The High Intensity Frontier

Franco Cervelli INFN-Pisa

7 Nov, 2005

Historically, many fundamental discoveries and Historically, many fundamental discoveries and measurements have come from accelerators measurements have come from accelerators which were not the highest which were not the highest energy machineenergy machine available at the time:available at the time:

• weak neutral currents at the CERN PS

• J/ at the AGS (Brookhaven)

• limits on the lepton-number conservation

• most of the parameters of CP violation

• etc.

Cu

rre

nt

(A

)

BEAM ENERGY, BEAM CURENT, AND BEAM BEAM ENERGY, BEAM CURENT, AND BEAM POWER OF WORLD’S PROTON MACHINESPOWER OF WORLD’S PROTON MACHINES

JHFJHF

JHFJHF

HIPSHIPS

BEAM FLUXES: ORDERS OF MAGNITUDEBEAM FLUXES: ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE

PHYTHIA: E = 30 GeV, I = 80 A

Required Fluxes

SUSY connection between Dμ , μ → e (LFV)

∼∼∼∼ ∼∼∼∼

χχ∼∼

In Supersymmetry (similar examples in other BSMs): In Supersymmetry (similar examples in other BSMs):

∝ f(Δmq2, λa ), a≥1∝ f(Δm

q2, λa ), a≥1∼∼

Sensitive to whether GIM suppression operates in the scalar quark sector: tests of scalar quark mixings and mass differences

Sensitive to whether GIM suppression operates in the scalar quark sector: tests of scalar quark mixings and mass differences

∝ C mt2 λ5 , C=complex, λ=sinθ

c∝ C m

t2 λ5 , C=complex, λ=sinθ

c

GIM suppression of light-quark contributions, dominated by high mass scales

GIM suppression of light-quark contributions, dominated by high mass scales

In the SM: In the SM:

Why study Rare Kaon Decays

is a crucial element in the exploration of the new physics discovered at the LHC.

Accuracies at the level of 10% would already provide precious quantitative information

K+ → π+ ν νK+ → π+ ν ν K0

L → π0 ν νK0L → π0 ν ν

K0L → π0 e+ e−K0L → π0 e+ e− K0

L → π0 μ+ μ−K0L → π0 μ+ μ−

A measurement of the 4 decay modes

HIF for QCD Physics

Objects of Interest

Mesons/Baryons

Molecules/Multiquarks

Hybrids

Glueballs

+ Effects due to the complicated QCD vacuum

Quark AntiQuark

How many isotopes are produced per second?

Proton Driver Rings

Design Goals

4-5 MW beam power on target

Very short pulse duration (~1 ns rms)

Very low beam loss (~10-4)

Note: most proton drivers under study are based on

synchrotrons (US, JKJ, UK)

European Scenarios

SPL + accumulator and compressor rings

5 GeV, 50 Hz synchrotron-based system

15 GeV, 25 Hz synchrotron-based system

30 GeV, 8 Hz slow cycling synchrotron

8 GeV, 16.67 Hz rapid cycling synchrotron for

ISIS/Fermilab, plus upgrades

Synchrotron-based Proton Drivers

Low energy linac (~150 MeV)

Booster synchrotrons to accumulate proton beam and perform some acceleration

Main synchrotrons to complete acceleration and compress the bunches.

Proton Driver Figure of Merit For a given power (4MW), target peak proton power

density ~ 1/(Kinetic energy T x frequency f). F=Tf is a useful figure of merit.

MACHINE T (GeV) f (Hz) FIGURE OF MERIT

CERN SPL+rings 2.2 50 110

RAL RCS Driver I 5.0 50 250

RAL RCS Driver II 15.0 25 375

CERN RCS 30.0 8 240

ISIS II 8.0 50 400

Proposed rotating tantalum target ring

Targetry

Many difficulties: enormous power density lifetime problemspion capture

Replace target between bunches:Liquid mercury jet or rotating

solid target

Stationary target:

Densham Sievers

HIF : Regional Activities

180 MeV H- Linac

Two 1.2 GeV, 50 Hz Rapid Cycling Synchrotrons

2 bunches of 2.5 1013 protons

4 bunches of 2.5 1013 protons

Two 5 GeV, 25 Hz Rapid Cycling Synchrotrons

Collimation

Injection

Momentum Ramping

RAL 5 GeV Proton Driver

Primary Beams

• 1012/s; 1.5-2 GeV/u; 238U28+

• Factor 100-1000 over present intensity• 2(4)x1013/s 30 GeV protons• 1010/s 238U92+ up to 35 GeV/u • up to 90 GeV protons

Secondary Beams

• Broad range of radioactive beams up to 1.5 - 2 GeV/u• Antiprotons 0 - 30 GeV

• Cooled beams• Rapidly cycling superconducting magnets

Key Technical Features

Storage and Cooler Rings

• Radioactive beams

• e-– A (or Antiproton-A) collider

• 1011 stored and cooled 0.8 - 14.5 GeV antiprotons

• Polarized antiprotons(?)

UNILACSIS

FRS

ESR

SIS 100/300

HESRSuperFRS

NESR

CR

RESR FLAIR

International FAIR Project: Characteristics

HIF : International Facilities

What at CERN?

HIF : in Italy

A Super-B Factory

Conclusions