and their associated artifacts (e.g., coffins, shrouds, clothes, ceramicand wooden objects, cosmetics, texts, weapons, games) have attracted generations ofpeople of all ages. Why? Because they represent a visible medium between life anddeath, past and present, human fallacy and eternity. Independently from the region ofthe world they originated from, these bodies open a window to their past.

Through the application of refined investigation techniques as well as philologicalstudies, scholars are challenged to reconstruct the life habits of the individuals of thepast, their health state, the environments in which they lived, their beliefs, and theirinteractions with other cultures.

Thanks to the contribution of mummy experts with different backgrounds, boththe scientific and cultural aspects of the populations of the past can be explored. Todo so, the Handbook of Mummy Studies has been structured into different parts toallow readers to approach the theme in a logical way.

The “General Aspects of Mummy Studies” allows familiarization with the historyof mummy studies and the various types of mummification and embalming tech-niques used in the different regions of the world. Ethical guidelines linked to thetreatment of ancient remains from the burial site to their exhibitions either inMuseums or in cemeterial areas (i.e., catacombs and crypts) follow. Particularattention is paid to the application of autoptic procedures in mummies based ontheir provenance, religious background, and on the different laws of each country.

Within this part, two chapters are dedicated to major pathological conditions suchas cancer and cardiovascular diseases, which affected ancient human populations.

The second part (“Research Techniques of Mummy Studies”) is dedicated to themodern noninvasive (medical imaging/radiology/craniofacial reconstruction) orminimally invasive techniques (endoscopy and stable isotope analysis); noninvasivetechniques allow scientists to identify the age at death, sex, stature, presence/absenceof organs (eventually removed during the embalming procedures), postmortemdislocation, and the presence/absence of pathognomonic lesions of both soft andhard tissues; specific interest is paid to the reconstruction of the facial features. Thispart covers statistical methods used both in anthropological and mummiesresearches.

v

The third part of the book focuses on ancient DNA studies which look into thefascinating world of human, animal, and wildlife genetics; this topic has consistentlydeveloped with the introduction of next-generation sequencing. By using softmummified tissues, new information on the genetic history of humankind and pastgenomic diversity of ancient parasites is proposed. Cutting-edge techniques such asnext-generation sequencing, low copy number DNA analysis, and SNP-based DNAphenotyping are further described.

The concept of pathoecology, that is the ecological approach to reconstruction ofinfection patterns in past and present populations, is presented in the fourth part“Archaeoparasitology.” The diversity of parasites (whipworms, hookworms, Asca-ris, pinworms, etc.) found in mummies is explored. These ancient bodies are uniquesources of data to look at changing parasitological conditions over time. Hence thepathoecological approach to mummy studies provides outlooks relevant to currentand future trends in parasitology. Analysis of mummy digestive tracts, taphonomyand arthropod associates of decay, and coprolite analysis for diet ingestion are alsodiscussed in this part.

The parts from five to eight (“Egyptian Mummies,” “Mummies in Europe,”“Mummies in South America and the Pacific Region,” “Mummies in Asia”) arededicated to a detailed description of the mummies (human but also animal) from allcontinents. While there is more familiarity with mummies from Western world,special relevance is given to the description of mummified bodies from Siberia,South Korea, China, and Japan. This approach allows expansion of knowledge of thecultural heritage of the Eastern world, the posthumously treatment of the bodies, andreligious beliefs.

Since the process of active preservation of the bodies is generated and maintainedby culture, a specific part is dedicated to the “Cultural Aspects of Mummy Studies.”Notwithstanding the recent explosion of pioneering researches in mummy studies,the fora to discuss their cultural aspects are unfortunately still insufficient. Thecontributors to this part discuss recent trends and novel research outcomes in culturalaspects of mummy studies.

Over the past several decades, many achievements have been reported bypioneering researches on mummies from all over the world. This book provides adefinitive text for both the established researcher and the student wanting to learnabout the broad scope of mummies and the methods used in their study. It bringstogether a broad range of experts in their fields to provide a synthesis of the subject.We hope that it will help promote the subject and lead to a wider readership in boththe scientific and general populations.

