the health benefits of physical activity - vanbiljonvanbiljon.yolasite.com/resources/shms311 chapter...

Chapter 3

Concepts of Physical Fitness 12e

1

The Health Benefits of

Physical Activity

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Outline

Concepts of Physical Fitness 12e 2

Hypokinetic diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)

PA & Healthy Heart

PA & Atherosclerosis

PA & Heart Attack

Other Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)

Other Hypokinetic diseases

Hypokinetic Diseases/Condition


Hypo – under/too little

Kinetic – movement/activity

A disease or condition associated with lack

of PA

Hypokinetic Conditions


Cardiovascular disease

Cancer

Back problems

Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoporosis

Mental health

Factors That Cannot Be Altered

Hypokinetic Diseases


Factors That Can Be Altered

Hypokinetic Diseases


Sedentary Death Syndrome (SeDS)


Describe inactive living &

associated hypokinetic

disease risk factors

Chronic Disease


Associated with lifestyle or

environmental factors as

opposed to infectious

diseases

Hypokinetic diseases =

chronic disease

Regular PA Contribute to Optimal Health &

Wellness


1. Disease/Illness Prevention

2. Disease/Illness Treatment

3. Health & Wellness Promotion

PA & Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular Disease

(CVD)

Coronary Heart Disease

(CHD)


A broad classification of

diseases of the heart and

blood vessels that includes

CHD, high blood pressure,

stroke, and peripheral

vascular disease

Diseases of the heart

muscle and the blood

vessels that supply it with

oxygen, including heart

attack

Types of CHD


Coronary Occlusion

Atherosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis

Angina Pectoris

Coronary Occlusion


Blocking of the coronary

blood vessels

Lead to myocardial

infarction (Heart attack)

Coronary Occlusion

Coronary artery = blocked

Clot or thrombus

Reduce or cut off blood flow & oxygen to heart muscle

If blocked coronary artery supplies a major portion of the heart muscle death occurs within minutes

Otherwise result in angina pectoris


Atherosclerosis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0NF2ODfd9E


Atherosclerosis


Deposition of materials

along the arterial walls

Type of arteriosclerosis

Contributes to myocardial

infarction , stroke,

hypertension, angina

pectoris, & peripheral

vascular disease

Atherosclerosis (Cont)

Begins when damage occurs to the cells of the inner wall

(intima) of the artery

Substances associated with blood clotting are attracted to the

damaged area

Cause the migration of smooth muscle cells to the intima

Fats & other substances are deposited forming plaques that

diminish the internal diameter of artery

First signs begin in early childhood


Arteriosclerosis


Hardening of the arteries

due to conditions that

cause the arterial walls to

become thick, hard, and

nonelastic

Angina pectoris


Atherosclerosis of the

coronary arteries restrict

blood flow & oxygen

supply

Narrowing of the arterial

lumen will diminish blood

supply to the heart muscle

Angina pectoris occurs

chest pain that can lead to

myocardial infarction

5 Modifiable Risk Factors for Coronary

Heart Disease


Types of CVD


Hypertension

Stroke

Peripheral vascular disease

Congestive heart failure

Hypertension


High blood pressure

Excessive pressure against

the walls of the arteries

that can damage the heart,

kidneys, and other organs

Systolic BP 120 mm HG

Diastolic BP 80 mm HG

Pre-hypertension

Bp = higher than normal but not high enough to be

considered hypertension


BP Classifications


Category Systolic BP Diastolic BP

Normal <120 <80

Pre-hypertension 121-139 81-89

Stage 1 Hypertension 140-159 90-99

Stage 2 Hypertension >160 >100

Stroke


Condition in which the

brain, or part of the brain,

receives insufficient oxygen

as a result of diminished

blood supply

Apoplexy or

cerebrovascular accident

Peripheral Vascular Disease


Lack of oxygen supply to

the working muscles and

tissues of the arms & legs,

resulting from decreased

blood flow

Congestive Heart Failure


Inability of the heart

muscle to pump the blood

at a life-sustaining rate

Lipoproteins

Fat-carrying proteins in blood


Lipoproteins Low-density lipoproteins

LDL

High-density lipoproteins

HDL


Deposit in arterial walls

Bad cholesterol

High levels of LDL increase

risk of heart disease

Blood substance that picks

up cholesterol and helps

remove it from the body

Good cholesterol

Triglycerides


Type of blood fat associated

with increased risk for

heart disease

Fibrin


Sticky threadlike substance

that in combination with

blood cells forms a blood

clot

Activity and Atherosclerosis


Exercise reduces lipids

Exercise increases HDL

cholesterol

(the “good” cholesterol)

