the history of america act i [1491 to 1607]

Time Period #1 Notes 1491 to 1607

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Time Period #1 1491 to 1607 Notes

The History of America – Act I [1491 to 1607] On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among

the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world.

Prince Henry The Navigator

Cristoforo Colombo

Montezuma II

La Malinche

Hernan Cortez

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Juan de Sepúlveda

Coureur des bois

Adrian Vanderdonk

Queen Elizabeth I

Sir Walter Raleigh

John Smith


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An Introduction to Advanced Placement United States History For it is only with self-knowledge that we can become conscious, moral, and purposive actors in

our own lives. And only by knowing ourselves can we hope to change the world.

Question #1– What do Historians do? Students often ask why study we History if the events can’t be changed? Don’t you just write it once and move on to new facts were knowledge is constantly being discovered and defined.? Exploring what historians sometimes call the "pastness of the past"—the ways people in distant ages constructed their lives—involves a sense of beauty and excitement, and ultimately another perspective on human life and society. History well told is beautiful. It is a duet between the past and the present; the remembered vs. the forgotten . History as a narrative story – this leads to some questions…Who is protagonist? Who has the starring role? What/when/where the turns in the plot? Does it have a happy or tragic ending? These are the problems historians deal with when they tell the story of America. The past is populated, yet contested territory. An example of this contested territory can be found in these two best sellers noted in the right column of this note sheet. Question #2 - What Skills Does a Student of History Develop?

What does a well-trained student of history, schooled to work on past materials and on case studies in social change, learn how to do? #1 Assess Evidence #2 Assess Conflicting Interpretations #3Assess Past Examples of Change Historical study is crucial to the promotion of that elusive creature, the well-informed citizen. It provides basic factual information about the background of our political institutions and about the values and problems that affect our social well-being. It also contributes to our capacity to use evidence, assess interpretations, and analyze change and continuities. No one can ever quite deal with the present as the historian deals with the past—we lack the perspective for this feat; but we can move in this direction by applying historical habits of mind, and we will function as better citizens in the process.

History comes in patterns (continuity) and differences, or breaks in tones (change).

You can boil all of history down to this dialogue between continuity and change. Look

for echoes, connects, rhymes and themes.

A People's History of the United States (1980) written American history through the eyes of the

common people to tell America's story from the point of view of – and in the words of – America's women, factory workers, African Americans,

Native Americans, working poor, and immigrant laborers

A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror

(2004) written by Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen from a

conservative standpoint, it is a counterpoint to Howard Zinn's A

People's History of the United States and asserts that the United States is an "overwhelmingly positive" force

for good in the world.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Schweikart

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Allen_%28historian%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Zinn

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States


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Question #3 - Who owns history? History is democratic subject, unlike nuclear physics. Most people can read, think, debate and battle with content. History is a collection of facts that doesn’t change and historians present these facts. History tells us were we came from, it gives us a sense of who we are, and it provides a compass for the future. When we don’t have a sense of history we have lost our bearings.

As students of history we will investigate new changing interpretations, perspectives

and insights on past events. Interpretations of past events are always changing!

History must serve, however imperfectly, as our laboratory, and data from the past

must serve as our most vital evidence in the unavoidable quest to figure out why our

complex species behaves as it does in societal settings.

Question #4 - How has the study of History changed? Old perspective - At the beginning of the century the activities of Presidents, Generals, Kings and Queens were seen as important. This Presidential synthesis was easy to organize, however it left out neglected groups such as women and Africans out of the narrative. New perspective - In the 1960’s (new historians and new ideas) an effort was made by historians to include stories, concerns, and information of the lives and experiences of ordinary people. This included those that were not elites: women, slaves, Native Americans – people who would be unremembered. Historians began exploring what they did everyday and how they felt. How did big events connect to the people who experienced them? A contemporary examination of history will encompass Senators to Suffragettes - Factory Workers to Foreign Diplomats - Immigrants to Intellectuals!!