Seoul, Korea Dong Hoon ShinCoventry, UK Raffaella BianucciSeptember 2021

vi Preface

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to my lab members past and present for their great work on ancientpeoples’ health and diseases: Drs. Chang Seok Oh, Jong Ha Hong, Hyejin Lee, andMs. Jieun Kim. I must also point out the generous help of my collaborators: Drs.Soong Deok Lee, Myeung Ju Kim, Jaehyup Kim, Dong Soo Yoo, In Sun Lee, WonJoon Lee, Yi Suk Kim, Do Seon Lim, Shiduck Kim, Myung Ho Shin, Eun Jin Woo,Tae Sup Cho, Ho Chul Ki, Taeshik Kim, Mi Kyung Song, and Eun Joo Lee. As forarchaeology, I am grateful to Drs. Yongjun Kim, Soon Chul Cha, Sang Yuk Shim,Yuri Bang, Young Moon Shin, Jin Og Ju, In Uk Kang, Jun Bum Park, and Sori Min.I also remember the friendship of Mark Spigelman, who helped me at the beginningof this research. My special thanks to Drs. Karl Reinhard, Jong-Yil Chai, and MinSeo for their archaeoparasitological collaboration. For my work in India and Siberia,Drs. Vasant Shinde and Sergey Slepchenko were my best friends/collaborators. Iwould like to express my respect also to the two professors who were my mentors:Drs. Sang Ho Baik and Sa Sun Cho. Without their teaching, I would not have beenthe researcher I am today. Sincere gratitude must be given to my mother (Young JaLee), father (Dr. Young Chul Shin), and sister (Dr. Eun-Kyoung Shin). I don’t knowhow to thank them, because without their faith in me, this book would not have beenpossible. Finally, if I have to express my gratitude to only two people, it is mybeloved wife Eunju and daughter Minjae. I think they’ve sacrificed too much tosupport me and my research so far. With my infinite love and respect, I want todedicate this book to them.

Dong Hoon Shin

This book is lovingly dedicated to my parents Mario and Graziella for their endlesssupport.

I am most grateful to my mentor and dearest friend, Professor Otto Appenzeller,whose constant presence in my life made it all possible. A special thought isdedicated to the late Professor Adauto Aráujo; his beautiful mind and gracefulpersonality are sorely missed.

Raffaella Bianucci

vii

Contents

Volume 1

Part I General Aspect of Mummy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 History of Mummy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Jane E. Buikstra and Kenneth C. Nystrom

2 Dried, Tanned, Frozen, Embalmed, Smoked: A Glimpse intoMummification Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Dario Piombino-Mascali and Haley Carr

3 Showing Respect to the Dead: The Ethics of Studying, Displaying,and Repatriating Mummified Human Remains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Heather Gill-Frerking

4 Ethical Considerations of Anthropologists’ Fieldwork . . . . . . . . . . 89Katherine I. Placher and Christopher J. Bae

5 Radiological and Ethical Considerations of Autopsy inMummy Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Yi-Suk Kim, Myeung Ju Kim, Chang Seok Oh, Jong Ha Hong, andDong Hoon Shin

6 Paleo-Oncology and Mummies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Andreas G. Nerlich and Raffaella Bianucci

7 The Burden of Arteriosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease inAncient Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Andreas G. Nerlich, Francesco Maria Galassi, and Raffaella Bianucci

Part II Research Techniques of Mummy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

8 Craniofacial Reconstruction in Mummy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Won Joon Lee and Dong Hoon Shin

9 Endoscopy in Mummy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Mark Spigelman and Dong Hoon Shin

ix

10 Stable Isotope Analysis in Archaeological Science and MummyStudies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Mai Takigami and Minoru Yoneda

11 Radiology Applications in Mummy Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Ronald G. Beckett and Gerald J. Conlogue

