the historical scene of the jujuy province(norbert elias, sociologist, los alemanes, 2009: 58) the...

The historical and social scene of the

Jujuy Province

Lecturer: Enrique Normando Cruz

Aim of the conference:

“… a clear sociological idea of the past, in order not to form a distorted image of the social relationships of the present. ” (Norbert Elias, sociologist, Los Alemanes, 2009: 58)

The historical scene of the Jujuy Province

1. Puna Region of Jujuy

Located in the macro-region: Argentine, Bolivian and Chilean Puna

Altitude: 2,700/3,000 masl. – 5,500/6,000 masl.

Social and geographical summary of the Jujuy Province

The region consists of 5 departments:

Cochinoca, Yavi, Rinconada, Santa Catalina and Susques

It is composed of mountains and steep slopes with little rainfall (100-400 mm), and by valleys with heavy rainfall (75-500 mm).

Puna Region

Arid desert climate and cold high-mountain climate.

Rainfall is concentrated in summer, winds are

intense, and there is a wide daily temperature range

with frosts almost throughout the year.

It has a typical vegetation of bushes and hard herbs,

important mineral resources, and extensive salt flats.

Puna Region

The landscape is composed of valleys, mountains and

lakes. Irrigated by an extensive water system:

Río Grande de San Juan River, the Basin of Pozuelos, La

Quiaca, Miraflores Guayatayoc/Salinas, Pastos Chicos

River, Rosario inferior Olaroz- Cauchari River, Vilama

Lagoon, Coranzulí and Cátua River.

Puna Region

Before the Spanish conquest, the predominant

activities were camelid breeding (llama and alpaca),

the production of textiles, and the collection of gold

in the rivers, salt and animal species.

Products were traded with the Incas and other

neighboring indigenous peoples.

Puna Region

In the colonial period (16th to 19th century), this

non-surplus productive structure was changed,

incorporating cattle breeding and European

agriculture, mining, and new forms of control

and exploitation of the native indigenous labor.

Puna Region

In the 20th century, the region lost the

productive and commercial dynamics of the

colonial period, and it is constituted as a

provider of labor for mining and agro-

industrial development for other regions of

the province and for the Argentine nation.

Puna Region

2. Quebrada de Humahuaca:

is called the narrow and rough opening between mountains formed by the main course of the Rio Grande River. It is a landform that ends suddenly in the temperate and warm oriental valleys.


Humahuaca, Tilcara, western Valle Grande and

eastern Tumbaya.

Quebrada de Humahuaca

The height of the ravines and valleys varies

from 2,000 to 3,200 masl., with a relief of

mountains, slopes and sediments cut by

erosion.


Arid mountain climate; cool in summer, rigorous winters and rainfall concentrated in the summer.

High percentage of frost (especially between May and September), with hot and dry winds in winter and spring.

The region of the Quebrada de Humahuaca is very well communicated transversally with the mountains or the jungle of Jujuy.


Corn production was developed autonomously

which allowed the development of a

significant native population.


In a similar way to the Puna region in Jujuy, the

economic structure of the Quebrada de

Humahuaca was not changed structurally in the

colonial period, but changes occurred in the

exploitation of indigenous labour and the

commercialization of the economy.


Bellow for iron work

Chifle: containers to keep Hispanic beverages: wine, brandy and chicha.

Appliance for transporting ceramic containers on the back of a mule.

In the 19th century, the economy of the region kept

the colonial structure of cattle breeding and

agriculture.

In the 20th century, the population was reduced to

be labour for the modern ago-industrial exploitation

in the valley region.


3. Valleys and jungles:

The city of Jujuy, and the most important

modern urban centres are located in the

valleys and forests. A space that comprises the

temperate valleys of intermediate altitudes

between the Sub-Andean sierras and the

jungle.

The valleys and jungles of Jujuy

The valleys of Jujuy have extensive alluvial

slopes, with a subtropical mild climate and a

dry season. Summers are moderately warm,

winters are cool with rarely occurrence of

frost. Rainfall is concentrated in summer.


Neighbours to the valleys of Jujuy and los Pericos are

the wet jungle valleys of the rivers Lavayen, San

Francisco, and Bermejo, located in the international

Chaco region.


General Manuel Belgrano, Palpalá, San Antonio, El Carmen, San Pedro, Santa Bárbara, Ledesma and Valle Grande.


The region has important watercourses of the

rivers Río Negro, Ledesma, San Lorenzo,

Lavayen and San Francisco; which provide fertile

plains with heights between 500-300 masl., with

a warm tropical climate throughout the year,

tempered by cloud cover.


The space of the valleys and

jungles of Jujuy were first

exploited economically in

the colonial period.


In the 17th century, the city of San Salvador de Jujuy and the of Indigenous population, together with the farms allowed the development of a local production participating in regional trade (linking Alto Peru with the port of Buenos Aires).

At the end of the colonial period, the part of the jungles of Jujuy began to burst through the farms and estates of European cattle.


Fortress

Haciendas (farms)

In the 19th and 20th century, the Chaco

population of Jujuy and the fertile environment

allowed the development of the modern and

capitalists agro-industry of tobacco and sugar.


Timeline of Argentine History

Name of the

period

Indigenous

Argentina

Colonial

Argentina

Creole

Argentina

Immigration

Argentina

Populist

Argentina

Chronology 10.000 B.C.-

1535 A.D.

1535- 1810 1810- 1860 1860- 1929 1929- 1973

Society Indigenous

society

Hispanic society Creole society

(mestizo)

Immigration

society (of

southern

Europe)

Modern

mestizo

society

(European

and mestizo)

Name of the

period

Indigenous Conquest and

Spanish

colonization

Colonial Crisis of

independence

Capitalist

modernity

Capitalist and

populist growth

Chronology

800 – 1535

1535- 1692

1692- 1810

1810- 1853

1853- 1929

1929- 1983

Economy Subsistence

economy:

agriculture and

gathering.

Modification of the

native subsistence

economy.

Mercantile

economy

orientated to

the regional

market (Alto

Peru, Bolivia).

Economic crisis

and dismantling

of regional trade.

Formation of

the national

market.

Reorientation of

the provincial

economy

towards Buenos

Aires.

Conformation of the

sugar and tobacco

industry.

Conformation of

mining industry

Society Diverse

indigenous

society.

Economic and

social relations

between the

different

regions of

Jujuy.

Dismantling of the

indigenous society.

Restructuring

of the

indigenous

society, as a

mestizo and

mercantile

society.

Social crisis due

to the civil war.

Formation of a

Creole society

without

immigration.

Creation of a modern

society with an

extractive capitalist

economy.

Timeline of the History of Jujuy

the historical scene of the jujuy province(norbert elias, sociologist, los alemanes, 2009: 58) the...

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