Question #5 How will your generation study History? Every generation defines their relationships with the past. New interest in culture and the examination of ideas will lead your generation to develop new ways to study history (social history? cultural history? economic history? gender history?) - this becomes the challenge in APUSH and beyond!!!!


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Themes to follow in Advanced Placement United States History We will be exploring the following trends or themes as we move through the course. Causes (Plural – rarely singular) Consider the multiple causes involved in the European exploration of the new world or the causes of the Civil War. Rarely are any historical events born out of a singular cause Surprises– History is the study of surprises Very few people in any historical era are prepared for what is coming next whether it’s a war, an epidemic, a revolution or a break through invention. Who would have guessed the impact of the internet and social media Choices (Nothing is Inevitable) “Our destiny was never manifest” At any given moment in history change is driven by choices, not some mysterious force called inevitability. Removing the drama and morality of history by believing the events were inventible is a mistake. The drama and morality of the people and events we explore will prove nothing was inevitable. The back story behind these choices was an essential element of the course. Quick Examples: Introducing slavery in Jamestown (1619) signing the Declaring Independence (1776), Washington resigning his commission after the Revolutionary War (1783), Dropping the Bomb in 1945 Crises (Leads to opportunity) The early settlers at Jamestown were wracked by tragedy during early years by famine and disease. This led to … The Civil War is a great nation’s crisis that leads to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation – ending slavery The Crisis of the Great Depression leads to the presentation of ideas once though unthinkable – and the new deal is created Conflict History is the study of Conflict – not just violence, riots and war Often it the study of ideas that come into conflict with opposing ideas, visions Is slavery compatible with republican values? Would giving women the right to vote destroy the American family? Should the US be actively involved in global entanglements?


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Agency - History is often made by towering figures from Roosevelt to Rockefeller, but it is also made by the many names less and faceless people slaves, factory workers, suffragettes, students – people who take agency – they set a goals and take steps to reach it Example – The Civil Rights Movement was bigger than LBJ and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Thousands of people organized and protested, marched and plotted, they testified and voted, they took police batons to the head and were arrested and jailed until finally congress responded


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1.1 From Pangaea to Paradise - The Americas Before European Conquest [1491] Pre-Columbian indigenous populations were not sparsely settled in a pristine wilderness rather, a vastly more populous and sophisticated civilizations that actively shaped and influenced the

land around them .

Pangaea: About 300 million years ago, Earth didn't have seven continents, but instead one massive super continent called Pangaea. It began to break apart about 175 million years ago. In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a super ocean, Panthalassa. Pangaea was the last super continent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists. The Pristine Myth: The myth persists that in 1492 the Americas were a sparsely populated wilderness, “a world of barely perceptible human disturbance’ There is substantial evidence, however, that the Native American landscape of the early sixteenth century was a humanized landscape almost everywhere. Populations were large. Forest composition had been modified, grasslands had been created, wildlife disrupted, and erosion was severe in places. Earthworks, roads, fields, and settlements were ubiquitous. With Indian depopulation in the wake of Old World disease, the environment recovered in many areas. A good argument can be made that the human presence was less visible in 1750 than it was in 1492.


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Essential question: How did indigenous populations in America relate to their environments prior to European contact? AP Theme: Geography and the Environment (GEO)

Cahokia (600–1400 A.D.), located near present day St. Louis

Largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture that developed more than 1000 years before European contact At its peak, Cahokia covered about 6 square miles and included about 120 human-made earthen mounds, the largest of which was larger than the Great Pyramid at Giza

The Iroquios Confederacy (Circa 1142 A.D.), Northeastern woodlands

The Iroquois Confederacy, an association of six linguistically related tribes in the northeastern woodlands, was a sophisticated society of some 5,500 people when the first white explorers encountered it at the beginning of the seventeenth century

A sophisticated law code gave rules for the Great Council. The 50 men of this council were actually appointed by the female leaders of their clans

The Aztec Empire (1428–1500 A.D.), Valley of Mexico.