12 Medical Imaging in Mummy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Robert D. Loynes and Raffaella Bianucci

Part III Ancient DNA Analysis and Mummy Research . . . . . . . . . . 269

13 History of Ancient DNA Analysis in Mummy Research . . . . . . . . 271Jong Ha Hong, Chang Seok Oh, and Dong Hoon Shin

14 Current Trends in Ancient DNA Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Choongwon Jeong

15 Ancient DNA Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Choongwon Jeong

16 Ancient DNA and Paleoparasitology in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Alena Mayo Iñiguez

17 Analysis of Low Copy Number DNA and Degraded DNA . . . . . . . 351Hwan Young Lee

18 A Primer on the Population Genetic Analysis of AncientGenomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Choongwon Jeong

19 Application of SNP-Based DNA Phenotyping toArchaeological and Forensic Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Hwan Young Lee

Part IV Archaeoparasitology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

20 Mummies, Parasites, and Pathoecology in the AncientAmericas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411Adauto Araújo and Karl J. Reinhard

21 Archaeoparasitology of Korean Mummies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Min Seo, Jong Ha Hong, Karl J. Reinhard, and Dong Hoon Shin

22 Analysis of Mummy Digestive Tract Contents with Examplesof Relevance to Diet, Health, and Hospice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461Karl J. Reinhard, Julia Russ, Isabel Teixeira-Santos, You Zhou, andVaughn M. Bryant

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23 Mummy Taphonomy and Arthropod Associates of Decay . . . . . . . 495Jessica Smith, Lauren Gipson, Dario Piombino-Mascali, andRimantas Jankauskas

24 Ancient Parasites Seen in the Archaeology and MedicalContexts in the Han Dynasty, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Xiaoya Zhan, Wuyun Qi, and Hui-Yuan Yeh

25 Dietary Stress in Combat: Coprolite Analysis of a Korean WarMarine Killed in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533Karl J. Reinhard, Marina Milanello do Amaral, Gregory E. Berg, andBrianna Neu

26 Mummies and Skeletonized Individuals to Reveal theRelationship of Parasitism, Social Complexity, and SubsistenceStrategy in Eurasian Continent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547Sergey Mikhailovich Slepchenko, Min Seo, Jong Ha Hong,Chang Seok Oh, and Dong Hoon Shin

Volume 2

Part V Egyptian Mummies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

27 Mummified Human Remains from Ancient Egypt and Nubia:An Overview and New Insights from the British MuseumCollection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565Daniel Antoine and Marie Vandenbeusch

28 Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt and South America . . . . . . . . 629Salima Ikram

29 Trends in Use of Organic Balms in Egyptian MummificationRevealed Through Biomolecular Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653Richard P. Evershed and Katherine A. Clark

Part VI Mummies in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

30 Life and Diseases of the Neolithic Glacier Mummy “Ötzi” . . . . . . 719Andreas G. Nerlich, Angelika Fleckinger, and Oliver Peschel

31 Mummies in Crypts and Catacombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741Andreas G. Nerlich and Raffaella Bianucci

32 The Vác Mummy Project: Investigation of 265 Eighteenth-CenturyMummified Remains from the TB Pandemic Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777Helen D. Donoghue, Ildikó Pap, Ildikó Szikossy, and Mark Spigelman

33 Bog Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807Ronald G. Beckett

Contents xi

34 Bog Bodies and Natural Mummification of Siberia . . . . . . . . . . . . 833Sergey Mikhailovich Slepchenko, Igor Konstantinovich Novikov,Jong Ha Hong, Do Seon Lim, Chang Seok Oh, Jieun Kim,Hye Jin Lee, and Dong Hoon Shin

35 Vladimir Il’ič Lenin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851Raffaella Bianucci, Francesco Maria Galassi, and Andreas G. Nerlich

36 Ancient Greece and Mummies: The Primacy of the Soul overthe Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877Francesco Maria Galassi and Elena Varotto

37 Guanche Mummies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883Conrado Rodríguez-Martín

38 Embalming in France (from Twelfth to Nineteenth Century):Principle and Development of Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907Philippe Charlier

Part VII Mummies in South America and Pacific Region . . . . . . . . 929

39 South American Mummies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931Guido Lombardi and Bernardo Arriaza

40 Brazilian Mummies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945Shênia Patrícia Corrêa Novo

41 Fire Mummies of the Kabayan Region of Benguet Province,Luzon, the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957Ronald G. Beckett

