the history of the codification of islamic law

7/30/2019 The History of the Codification of Islamic Law

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]ND

NA_]HPQ HI ]ND OHMAIAOB]AHK

HI

A_CBGAO CBU

@dake bk Acctgakb}ake D~vhsa}ahk hi }nd Ohkihpgas}

Yadu'Vhak} boodv}dm `q }nd HydpundcgakeGbjhpa}q hi }nd Ascbgao Uhpcm

`q

Gbtcbkb Gtnbggbbm B`mtc Bcddg _ammarta#Bc Rbmpa


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OHK]DK]_

ONBV]DP 2

_HGD @B_AO H@_DPYB]AHK_

ONBV]DP 22

BPPBKEDGDK] BKM OHGVACB]AHK HI ]ND NHCQ RTPBK

ONBV]DP 222

OHGVACB]AHK HI VPHVND]AO ]PBMA]AHK_ BKM @AHEPBVNAD_

HI PDVHP]DP_

ONBV]DP 2Y

VPD_DPYDP_ HI NBMA]N BKM _ONHCBP_ HI CBU BGHKE ]ND

OHGVBKKAHK_

ONBV]DP Y S

]ND OHMAIAOB]AHK HI CBU

ONBV]DP Y2

AAJ]ANBM BKM GTJ]BNM


3/43

Onbv}dp 2

_HGD @B_AO H@_DPYB]AHK_

Ak gq ocbss'cdo}tpds bkm vt`cao svddonds# A nbyd bcpdbmq d~vcbakdm }nd h`yahts

}pt}n }nb} hkcq }nd akydk}hp bkm gbktibo}tpdp hi b gbonakd lkhus `ds} nhu }h tsd a} bkmnd bchkd obk vphvdpcq }dbon a}s tsd }h h}ndps+ A nbyd bcsh d~vcbakdm }nb} dydpq gbldp nhcms

nas opdb}ahk mdbp bkm mhds kh} cald a} }h `d svhacdm ak bkq ubq# bkm }nb}# ohksdrtdk}cq# nd

}dbonds a}s gd}nhm hi tsd nagsdci+

A nbyd bcsh d~vcbakdm bkm vphydm `q pb}ahkbc bpetgdk}s }nb} }nd tkaydpsd

mdoamdmcq huds a}s d~as}dkod }h b Opdb}hp# ihp Unhg dydpq vbp}aocd hi }nd Opdb}ahk as b

ua}kdss+ A bcsh gbmd a} ocdbp }nb}# jts} bs }ndpd bpd kb}tpbc cbus unaon ehydpk }nd uhplake

hi }nd tkaydpsd .bkm }ndq bpd obccdm Ehms Ubq ak }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk!# sagacbpcq }ndpdbpd cbus# hpmbakdm `q Ehm# pdcb}ake }h }nd akmayamtbc bkm shoabc caid hi ntgbk `dakes# bkm

}nb} a} as Ehms Ubq }h }dbon }ndg }h gbklakm# ihp unaon }nd mayakdcq'bvvhak}dm cbu hi

mdcaydpake Mayakd Etambkod ak }nd ihpg hi Ubnq .a+d+ Pdydcb}ahk! bkm }nphten }ndVphvnd}s bkm Gdssdkedps unh udpd dkmhudm ua}n svdoabc obvboa}ads `q Ehm }h vdpihpg

}nd }bsl# nbs `ddk ohgake ak}h vcbq sakod }nd opdb}ahk hi ntgbka}q+

A nbyd itp}ndp d~vcbakdm }nb} ntgbka}q bkm a}s otc}tpd bkm oayacazb}ahk nbyd ephuk

epbmtbccq# }nb} ihp b ydpq chke vdpahm }nd pbods bkm kb}ahks hi }nd uhpcm pdgbakdm mayamdm

bkm sdepdeb}dm iphg dbon h}ndp# bkm }nb}# mtpake }nb} vdpahm hi aggb}tpd ntgbka}q#

sdvbpb}d Vphvnd}s bkm Gdssdkedps hi Ehm ohk}aktdm }h ohgd }h }nd sdvbpb}d ntgbk

ohggtka}ads# sh gton sh# }nb}# hk odp}bak hoobsahks# ghpd }nbk hkd Vphvnd} ubs uhplakeb} }nd sbgd }agd bghke maiidpdk} ephtvs+ Nhudydp# undk }nd }agd obgd ihp ntgbka}q }h

ohgd }hed}ndp# undk }nd bed hi }nd vpak}ake vpdss bkm }nd uapdcdss bkm }nd bdphvcbkdmbukdm# undk gbklakm bppaydm b} }nb} s}bed hi a}s nas}hpq undpd a} ohtcm itko}ahk bs hkd