An alliance of city-states ruled the area in and around the Valley of Mexico from 1428 until they were defeated by the combined forces of the Spanish conquistadores and their native allies under Hernán Cortés in 1521.

Tenochtitlan (artificially constructed islands in the middle of a great lake in central Mexico), became the capital of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century, until it was captured by the Spanish in 1521

The Inca Empire (1438–1533 A.D.), modern day Peru

In 1491, it was the largest empire on earth. It was bigger than China or Russia or Songhai or the Ottoman, with an estimated population of between 15 and 20 million Began in the 1400s and lasted less than a hundred years before the arrival of Pizarro. It died soon after.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan


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The Population of the Americas

How many people lived in the Americas at the time of European contact?

1910 James Mooney, an ethnographer for the Smithsonian Institute, estimated the indigenous

populations in the Americas to be about 1.15 million.

1966 Henry Dobyns, a Pre Columbian demographer, estimated the indigenous populations in

the Americas to be about 90 to 112 million. (Based on calculation of # dead from disease).


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1.2 To the Ends of the Earth: The Age of European Exploration [1400-1600] Overseas exploration emerges as a powerful factor in European culture as the world’s regions,

peoples, and economies became increasingly interconnected.

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION [Causes]

The Fall of Rome and the fragmented continent

Crusades (1095 to 1295) "A successful failure"

In the 11th and 12th centuries a series of Holy Wars opened Europe up to the

possibility of organized state sponsored exploration and expedition. This awakened

Europe to the tremendous possibilities of trade and cultural exchange (arts, ideas,

and technology)

The Adventures of Marco Polo

In 1271 Marco Polo penetrated China (after three year journey), but needed money

to protect transport caravans. He remained in China for nearly two decades and

returned with some great stories, goods (spices, dyes, rugs, and silks) and of course

the Black Death.

The Fall of Constantinople In 1453 Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire fell to the Ottoman Turks who gained control of the commercial route to the east. This marked the beginning of Ottoman Empire.

Geographic Proximity Western European states lacked a geographic proximity to China. This combined with the high cost of transportation of goods through trade monopolies led by the Italian city-states (location, location, location). As a result Western Europe begins looking for alternative routes.

YOUR NOTES:


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ADVANCES in SEAFARING TECHNOLOGY Advances in coastal exploration vs. open sea exploration fueled by the

inquisitive impulse of the Italian renaissance

#1.

#2.

#3.

#4.

The Growth of Nation States (and Nation Building)

The growth of Nation-States increases the taxable base necessary to fund and

protect large voyages of exploration. Ambitious European monarchs support

voyages and patriotic citizens supported the efforts of Empire Building.

The Admiral of the Ocean Sea – Christopher Columbus

Columbus departs for Cathay (China) August 1492 to bring Christianity to The

Admiral “discovered” a world that had been inhabited for 12,000 to 40,000

years.

Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation

The Age of European Exploration and Discovery [1400-1600]

To what extend did the Protestant

reformation contribute to maintaining continuity, as well as,

fostering change in European societies from 1517-1607?


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1.3 The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492

An ecological collision of organisms across the Atlantic between the Old World and the New,

changed the history of our planet creating the Modern World.

CONTEXT CONTACT, 1492 CONSEQUENCE

The Crusades (1095 to 1295), Marco Polo, new trade routes Technology, growth of nations states, Protestant Reformation, Columbus

Economic, ecological and biological

1492 - Columbus in American Memory

Was he a genius, a tyrant, or both?

What Columbus did was bring the continents back together. He recreated Pangaea, in effect, and as a result, huge numbers and plants and animals from over there came over here, and huge numbers of plants and animals from over here came over there, and there was a tremendous ecological convulsion, the greatest event in the history of life since the death of the dinosaurs. Columbus returned to Spain with parrots and jewelry and other interesting items from his voyage, including about 10 natives, and is commissioned to embark on a second voyage with an enormous fleet and 1,200 men He was a great mariner and navigator, but he was hopeless on land and very poor as an administrator. At one point, he even decides that the world isn’t round. He thinks he’s sailing uphill, and that the world is actually shaped more like a pear with a nipple where he thinks the Garden of Eden lies.