42 Smoked Bodies of Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983Ronald G. Beckett

Part VIII Mummies in Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009

43 Mummies in Siberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011Sergey Mikhailovich Slepchenko, Jong Ha Hong, andDong Hoon Shin

44 Archaeological Findings of the Tarim Basin Graves andMummies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033In Uk Kang, Jinseong Han, Jong Ha Hong, Jieun Kim,Dong Hoon Shin, and Victor H. Mair

45 Joseon Dynasty Mummies of Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049Dong Hoon Shin, Chang Seok Oh, Jong Ha Hong, Myung Ho Shin,Myeung Ju Kim, and Hye Jin Lee

xii Contents

46 Mummies in China: Mawangdui and Other Related Mummies . . . 1073Kyeongmi Joo and Dong Hoon Shin

47 Mummies in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1103Hisashi Fujita, Jun Koike, Hiroki Sugimori, and Dong Hoon Shin

48 Mummies of Song-Ming Dynasty in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117Dong Hoon Shin, Chang Seok Oh, and Jong Ha Hong

Part IX Cultural Aspects of Mummy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137

49 Fake and Alien Mummies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139Guido Lombardi and Conrado Rodríguez Martín

50 Mummy Clothing Found in East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153Dong Hoon Shin, Chang Seok Oh, Jong Ha Hong, andMi Kyung Song

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171

Contents xiii

About the Editors

Dong Hoon Shin graduated from Seoul National Uni-versity College of Medicine in South Korea andreceived his certification of geriatrician. After servingas a public physician for three years, he earned his Ph.D.in Anatomy. He currently teaches and researches as afull professor and chairperson in the Department ofAnatomy and Cell Biology at Seoul National University.

Over the years, his research interests have mainlyfocused on acquiring scientific information on pre-modern peoples’ health and disease status. Usingresearch techniques and tools ranging from the anatom-ical and histological to the molecular, he has worked toreveal the physical and/or pathological traits of ancientpeoples and their patterns at different historical stages.He has conducted viral, bacterial, and helminthic path-ogen investigations with archaeologically obtainedhuman remains such as Korean mummies. These haveafforded vivid glimpses of premodern peoples’ healthand disease status and, thus, of their actual lives, insignificant detail from both medical and socioculturalperspectives.

To enrich his understanding of human diseases of thepast, he is also actively joining in fieldwork at archaeo-logical sites outside South Korea. Currently, theyinclude the Indus Valley Civilization ruins of present-day India and the permafrost burial grounds of WestSiberia. Based on his academic achievements, he wasinducted as a National Geographic Explorer and KavliFrontiers of Science Fellow.

xv

Raffaella Bianucci has specialized in biologicalanthropology, palaeopathology, and medical historywith an emphasis on reconstructing the impact of his-torical plague pandemics in Europe between the sixthand eighteenth centuries. She is known for herpioneering work on the identification of Yersinia pestisF1 protein in ancient skeletal remains. Her researcheshave contributed significant insights into the systematicidentification of putative plague victims uncovered fromseveral plague pits scattered around Europe. She cur-rently is investigating the historical impact of plague onMedieval populations and the biological role of rats andrat fleas in the interhuman transmission of the infection.

As a palaeopathologist, her research has focused onthe reconstruction of illnesses of several members ofimportant families in Renaissance Italy (the Mediciand the Aragonese). By applying the most advancedtechniques in medicine and biochemistry, she is inves-tigating the cause of death and the embalming tech-niques used to preserve ancient Egyptian mummies.Currently she is the group leader of a multidisciplinaryproject on Spanish church mummies from Quinto (Zara-goza) and on bog bodies from the Netherlands.

From 2015, she has specialized in Medical Human-ities. Together with Prof. Francesco Maria Galassi (Flin-ders University, Adelaide, Australia), she has introducedin Italy a new branch of investigation, namelypalaeopathography, in classical palaeopathology.Palaeopathography encompasses both the philologicaland clinical analysis of ancient documental sources andarchives and the clinical investigation of ancient worksof art with the purpose of identifying the historicalpresentation and evolution of diseases throughouthistory.