Exercise reduces fibrin

deposits

Indicators of Inflammation

Predictive of Atherosclerosis


C-reactive protein (CRP)

Does not cause atherosclerosis

Indicator of inflammation inside arteries

Inflammatory processes soften existing plaque & increase

likelihood of plaque rupture or the formation of clots which

can directly precipitate myocardial infarction

Activity and the Heart


Reduces risk for myocardial infarction

Less atherosclerosis, greater diameter of arteries, less chance of

a clot forming

Promotes good collateral circulation (extra blood vessels)

The Inefficient heart

High HR & BP

Excessive stimulation


Sympathetic NS


Branch of the autonomic

NS that prepares the body

for activity by speeding up

the HR

Parasympathetic NS


Branch of the autonomic

NS that slows the HR

Regular PA & Inefficient Heart

Dominance of PNS – slows down HR & helps the heart work

efficiently

Helps the HR return to normal faster after emotional stress

Strengthens heart muscle – making it better able to weather

an emotional storm

Reduces hormonal effects on heart – lessening the chances of

the circulatory problems that accompany this state

Reduces risk of sudden death from ventricular fibrillation

(arrhythmic heartbeat)


PA & Other CVD

Regular PA is associated with reduced risk for

High BP

Stroke

Peripheral Vascular Disease


Physical Inactivity

Is associated with metabolic syndrome or Syndrome X



Metabolic

Syndrome

High BP

High Triglyceride Low Blood HDL

High Blood

Glucose

Diabetes

Large Abdominal

girth

CVD

Genetic Factors Environmental

Factors

Diagnosed with MS with ≥3 metabolic risk factors

A large waistline (abdominal obesity).

High triglyceride level.

Low HDL cholesterol level.

High blood pressure.

High fasting blood sugar.

PA & Other Hypokinetic Conditions

Regular PA reduces the risk of

Some forms of cancer

Type 2 diabetes

Osteoporosis


Cancer


Second leading cause of death

Various types of cancer

Causes still largely unknown

Cancer

Malignant Tumors

Uncontrolled & dangerous

growth capable of

spreading to other areas

Canerous tumor

Benign Tumors

Abnormal growth of tissue

confined to a particular

area

Not cancer


PA & Cancer

Colon Breast Rectal Prostate


Diabetes Mellitus (DM)


Type I (common in young children)

Pancreas fails to produce insulin

Type 2 (adult onset)

Lack of sensitivity to insulin

Often caused by obesity

PA & Diabetes


Type 1

Reduces disease

risk

Increases quality

of life

Type 2

Decreased insulin requirement

Reduced fatness

Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin Resistance Insulin Sensitivity

Produced insulin is not

utilized properly to reduce

blood glucose level

Body cells are not sensitive

to insulin, so they resist it

and blood glucose levels

are not regulated


Osteoporosis

Condition associated with

low bone density &

subsequent bone fragility

leading to high risk for

fracture


Osteoporosis


Progressive loss of bone mineral density

Occurs commonly in old age

Occurs at an earlier age and more frequently in women than men

Activity Reduces

Risk of Osteoporosis


Increases peak bone

mass

Slows decline in bone

mass

5 Steps to Bone Health &

Osteoporosis Prevention 1. Diet: calcium & vitamin D

Exposure to sun – provides vitamin D

Supplements

2. Weight-bearing exercise

3. Avoid smoking & excessive alcohol

4. Talk to health-care provider about bone health

5. Have a bone density test & take medication (when appropriate)


Back Problems


80% of the population will experience back pain at some

point in their life

Back problems are a major cause of inactivity in adults

Activity Reduces

Risk of Back Pain


Improves flexibility

of joints and ligaments

Improves musculoskeletal

strength

and endurance

Obesity


Over half of the population in the United States is

considered to be overweight

Obesity increases the risk of many other diseases

Activity Promotes

Weight Control


Burns calories

Increases rate of metabolism

Promotes fat loss and preserves muscle

Exercise Improves

Mental Health


Reduced depression

Reduced anxiety

Increased self-esteem

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