QUICK NOTES on 1492 Columbus “discovered” a world that had been inhabited for 12,000 to 40,000 years By 1500 15 million Native Americans speaking 30 languages occupied the continent Scouts returns with reports of no spices, jewels and returns to Spain confident he has found passage to the orient New conclusion = stumbled upon a new land mass – fertile to a limitless degree 1493, 1498, 1502 Political distractions in Europe news of Columbus’s voyages excites only merchants, explorers, and dreamers Columbus blazes the trail allowing other explorers to easily secure funding for future voyages All of these came together to encourage long voyages of discovery. Columbus’s voyage for Spain marked the most important economic intersection of people and places in human history


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The Impact of the Age of Exploration = Globalization (Global Networks) An exchange of goods, services, and cultures developed among the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas

The Impact of the Age of Exploration = Globalization (Global Interaction)

Societal norms and rules are suspended. Explorers and settlers are “living

bravely” or without restraint.

This leads to unbridled greed, enormous accumulation of wealth (organized

thievery), brutality, heartless slaughter, and exploitation by Spaniards.

Europeans could build their own social structures beyond Europe…. RESULTS?


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VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY

Name Nation Year Achievement

Diaz Portugal 1487 Rounded the tip of Africa

Columbus Spain 1492 North America; the New World

Pope Alexander 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas

De Gamma Portugal 1497 East and West coast of Africa; India

Cabot England 1497 Northeast coast of North America

Cabral Portugal 1500 Portugal’s claims on Brazil

Magellan Spain 1521 Philippines; circumnavigates globe

Cortes Spain 1519 Conquered Mexico (Aztec empire)

Pizarro Spain 1531 Conquered Peru (Inca Empire)

Cartier France 1534 St. Lawrence

Verrazano France 1524 East Coast of North America

Cartier France 1535 Explores St. Lawrence river

deSoto Spain 1539 Explores lower Mississippi

Coronado Spain 1540 Explores the Southwest

1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Champlain France 1608 Canada

Drake England 1577 Circumnavigation of globe

Hudson Holland 1620 New York


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1.4 Devils in the Desert: Spanish Exploration and Conquest [1500-1620]

Rich in resources and natural beauty, the Americas became irresistible to gold-hungry Spanish Conquistadors seeking to harvest souls and extract gold.

The Line of Demarcation - Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

In 1494 Spain and Portugal, with the Pope’s approval, divide land claims by a line of

demarcation in the Atlantic Ocean. Southeast of line = Portuguese; southwest of

line = Spanish. The Dutch, English, and French refuse to accept it.


Columbus Spain 1492 North America; the New World

Magellan Spain 1521 Philippines; circumnavigates globe

Cortes Spain 1519 Conquered Mexico (Aztec empire)

Pizarro Spain 1531 Conquered Peru (Inca Empire)

deSoto Spain 1539 Explores lower Mississippi

Coronado Spain 1540 Explores the Southwest

YOUR NOTES:


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The Motives of the Spanish Conquistadors "Profitable Havoc" Within a decade after Columbus’s landfall, thousands of Spanish conquistadores, explorers, and settlers ventured through Mexico, and southward into Peru.

The conquistadores were typically professional soldiers and sailors recruited to fight for church and crown. However, many nobles, peasants, and members of the middle class also joined the excursions in search of adventure and wealth.

The motives of the Spanish Conquistadors and their patrons were prompted

by:

CASE STUDY: Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlan on November 8, 1519. At this time it is believed that the city was amongst the largest in the world alongside Paris and Constantinople. The most common estimates put the population at around 200,000 to 300,000 people. Aztec ruler Montezuma II, thinking Cortés to be the returning god Quetzalcoatl, welcomed him with great pomp. Some of the conquistadors had traveled as widely as Venice and Constantinople, and many said that Tenochtitlan was as large and fine a city as any they had seen.