She has published numerous peer-reviewed articlesin leading scientific journals such as Nature Communi-cations, The Lancet, The Lancet Oncology, The LancetRespiratory Medicine, The Lancet Neurology, The Lan-cet Diabetes and Endocrinology, the American Journalof Medicine, Chest, the American Journal of PhysicalAnthropology, the Journal of Archaeological Science,PlOS Pathogens, and PlOS ONE. Currently, she is thecoeditor and author of a book on Art andMedicine in the

xvi About the Editors

Uffizi Gallery (Pontercoboli Editore) which will bepublished in December 2021.

Raffaella Bianucci is Vice President of the NewMexico Health Enhancement and Marathon ClinicsResearch Foundation, Albuquerque (NM, USA) andHonorary Research fellow at Warwick Medical School,Biomedical Sciences, The University of Warwick (UK).She gained her Ph.D. at the University of Florence andcompleted her postdoctoral training at the universities ofTurin (Italy) and Oslo (Norway).

About the Editors xvii

About the Section Editors

Andreas G. NerlichInstitute of PathologyAcademic Hospital Munich-BogenhausenMunich, Germany

Choongwon JeongSchool of Biological SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul, Republic of Korea

xix

Karl J. ReinhardSchool of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA

Ronald G. BeckettBiomedical Sciences, BioanthropologyResearch InstituteQuinnipiac UniversityHamden, CT, USA

xx About the Section Editors

Contributors

Daniel Antoine Department of Egypt and Sudan, The British Museum, London,UK

Adauto Araújo Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa, Escola Nacional deSaúde Pública, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janiero, Brazil

Bernardo Arriaza Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica,Chile

Christopher J. Bae Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii at Manoa,Honolulu, HI, USA

Ronald G. Beckett Biomedical Sciences, Bioanthropology Research Institute,Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA

Gregory E. Berg Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA), Joint BasePearl Harbor-Hickam, HI, USA

Raffaella Bianucci New Mexico Health Enhancement and Marathon ClinicsResearch Foundation, Albuquerque, NM, USA

Warwick Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry,UK

Legal Medicine Section, Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences,University of Turin, Torino, Italy

Vaughn M. Bryant Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, CollegeStation, TX, USA

Jane E. Buikstra Center for Bioarchaeological Research, Arizona 900 S. CadyMall, Mail Code 2402, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, ArizonaState University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Haley Carr Forensic and National Security Sciences Institute, Syracuse University,Syracuse, NY, USA

xxi

Philippe Charlier Laboratoire Anthropologie, Archéologie, Biologie (LAAB),Université Paris-Saclay (UVSQ), UFR des Sciences de la Santé, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France

Fondation Anthropologie, Archéologie, Biologie (FAAB) – Institut de France, Paris,France

Département de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement, Musée du quai Branly – JacquesChirac, Paris, France

Katherine A. Clark Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, Universityof Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK

Gerald J. Conlogue Bioanthropology Research Institute, Quinnipiac University,Hamden, CO, USA

Shênia Patrícia Corrêa Novo Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca –ENSP, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Marina Milanello do Amaral Superintendência da Polícia Técnico-Científica, SãoPaulo, Brazil

Helen D. Donoghue Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection andImmunity, University College London, London, UK

Richard P. Evershed Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, Universityof Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK

Angelika Fleckinger South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, Bolzano, South Tyrol,Italy

Hisashi Fujita Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan

Francesco Maria Galassi Archaeology, College of Humanities, Arts and SocialSciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia

FAPAB Research Center, Avola, Italy

Heather Gill-Frerking NTK, Frankford, ON, Canada

Observatory for the Mummified Heritage of Sicily, Santa Lucia del Mela, Italy

Lauren Gipson Department of Forensic Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln, NE, USA

Jinseong Han Department of History (Archaeology), Kyung Hee University,Seoul, South Korea

Jong Ha Hong Department of History (Archaeology), Institute of Korean Archae-ology and Ancient History, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea

