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The History of Postverbal Agreement in Kuki-Chin

Kuld.Chln languages

Northern Chin (Tedlm, Palte, Slzang:Zahao, etc.)Old Kukl (AImol, Anal, Tarao, Kolreng, Sukte, Moyon, etc.)Southern Chin (Daal, Byow, Mlndat, etc.)Central Chin (Mlzo (lushal), lal, 8awm)

+ Maralc (Mara / la~her)

Scott DelanceyUniversity of Oregondelancey@uoregon.edu

Tedlm (Northern Chin) "general" conjugation (Henderson 1965: 109)

I-mak-ul)~-mak-c1-u~.mak.u

Plural

~-mak-IIJ~-mak-c1~.mak.e

Singular

123

Singular Plural

I ~ll) ~W:J fiXC~ hAl) INC

2 ~tf? ~ il? te73 ~ ~ ulor il?

Kolreng (Old Kuld) realized negative paradigm (C. Y. Singh 2010:113-4)

SEALS 2,2, Agay, FranceMay 30, 2012

The modern Kukl-Chln verb1

The Northern Chin and Old Kukl postverb~1 systems compared

Tarao (Old Kukl) (C. Singh 2002):

1) ki-pa 'my fath~.kl-sak 'I eat'

2) nl-pa ' 'your.sg father'nl-sak 'you.sg, eat'

3) a-pa 'his/her father'a-sak .'s/he eats'

Sukte 0)

Sukte 9)

ken an ka-ne-kay-hl1SG rice lSG-eat-NEG-FINAl'I don't eat rice:

ken an ne-kay-lV1SG rlce-eat-NEG-1SG'I don't eat rice:

Agreement proclltlcs In Kuki-Chln languages

2 Postverbal agreement words

pat nf-I)go FUTURH-1sG

'I will go.'

Tedlm 6)

123

Tarao

klnla

Mara

elnaa

Mlzo

kaIa

NC

OK

ISO IPL 2S0 2PL 3S0 3PL

Tiddim 11) .W) te'} il'}le'} U'}

Sizang II)' fil)' Ie' U' teo (a)

*1(-)1) *U-I) *te'} *u te'} C*a) *u

Tarno 11)1 :II) . ul) ce cew a'lMoyon il) UI) ca co a :lCKolreng 11) UI) sl sli) U

*I(-)1) .u-l] *ce. .ce-u C*a) .u •...•M\

Tedlm 7) pal nf I£Jgo FUTURH 2SG

'You wlll go:

2

"yow (Southern Chin) Negative paradigm (Peterson 2003) Mlzo transitive paradigm (Chhangte 1993: 91-2):

.Mlndat (Southern Chin) (Jordan 1969:48-51)

123

Singular

I-I)aI.tII-a1

Dual

I-hnI1-l)aI-hniHII-hu1y

Plural

I-1u-l)a / I-pu (Exclusive)I-cuI-1u

SubjectObject

1 2 3/INTR

1 ka-I c~ ka-I2 ml-I I-I3 mH ka-I c~ a-I

Mara subjunctive conjugation (Lorraln 1951: XX18)

8) ngaw u neh kah ml hi cisit PLNP.SIMUL 1 PLwork PINAL'(We) sitting. we do (our) work' (Same subject)

9) chiJ u ah-tah, Jaw cicall PLl-FIN come FIN'We having called, he came: (Different-subJect)

Daal (Southern Chin) (So-Hartmann 2009:244-52):

\123

Singular

shl aw sha-Iashllashl sha-la

Plural

shll sha-lashl u-lashl sha-la

10) am sit he khoh=ngiJNEG go back able=l'1 am/was not able to go back: (So-Hartmann 2009:252)

11) tuh=ngool: ta nl:ng hmu 10 veeng(=ngiJ)today FOCUS2SG.OBJsee ASPECTcertalnly(=l)'Today I will certainly see you:

3 Remnants of the postverbal paradigm In Central and Marale

Mlzo

Familiar Imperative particle telWeak Imperative -ta=cee

2nd person en:

12) mEn-chdtJg ug enlOBI-answer BORT2'you [please] answer me'

13) mEn-rM-reTJ-dTJen10DI-know-always-FuT-2'Please remember mel'

3

Mara aw < PKC*11) (VanBik 2009: 371)

. Mara person agreement (after Arden 2010i cpoWeldert 1985:929)

ObjectSubject 1 2 3/INTR

1 el cha I elI2 el naIchl naI3 e na I a eha I aI

.Central-Maralc 2nd person agreement word In all 1/2 object forms with a 2nd personargument, I.e. 172,372,271:

Mara 14) elna iy chilSG.OB/thank 2'You sg. thank me: (Arden 2010!115)

Mlzo . 15) mEn-rM-rel)-dl) cDloB/-know-always-FuT 2'Please remember mel' (Chhangte 1993: 92)

4

r---------------------

In Mlzo, It Is retained In Its original postverbal position In all functions:

Mara separated 2su and 200) by moving the agreement word to a preverbal position:

Mara 11) el cha {y1 2001 thank'I thank you 5g: (Arden 2010: 114)

Mlzo Hi) kll-ron-tlhtMk-zeel-oQ cDl-come-drop-keep.on-fut 2001 3-say IIIN'I wll1 keep on dropping them to you' (Chhangte 1993: 180)

Kolreng conjugations compared

ISO IPL 2S0 2PL" 3S0 3PL

Unrealized Neg nl-I) ma-nl t(-nl tI-nl-u nl ni-u

Realized Neg i-IJ u-IJ cI d-u e u

Reconstructed Kolreng agreement words

Singular Plural

I i-I) U-I) <i-u-I)

2 ci <t-i ci-u < t-i-u

3 e U <eli-u

Tarao (Lakshml1992, C.Y. Singh 2002):

" 4) kay daktar ayI doctor l8g'I am a doctor.'

5) nay dalctar ceyou.sg doctor 2'You Sf!.are a doctor.'

ISO IPL 2so 2PL 3SQ 3PL

NC *1(-)1) *u-I) *te7 *u te1 (*1\) *u

OK *1(-)1) *u-I) *ce *ce-u (*a) *u- -ai

SC -I]a -1u-l]a -ti -cu/-u-d -a7 -1u

PKC *11](a) *1u I)a *tI/te *te u/u te *a7 *u7

< *1-1] *7u I]a *to-je7 *to-Je1 u7 *a1 *u7

r-no ma-nlr-no tl-nl-ur-no nl-u

Plural

r-no nl-Ijr-no tl-nlr-no nl

Singular

123

Dantawa (Klrantl) agreement (RaI1985: 96):

18) Ims-a-Ij 19) tUI-lm5-asleep-PST-lsG 2-go-PST'I slept' 'you.sg slept'

lsg 2sg

Camllng (Klruntl) r-ulJa ta-l:ICogtse (rGyalronglc) l:-I] ta-l:Kolreng-Moyon/PKC AUX-I] ta-AUX

4 Origins and external connections of the KCpostverbal paradigm

lColreng (Old Kukl) unrealized negative paradigm (C. Y. Singh 2010:114-5)

Trung (Nunglsh) copula (Sun 1982):Kolreng realized negative paradigm (C. Y. Singh 2010:113-4)

Singular Plural

I :E-mak-ll) :E-mak-ul)2 l:-mak-c1 l:-mak-c1-u

3 r-mak-e r-mak-u

PKCTrung "

*1-1] *7u I)a;-1) (

*ta-Je7mu-e

*ta-je7 u7nw-e-;n

65

Palatalization of*te7

I<olreng-Moyon (OK) no.d-nl/ -mak-cl

Northern Chin tel = Old I<ukl ce

Central-Maralc Imperative tel, i1greement word c~/ chiMlzo we.ak Imperative -ta=ct}t}

LI,Daqln, and DI liang. 2001. Zhayil gillkuilng. Mlnzu Yuwen 2001.6:61-75. .Lorraln, Reginald. 1951. Grammar and Dictionary a/the Lakher or Mara Language. Department of

Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Government of Assam.Marrison, Geoffrey. 1967. The Class/jlcatlon o/the Nago.Languagss o/North-East India. SOAS Ph.D.

dissertation.Peterson, David. (2000). On the status of the Southern Chin subgroup. XXXth ICSTLL,Bangkok._' (2002). On Khuml verbal pronominal morphology. BLS 20S: 99.110._' (2003a). Agreement and grammatical relations In Hyow. In: Bradley, Davld, et. al., Language

Varlatlon: Papers on Variation anil Change In the Sinosphere In honour of James A. Matlro«,173.183. Department of LInguistics, Australian National University.