SPANISH EXTRACTION

Much of Spain's exploration of the Americas centered on the desire to find gold and silver. These precious metals were valuable because they were used to make coins, which were the basis of most of Europe's monetary systems.

RESULTS OF EXTRACTION From the 16th to the 18th century, Spanish mines in Mexico and South America produced roughly 80 percent of the world's silver production and 70 percent of gold at a time when these precious metals were the most widely accepted international currency.


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1.5 Encomienda: Indigenous Labors Systems in New Spain The Spanish Empire ruthlessly bound Indigenous people and imported Africans into a coerced labor system, initiating debates that challenged the idea of colonial exploitation based on race.

SPANISH COLONIAL ORGANIZATION The Spanish crown’s determination to create an institutional framework designed to ensure compliance by its officials and the obedience of its overseas subjects and encouraged the creation of bureaucracy’s in accordance to crown priority to the exploitation of wealth. The need for formal government was eventually necessary and they imposed the old order (Viceroys) and a caste system developed

THE COLONIAL CASTE SYSTEM

Peninsulares

Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattoes


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The Encomienda System (Plan and Reality) Under the encomienda system, conquistadors and other leaders (encomenderos) received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact “tribute” in the form of gold or labor. The encomenderos were supposed to protect and Christianize the Indians granted to them, but they most often used the system to effectively enslave the Indians and take their lands.

Reaction and Response to the Encomienda System Official decree(s) from Spain in 1520 and 1542 against the enslavement of Indians, signaled the decline of encomienda as a formal institution. The system of repartimiento was created to help replace lost labor. Repartimiento

Asiento System

PERSPECTIVES on NATIVES

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda Belittles the Indians (1547)

“The Spanish have a perfect right

to rule these barbarians of the New World and the adjacent

islands, who in prudence, skill, virtues, and humanity are as

inferior to the Spanish as children to adults, or women to men”

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Defends the Indians (1552)

“They [Native Americans] are not ignorant, inhuman, or bestial. Rather, long before they had heard the word Spaniard they had properly organized states, wisely ordered by excellent laws, religion, and custom.”

Q? What was the significance of the New Laws of 1542?


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1.6 The Spanish Mission System – “A Wealth of Souls to Harvest” The Spanish clergy, particularly Jesuits and Franciscans, played a critical role in settling the

Southwest using the mission system. Over the centuries, this became the most effective means of “civilizing” natives.

The Spanish Mission System Spanish clergy, particularly Jesuits and Franciscans, played a critical role in settling the Southwest using the mission system. Their missions were designed to spread Christianity among, and establish control over, native populations. In some areas, they forced Indians to live in mission communities, where the priests taught them weaving, blacksmithing, candle-making, and leather-working, and forced them to work in orchards, workshops, and fields for long hours. The missions were most successful in New Mexico (despite an Indian revolt in 1680) and California and far less successful in Arizona and Texas


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Native Reaction to Spanish Policy

Disease crippled the Native American populations. Indigenous

populations on no defense or immunity built-up to small pox,

measles, typhoid, whopping cough, dysentery, Cholera, and self-

inflicted alcoholism.

CASE STUDY: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, or Popé's Rebellion, was an uprising of most of the Pueblo Indians against the Spanish colonizers in present day New Mexico.

The Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition.

QUICK NOTES The Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Some of the history and causes of the Pueblo Revolt were dictated by political policies and beliefs which shaped the historical background to the causes of the Pueblo Revolt

Colonialism: Colonial expansion under the Spanish Empire was at first initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and then developed by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries Expansion: The reasons for colonial expansion were two fold. The Spanish were interested in obtaining natural resources to increase their wealth through trade and, secondly, to spread of the Christian faith through indigenous conversions Culture Clash: Distrust and hostilities grew between the indigenous population of the region and the Spanish Land: The Spanish brought with them the European practice of expansion and of recognizing only limited land rights of indigenous people

http://apushcanvas.pbworks.com/Pueblo-Indians-against-the-Spanish-colonizers

http://apushcanvas.pbworks.com/Pueblo-Indians-against-the-Spanish-colonizers


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Assessment of the Spanish Seedling 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.