Salima Ikram American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt

Alena Mayo Iñiguez Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos with InstitutoOswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

xxii Contributors

Rimantas Jankauskas Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University,Vilnius, Lithuania

Choongwon Jeong School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University,Seoul, Republic of Korea

Kyeongmi Joo Department of Archaeology, Chungnam National University, Dae-jeon, Korea

In Uk Kang Department of History (Archaeology), Kyung Hee University, Seoul,South Korea

Jieun Kim Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National UniversityCollege of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Myeung Ju Kim Department of Anatomy, Dankook University College of Medi-cine, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea

Yi-Suk Kim Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, TheCatholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea

Jun Koike Department of Nursing, Daito Bunka University, Higashimatsuyama,Japan

Hwan Young Lee Department of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National UniversityCollege of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Institute of Forensic and Anthropological Science, Seoul National UniversityCollege of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Hye Jin Lee Institute of Forensic and Anthropological Science, Seoul NationalUniversity College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Ministry of National Defense Agency KIA Recovery and Identification, Seoul,Republic of Korea

Won Joon Lee National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, South Korea

Do Seon Lim Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, EuljiUniversity, Seongnam, Korea

Guido Lombardi Cátedra Pedro Weiss, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia,Lima, Perú

Robert D. Loynes KNH Centre for Biomedical Egyptology, University of Man-chester, Manchester, UK

Victor H. Mair Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, Universityof Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Andreas G. Nerlich Institute of Pathology, Academic Hospital Munich-Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany

Contributors xxiii

Brianna Neu Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE,USA

Igor Konstantinovich Novikov Kurgan State University, Kurgan, RussianFederation

Kenneth C. Nystrom Department of Anthropology, State University of New Yorkat New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, USA

Chang Seok Oh Department of Mortuary Science, College of Health Industry,Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

Ildikó Pap Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum,Budapest, Hungary

Oliver Peschel Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunich, Munich, Germany

Dario Piombino-Mascali Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology,Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Katherine I. Placher Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii atManoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

Wuyun Qi Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing,China

Karl J. Reinhard School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln, NE, USA

Conrado Rodríguez-Martín Instituto Canario de Bioantropología and MuseoArqueológico de Tenerife, OAMC-Cabildo de Tenerife, Santa Cruz de Tenerife,Spain

Julia Russ Morrison Microscopy Core Research Facility, Center for Biotechnol-ogy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

Min Seo Department of Parasitology, Dankook University College of Medicine,Cheonan, South Korea

Dong Hoon Shin Laboratory of Bioanthropology, Paleopathology and History ofDiseases, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Forensic andAnthropological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,South Korea

Myung Ho Shin Department of History, Pukyong National University, Busan,Republic of Korea

Sergey Mikhailovich Slepchenko Institute of the Problems of Northern Develop-ment, Tyumen Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy ofSciences, Tyumen, Russia

Surgut State University, Surgut, Russian Federation

xxiv Contributors

Jessica Smith Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln, NE, USA

Mi Kyung Song Department of Fashion Design and Marketing, Seoul Women’sUniversity, Seoul, South Korea

Mark Spigelman The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and TropicalDiseases and Ancient DNA, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University,Jerusalem, Israel

Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre of Clinical Microbiology Royal Freehospital UCL London, London, UK

Department of History and Archaeology, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia

Hiroki Sugimori Department of Nursing, Daito Bunka University,Higashimatsuyama, Japan

Ildikó Szikossy Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum,Budapest, Hungary

Mai Takigami Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan

Isabel Teixeira-Santos School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

Marie Vandenbeusch Department of Egypt and Sudan, The British Museum,London, UK

Elena Varotto Archaeology, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences,Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia

FAPAB Research Center, Avola, Italy

Hui-Yuan Yeh School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singa-pore, Singapore

Minoru Yoneda Laboratory of Radiocarbon Dating, The University Museum, TheUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Xiaoya Zhan School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singa-pore, Singapore

You Zhou Morrison Microscopy Core Research Facility, Center for Biotechnology,University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

Contributors xxv