`hmq# undk }nd ntgbk akedkta}q ubs hk }nd ydped hi mdydchvake }nhsd gdbks undpd`q a}

ohtcm vpdsdpyd }nd Mayakd Gdssbed ihp bcc }agd# Ehm Bcgaen}q sdk} ston b Vdpido} Etamd#

ston b Uhpcm'Vphvnd} bkm Gdssdkedp# unh obgd ua}n }nd }a}cd kh} hi }nd Gdpoq ihp }nd

Bpb`s `t} bs }nd Gdpoq tk}h bcc }nd uhpcms# bkm Ehms Uhpm bkkhtkodm b`ht} nag:

Ydpacq# Ud nbyd sdk} }ndd kh} `t} bs }nd @pakedp hi Ecbm ]amakes bkm }nd Ubpkdp ihp

}nd unhcd hi ntgbka}q+

]nb} epdb} Vphvnd} obgd }pbksodkmake }nd caga}b}ahks hi ohtk}pq bkm ocagd+ Nd

obgd bs }nd Mayakd Gdpoq vdpshkaiadm+ Nd obgd ua}n }nd Mayakd Gdssbed hi Gdpoq# }ndPdydbcdm Etambkod# }nd Mayakdcq'bvvhak}dm Cbu# }nd Pdcaeahk hi Gdpoq+ Nas echpahts

kbgd as GTNBGGBM# a+d+# ]nd Vpbasdm Hkd# .Ehms @cdssakes bkm Vdbod `d tvhk

nag"!+ Nd ubs mdocbpdm }h `d }nd Cbs} Vphvnd}+ Vphvnd}nhhm ihtkm a}s ohkstggb}ahk aknas btets} vdpshk+ Pdcaeahk ubs vdpido}dm ak bcc a}s bsvdo}s hkod bkm ihp bcc+ ]nd Mayakd

vphocbgb}ahk ubs gbmd:


4/43

]nas mbq nbyd A vdpido}dm qhtp pdcaeahk ihp qht# ohgvcd}dm gq ibyhtp tvhk qht# bkm

nbyd onhsdk ihp qht Ascbg bs qhtp pdcaeahk+.Y: =!+

]nb} epdb} Vphvnd} bkkhtkodm ak tkbg`aethts }dpgs:

A bg }nd cbs} Vphvnd} bkm }ndpd as kh vphvnd} bi}dp gd+

Ntgbka}q nbm pdodaydm }nd Vdpido} Pdcaeahk+ Ohksdrtdk}cq }nd mhhp hi Mayakd

Pdydcb}ahk ubs ochsdm bkm sdbcdm# bkm Ehms cbs} Vphvnd} bkkhtkodm:

Kh}nake pdgbaks iphg }nd vphvnd}nhhm d~odv} }ptd mpdbgs+

]nas ubs b s}b}dgdk} gdbkake }nb} Mayakd Pdydcb}ahk# unaon nbs `ddk kbgdm ak }nd Nhcq

Rtpbbk bs Ubnq bkm unaon gdbks vhsa}ayd bkm odp}bak lkhucdmed ohggtkaob}dm `q

Ehm# obgd }h bk dkm ua}n }nd Cbs} Vphvnd}+

Ak }nb} ca}dpbc bkm odp}bak Pdydcb}ahk .Ubnq Gb}ct! unaon ubs epbk}dm }h }nb}

epdb} Vphvnd}# }nd Mayakd vphgasd hi vpdsdpyake a} snhkd ua}n bcc a}s `paccabkod+ ]nd Uhpmhi Ehm vphocbagdm:'

Ud nbyd# ua}nht} mht`}# sdk} mhuk }nd Gdssbed< bkm Ud uacc bsstpdmcq etbpm a} .iphg

ohpptv}ahk!+.^Y: 1!+

Bkm# bebak:'

Bkm akmddm a} as b @hhl hi d~bc}dm vhudp+ Kh ibcsdnhhm obk bvvphbon iphg `dihpd hp

`dnakm a}: A} as sdk} mhuk `q Hkd# Itcc hi Uasmhg# Uhp}nq hi bcc Vpbasd+ .^CA: =2#

=0!+

Ihp }nd vpdsdpyb}ahk hi }nd Gdssbed# Ehm Bcgaen}q bmyasdm Nas Nhcq Vphvnd} ak}nd ihcchuake uhpms:

Ghyd kh} }nq }hketd ohkodpkake .Rtpbbk! }h gbld nbs}d }ndpdua}n+ A} as ihp Ts }h

ohccdo} a} bkm }h vphgtceb}d .hp pdoa}d! a}+ _h undk Ud nbyd vphgtceb}dm .hp pdoa}dm! a}#ihcchu }nht a}s pdoa}bc+.C^^Y: 29'2>!+