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1.7 The French and the Dutch, in the New World 1524 to 1608 European explorers, traders, settlers, soldiers and missionaries explore beyond the

Southwest and help establish an economic base for North American trade.

France in the New World

France emerged from a Civil War in the 16th century to European masters in the 17th century - Emergence of Protestant vs. Catholic majority Like the Spanish, the French goal was to explore as much land as possible in hope of finding mineral wealth, like gold, and a shortcut to Asia Also like the Spanish, French missionaries tried to convert Native Americans

to Roman Catholicism.

The French attempted to emulate profitability of early Spanish settlement by subsidizing their own voyages of exploration.

YOUR NOTES:


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By the end of 1500 French expeditions had made contact along the coast of Canada and upper Mississippi


Cartier France 1534 St. Lawrence

Verrazano France 1524 East Coast of North America

Cartier France 1535 Explores St. Lawrence river

Champlain France 1608 Canada

1541 Cartier attempted to create the first permanent European settlement in

North America at Cap-Rouge with 400 settlers but the settlement was

abandoned the next year after bad weather and Indian attacks.

In 1608 Champlain established the first significant settlement. St. Lawrence in an attempt to exploit the burgeoning fur trade

Fur Traders Descending the Missouri


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Despite conversion efforts of missionaries, French respect for Native

Americans allowed many to forge alliances, especially in their wars against

the British.

Not until 1608 did the French make serious inroads into acquiring lucrative

assets in North America, such as beaver pelts, which were in high demand in

Europe. This trade led to the colonization of Quebec City that same year.

French did not succeed in creating strong settler society WHY NOT?

1. 2. 3. 4.


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The Dutch Settlement in the New World

Immediate Goal: Exploitation of the fur trade in the woodland interior. Both

Dutch and French colonial relationships with American Indians were based

primarily on trade alliances centering on the fur trade.

The Dutch East India Company (1602) is often considered as the first true multinational corporation. As joint stock companies they were private mercantilist tools with a guaranteed trade monopoly in exchange of rights paid to their respective governments. They were almost states by themselves with their own ships (military and merchant) and military forces. Dutch East India Company organizes exploration of Hudson River in 1609

leads to the settlement of New Netherlands. 17th century became a major

world commercial power.

New Netherlands become the most culturally and ethnically diverse

settlement in North America (Immigrants, religious toleration, and women’s

rights)

1609 Henry Hudson was a veteran English navigator whose goal was to

search for the Northwest Passage

“It was no coincidence that on September 11, 2001, those who

wished to make a symbolic attack on the center of

American power chose the World Trade Center as their

target. If what made America great was its ingenious

openness to different cultures, then the small triangle of land

at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is the New World birthplace of that idea,

the spot where it first took shape. “

Russell Shorto Island at the Center of the

World


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Timeline

The Dutch Settlement in the New World

Bay of Manhattan, 1660, Looking toward the East River.

Dutch Merchant Ship of the Dutch West India Company Sailing past

1623-1624 New Netherlands founded in Hudson River by Peter

Minuit; Established by Dutch West India Company for quick-profit fur trade and

purchased Manhattan Island from Indians for about $30

New Netherlands become the most culturally and ethnically diverse settlement in

North America (Immigrants, religious toleration, and women’s rights)

1624-1625 New Amsterdam -- later NYC -- founded as a company town -- sea port.

1629, In an attempt to bolster New Netherland’s population, the Company

announced its intention to offer large tracts of land to patroons.

Patroonship (Aristocratic structure; resembled serfdom) were huge estates granted to promoters who would settle 50 persons on them. (One in Albany larger than Rhode Island!)

By 1644 18 different languages spoke on the streets of North America

Podcast Notes

New York 'The Island at the

Center of the World' (8:13)

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1794047



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1.8 Gentlemen in the Wilderness - The Planting of English America [1588 – 1607] A group of haughty gentleman-adventurers undertake a poorly planned,

badly led and foolishly located English colony that will miraculously survive and prosper.