_' (2003b).Hakha Lal. Thurgood and LaPolla 2003, 409-26.Savidge, Fred. 1908. A Grammar and Dlct/onary of the Lakher Language. Allahabad: Pioneer Press.Singh, Chungkham Yashawanta. 2002. Tarao grammar. New Deihl: Akansha.So-Hartmann, Helga. 2009. A Descrlpttve Grammar of Daal Chin. (STHDT Monograph 7).Stern, Theodore. 1963. A provisional sketch of Sizang (Slyln) Chin. Asia MaJar (n.s.) 10,222-70.Stern, Theodore. 1984. Sizang (Slyln) Chin texts. Linguistics a/the Tlbeta-Burman Area 0.1143.50.Sun, Ho~kal. 1982. Dulangyu Jlanzhl. BeiJing: Mlnzu Chu Ban She.VanBIK,Kenneth 2009. Proto-Kukl.Chln: A Reconstructed Ancestor o/the Kukl-Chln Languoge,(, [ST6b'

MllOograph 89).

Plural

cuucl

hnl1-tInl cI

Singular Dual

Hyow (Peterson)' tlMlndat (Jordan) cI

Southern .Chln variation:

Possibly related forms outside of I<C

1 2 3

PKC *1-1) *t;!-Je1 *a1Meyor ang ch.lk ylkDantawa yak-lJa . tID-yak yak

References

Arden, Michelle. 2010. A phonetic, phonological, and Inorphosyntacllc lII1alyslsOfille Mara hlllguage. MAthesis, San Diego State Unlvenlly. http://scholarworks.sJsu.edu/etd.theses/3744.

DeLancey, Scott. 1909. Verb agreement In Proto-Tlbeto-Burman. Bulletin o/the School o/Drlental andAfrican Studies 52.21315-33.

DeLancey, Scoll. 2010. Towards a histol)' of verb agreement in Tlbeto-Burman. Himalayan Linguistics9.1:1-38.

DeLancey, Scott. 201 10.Agreement prefixes in Tlbelo-BurmaJl. Himalayan Linguistics 10.1:1.29._' 2011b. Finite structures from clausal nomlnallzatlon In Tlbeto-Burman languages. Yap, Foong

lIa, Karen Grunow-HArsta & lanlck Wrona (eds.), Nomlnallzatlon In Asian Languages:Diachronic and Typological Perspectives., 343-62. BenJamlns.

_' 20\ Ie. Noete and linghpaw: MorphologieafcolTespolldenees. Hyslop et. al. (eds.), 61-75._, to appear. Postverbal agreement In Mlzo-Kukl-Chln. North East Indian Linguistics 5, ed. by

Gwendolyn Hyslop, Stephen Morey, and Mark Post. cambridge UniverSity Press Indill.Henderson; H.I.A.1957. Colloquial Chin as a pronominalized language. Bulletin o/the School 0/

Oriental ond African Studies 20: 323-7.lIenderson, H.I.A.1965. Tlddlm Chin:A descriptive analYsis o/two texts. Oxford University Press.laquesson, Franfols. 2001. Person.marklng In TO languages, Northeastern India. Linguistics o/the

Tlbeto-Burinon Area 24.1:113-44.lordan, M. 1969. Grammar of the Chin language. Appendix to ChinDIctionary and Grammar. XXXKongkham, Hemabatl. 2010. A descriptive grammar 0/Moyon. Manlpur University Ph.D. dissertation.Landi, Victor. 2005. The Meyors and their language. Itanegar.

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