the harnessed atom
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The Harnessed Atom. Unit 1 Lesson 1. We Use Energy to:. Power factories & businesses Heat & Light Homes and Schools Run appliances & machines Fuel Cars, Airplanes, Trains & Ships Run Televisions & Games Use Telephones & Computers Make Food & Clothing. Types of Energy. Potential. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Harnessed AtomThe Harnessed Atom
Unit 1 Lesson 1
We Use Energy to:We Use Energy to:
Power factories & businessesHeat & Light Homes and SchoolsRun appliances & machinesFuel Cars, Airplanes, Trains & ShipsRun Televisions & GamesUse Telephones & ComputersMake Food & Clothing
Types of EnergyTypes of Energy
Potential Kinetic
Forms of EnergyForms of Energy
Mechanical
Chemical
Thermal
Electrical
Radiant
Nuclear
Ultimate Source of EnergyUltimate Source of Energy
The SunPhotosynthesisHeatAir CurrentsOcean Currents
Primary Sources of EnergyPrimary Sources of Energy
Fossil Fuels
Geothermal
Nuclear
Solar
Tidal/Water
EfficiencyEfficiency
Energy cannot be Created or DestroyedEnergy Conversions are Inefficient – someleaves as heatEnergy Conservation extends life of a resource
The Harnessed AtomThe Harnessed Atom
Unit 1 Lesson 2
What is Electricity?What is Electricity?
The flow of electrons- as in a wireStatic – as when you comb your hairOur most versatile and adaptable form of energy
Electricity ProductionElectricity Production
By converting one source of energy into heat
Fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas)UraniumWaterSolarWindBiomassGeothermal
Electricity ProductionElectricity Production
Heat up Water to make SteamSteam turns a TurbineTurbine moves a Magnet through a coil of WireMagnetic Field causes the e- to move
How do we Move ElectricityHow do we Move Electricity
About 1000 UtilitiesBuild PlantsString /Bury WireFuel for plantsMeters on houses & businesses
UtilitiesUtilities
Cover a specific regionAre Regulated
It’s essentialMust provide as neededMust provide amt. neededCharge fair rates
Build based on Prediction of Usage
The Harnessed AtomThe Harnessed Atom
Unit 2 Lesson 1
AtomAtom
92 different natural atomsElements are different kinds of atomsCombining different atoms makes moleculesCombined during a chemical reactionBuilding blocks of the universe
AtomsAtoms
NucleusProtons – positive charge
• Identify the Atom
Neutrons – no charge
ElectronsNegative chargeMove around Nucleus
#Protons = #ElectronsBalanced charge
IsotopeIsotope
Same type of atom, different number of neutronsAll atoms are isotopesHave the same chemical propertiesName + mass
U-235 or Uranium-235
Isotope StabilityIsotope Stability
Some Proton/Neutron ratios more stable than othersStabilize themselves by emitting radiationCalled Radioactive Decay
EnergyParticles
The Harnessed AtomThe Harnessed Atom
Unit 2 Lesson 2
RadiationRadiation
Radioactive DecayUnstable Isotopes seek to be more stableRelease energy & particles
RadiationEnergy orParticles released
RadioactiveSubstance giving off radiation
Radiation TypesRadiation Types
AlphaTiny bits of atomsStopped by paper
BetaSmaller particlesStopped by aluminum foil
GammaElectromagnetic waveFast & StrongStopped by cement or steel
Ionizing RadiationIonizing Radiation
Alpha, Beta and Gamma Can Change the chemical make up of thingsExposure can be dangerous
Shields are used to stopMechanical hands & robots
Half-LifeHalf-Life
Decay at RandomEventually decay to a stable elementDecay Chain – transformation into different elements before becoming stableHalf Life
Amount of time for a given isotope to lose half of its radioactivity
The Harnessed AtomThe Harnessed Atom
Unit 2 Lesson 3
Recognizing RadiationRecognizing Radiation
Cannot see, hear, touch or smell itIonizing Radiation
Knocks e- off atomsThese atoms become +