English Settlement of the New World England joins the European pattern of extraction and settlement a little later than their Spanish and French counterparts WHY? 1. They were districted by Civil War and religious instability in early 1500s.

2. The English ventured into the Atlantic only as a means of preying on

Spanish shipping

3. Early interest shown by wealthy individuals like Sir Walter Raleigh to

establish bases along the coast to ambush Spanish trade

Why would English settlements become more successful than their Spanish

counterparts in the New World?

1.

2.

3.

4.

YOUR NOTES:


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Queen Elizabeth I - 1533-1603 Protestant Queen of England, made Protestantism dominant in England during golden age. Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England which intensified the rivalry England had with Catholic Spain. She led the defeat of the Spanish Armada. English Catholics refused to abandon their old faith and were persecuted for it. Consequence: This means that Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay turned out to be an unplanned for attraction for a number of English Catholics seeking Religious freedom.


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Early English Settlement Patterns Lesson learned from the lost colony of Roanoke (1590)?

The origins of one of the America’s oldest unsolved mysteries can be traced to August 1587, when a group of about 115 English settlers arrived on Roanoke Island, off the coast of what is now North Carolina

Later that year, it was decided that John White, governor of the new colony, would sail back to England in order to gather a fresh load of supplies. But just as he arrived, a major naval war broke out between England and Spain, and Queen Elizabeth I called on every available ship to confront the mighty Spanish Armada. In August 1590

Sir Walter Raleigh loses interest in expensive and risky new world settlement Consequence of this failed endeavor? At any given moment in history change is driven by choices, not some mysterious force called inevitability. The British begin to think differently about funding voyages of exploration and discovery. The joint-stock company was the forerunner of the modern corporation. In a JOINT-STOCK COMPANY, stock was sold to high net-worth investors who provided CAPITAL and had limited RISK. These companies had proven profitable in the past with trading ventures. The risk was small, and the returns were fairly quick.


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The Virginia Company (Joint Stock Company) pursues the settlement of Jamestown. King James I granted The Virginia Company a royal charter for the colonial pursuit in 1606. The Company had the power to appoint a Council of leaders in the colony, a Governor, and other officials. It also took the responsibility to continually provide settlers, supplies, and ships for the venture. The Company’s plan was to identify profitable raw materials such as gold and silver in Virginia to repay the investors back in England. The Virginia Charter (1607) Colonists had same rights as Englishmen Charter Colonies were written contracts between the British King and the American colonists, defining the share each should have in the government and were not to be changed without the consent of both parties.


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The Settlement of Virginia (Founded in 1607 by Virginia Company) Jamestown, 1607 -- 1st permanent British colony in New World. Jamestown

was marshy and fever ridden, no clear focus on the purpose of the colony.

Main goals: Promise of gold, conversion of Indians to Christianity (just like

Spain), and new passage to the Indies; Consisted largely of well-to-do

adventurers

Demographics- 104 settlers over ½

were considered “gentlemen.”

Translation? Most settlers were

semi-aristocrats who were there to

serve as garrisons at a military

outposts designed to launch raids

on the Spanish

Consequence –.Gentlemen

preferred loafing, prospecting for

gold and dreaming of a Northwest

Passage to grubbing the earth to

feed themselves. This almost killed

the colony. Failure of Commercial

Interests = stranded settlers.

The Settlement of Virginia – Key Personalities

Captain John Smith John Rolfe

“The right man at the right time” organized the colony beginning in 1608. "He who will not work shall not eat!"

"Colony built on smoke" Rolfe introduced new tough strain of tobacco in 1612 which became the cornerstone of the cornerstone of Virginia's economy. (Plantation system emerged)

Podcast Notes

Jamestown's Early Days Were Brutish and Short (5:57)




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Assessment of the Jamestown Seedling POSTIVE

NEGATIVE


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the history of america act i [1491 to 1607]

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