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The History of DNA

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Page 1: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

The History of DNA

Page 2: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

Early Work

FriedrichMiescher,1869,firstisolatesasubstancefromthenucleusofcellsthathecalls“nuclein.” later“nucleicacid.”

Biochemistsidentifytwotypesofnucleicacids,RNAandDNA.

In1929,PhoebusLevineattheRockefellercenteridentifiesthefourbasesofDNA.

Page 3: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

What Does DNA Do?ResearchersknewthatDNAwasfoundinchromosomes,theydoubtedthatitwasthehereditarymaterial.

Onlyfourbases.Howcouldforbasescodeforallsortsofproteins?

Researchersthoughtthattheproteinalsofoundinchromosomeswasprobablythehereditaryfactor.

Page 4: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

Frederick Griffith

In1928,FrederickGriffithcarriedoutexperimentsonpneumoniabacteriainmice.

Discovery:somethinginheat-killedvirulentbacteriacouldbetransferredtolive,harmlessbacteriaandmakethemvirulent.

Page 5: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

Griffith’s Experiment

Page 6: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

Oswald Avery

Isolatedproteins,carbohydrates,nucleicacidsandappliedthemtonon-virulentbacteria.Onlynucleicacids(DNA)causedachange.

Page 7: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

Avery’s Work

Page 8: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

Erwin Chargaff

ChargaffstudiedDNAitself,providingsomecluesaboutitsstructure.

DiscoveredthattherearealwaysequalamountsofthebasesAdenineandThymine,andequalamountsofCytosineandGuanine.

Chargaffproposedthatthesebasespairwithoneanother.

Page 9: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

Wilkins and Franklin

RosalindFranklinandMauriceWilkinsworkedwithX-raycrystalographytofindmorecluesaboutthestructureofDNA.

Franklin’sX-rayimagessuggestedahelicalstructure.

Page 10: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

Franklin and Wilkins

Page 11: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

Watson and Crick

JamesWatsonandFrancisCrickwerealsoworkingondiscoveringthestructureofDNA.

AppliedChargaff’srule,assumedthatAalwayspairswithT,CwithG.

WatsonwasnotentirelyconvincedofthehelicalstructurethatFranklinhadsuggested,andhiscritiqueofherworkledhertodoubtherself.

Page 12: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

Watson and CrickWilkinsconsultedwithWatsonandCrick.WithoutFranklin’sknowledge,hehandedthemthedatathatheandFranklinhadworkedon.

Watsonimmediatelyrecognizedthesignificance.HeandCrickwenttoworkonamodelofDNA.

Page 13: The History of DNA - Mr. Bauman Scienceon discovering the structure of DNA. Applied Chargaff ’s rule, assumed that A always pairs with T, C with G. Watson was not entirely convinced

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