Geiger Counters sense tiny electrical changesPhotographic film badges record radiation
WarningsWarnings
Doors where radioactive materials are used or storedBoxes & ContainersSame laws require labeling of:
Poisons, explosives, flammables, combustibles
Radiation DoseRadiation Dose
Radiation Dose – depends on
Time exposedAmount of shieldingDistance from source
Reduce Radiation DoseDecrease timeDecrease distanceIncrease shielding
ExposureExposure
Most people receive 150-200 millirems /yearLow Level - <5,000milliremsNo effects at 50,000milliremsAt low levels the body repairs itselfRadiation Sickness>100,000milliremsDeath>500,000millirems
The Harnessed AtomThe Harnessed Atom
Unit 2 Lesson 4
Background RadiationBackground Radiation
SourcesOceanMountains/Ground
• Potassium• Thorium• uranium
AirFoodSpace (gamma)
Uranium DepositsUranium Deposits
New MexicoNevadaUtahWyomingColoradoIndiaBrazil
Building MaterialsBuilding Materials
Materials such as:BricksWoodStone
Brick Homes50-100millirems/yrWooden Homes30-50millirems/yr
Cosmic RadiationCosmic Radiation
Screened by clouds & airHigher altitudes receive more than lower altitudesAir Plane trip4 millirems
OrganismsOrganisms
Plants & Animals made of radioactive elementsFood & Drink 25 milliremsBananas & Brazil Nuts have more
Man Made sourcesMan Made sources
Medical / Dental sourcesBuilding MaterialsNuclear IndustryCoal Fired Power PlantsNuclear Weapons testingAvg. 80 millirems/yr
Levels of Background RadiationLevels of Background Radiation
SC Average Background RadiationSC Average Background Radiation
Manmade radiation level80 milliremsNatural radiation level107 milliremsTotal = 187 millirems
The Harnessed AtomThe Harnessed Atom
Unit 2 Lesson 5
Medical UsesMedical Uses
Cancer Treatment Gamma Radiation to kill cancer cells
X-rays (em waves)black & white picture of dense areas
CAT Scannerscolor pictures of inside our bodies
Scintillation Counterimage of chemical reactions using radioactive tracer given the patient
LabelingTracers to follow things in our body
Science UsesScience Uses
Radioactive Tracers inSize of oil fieldsTrack Ocean CurrentsAir & Water
• Pollution Paths• Nutrient Cycles
Plants & Animals• Pollution paths• Nutrient paths
Science UsesScience UsesDating Ancient Objects
All living things take in CarbonCarbon-14 is a natural isotopeWhen organisms die, they no longer take in CC-14 begins to decayHalf-life of C-14 is 5,760yrsMeasure difference of C-14 in old and new objectUranium, Rubidium and Potassium used for older objects
Crime SolvingCrime Solving
Activation AnalysisEvidence is exposed to radiationSome of the elements will be activatedExact chemical signature can be read
Industrial UsesIndustrial Uses
Agricultural usesCreate disease resistant/ fast growing plantsControl Insects by sterilizing males
Irradiation Kills germs without making the object radioactive
• Food• Medical Equipment
Industrial UsesIndustrial UsesControl thickness of:
GluesPaperPlasticFoil
Fill sensors for Cartons & boxesCheck Contents of Containers or Luggage
Industrial UsesIndustrial Uses
Radiography – x-raysTo find defects in metals & weldsFlow of fluid in hydraulicsRate of wearing outBlending of metals
Energy forPacemakersLights on runways & buoysPower space craft
The Harnessed AtomThe Harnessed Atom
Unit 2 Lesson 6
FissionFission
FissionSplitting of an atomReleases energy / heatEnd with two new smaller elements2 or 3 neutrons released
FissionFission
Chain ReactionOne neutron splits one atom & releases 3 neutrons3 neutrons split three atoms & release 9 neutronsAnd so on and so on
FusionFusion
Two atoms are joined togetherEnergy / heat is releasedDeuterium & Tritium combine to make HeliumNeutron releasedEx. The Sun
Fusion – on earthFusion – on earth
Magnetic field to confine H isotopesHeat to 100mil oCH becomes a Plasma
Electricity alters itMagnetism molds it
1 gal Seawater = 300 gal Gas