]nb} ubs b`ht} }nd }d~} hi }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk unaon as vpdsdpydm }hmbq kh} hkcq ak

@hhl'ihpg `t} bcsh ak gaccahks hi ntgbk `pbaks+

Bs ihp }nd vpdsdpyb}ahk hi }nd gdbkakes hiRtpbbkao }d~}# Ehm Bcgaen}q gbmd a}

ocdbp }nb}:

Kbq ghpd# a} as ihp Ts }h d~vcbak a} .bkm gbld a} ocdbp!+.C^^Y: 21!+


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]nts# a} ubs kh} hkcq }nd vpdsdpyb}ahk hi }nd }d~} hi }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk `t} bcsh a}s

gdbkakes# unaon Ehm Bcgaen}q }hhl tvhk Nagsdci+ Ndkod }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} .vdbod `dua}n nag"! sbam:

A nbyd `ddk eaydk }nd Rtpbbk bkm }nd cald hi a} bchke ua}n a}+

]nas gdbks }nb} }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} ubs kh} eaydk hkcq }nd Rtpbbkao }d~}# `t} ubsbcsh }bten} a}s gdbkake `q Ehm Bcgaen}q

]nd Nhcq Vphvnd}# ak nas }tpk# }pbksga}}dm }nd }d~} bs udcc bs }nd gdbkake }h nas

Ohgvbkahks+ Dydpq s}tmdk} hi }nd Nbma}n lkhus }nb} }nd Ohgvbkahks uhtcm ohgd }h

nag# }bld cdsshks iphg nag ak vhp}ahks hi }nd }d~} bchke ua}n }ndap gdbkakes bkm

d~vcbkb}ahks# bkm# ak }ndap }tpk# }dbon }nd sbgd }h h}ndps+

]nts# hk }nd hkd nbkm# }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} }pbksga}}dm }nd bo}tbc gdbkakes bkm }ptd

d~vcbkb}ahk hi }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk }h nas Ohgvbkahks bkm }nphten }ndg }h }nd cb}dpedkdpb}ahks# unacd hk }nd h}ndp# nd vphkhtkodm b mdiaka}d ubpkake }h bcc }nhsd unh gaen}

uasn }h onbked }nd gdbkakes bkm }nd d~vcbkb}ahks+ Nd sbam:

Unhshdydp d~vcbaks }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk boohpmake }h nas vdpshkbc hvakahk# cd} naggbld nas b`hmd ak ndcc+

Nd itp}ndp ubpkdm }nhsd unh gaen} b}}pa`t}d ibcsd d~vcbkb}ahks hp ihpedm Nbma}n

}h nas kbgd# sbqake:

Unhshdydp ak}dk}ahkbccq b}}pa`t}ds b ibcsd }nake }h gd# cd} nag gbld nas b`hmd ak

ndcc+

]ndk# bi}dp nd nbm }bldk bcc }nd s}dvs ihp vpdsdpyake }nd }dbonakes hi Ascbg# }ndNhcq Vphvnd} .vdbod `d ua}n nag! akihpgdm }nd uhpcm }nb}:'

Hkd vbp}q hi gq ihcchudps uacc bcubqs pdgbak b`hyd h}ndps ua}n ocdbp }pt}n+

Unhshdydp hvvhsds }ndg uacc kh} `d b`cd }h nbpg }ndg .a+d+# hydpvhudp }ndg ak

bpetgdk}!# tk}ac }nd Cbs} Mbq+

Ak }nd caen} hi }nd vpdcagakbpads ht}cakdm# A bg stpd qht nbyd tkmdps}hhm itccq }nb}

}nd Ascbgao pdcaeahk# unaon ohgvpdndkms ak a}sdci }nd Ascbgao Cbu .a+d+# }nd _nbpabn!# as`bsdm# iphg }nd `deakkake }h }nd dkm# hk Mayakd Pdydcb}ahk# unaon uacc pdgbak ak a}s

hpaeakbc vtpa}q .Aksnb'Bccbn! }h }nd Cbs} Mbq+ Dydpq uhpm hi }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk as iphg

Ehm# bkm ihp }nd d~vcbkb}ahk hi dydpq uhpm }nd Vdpshkbc Etambkod .hp _tkkbn! hi }nd

Nhcq Vphvnd} .Ehm `cdss nag"! as vpdsdk}+

]nts# undk Cbmq Bqsnb# }nd }pt}nitc# .Ehm `d vcdbsdm ua}n ndp"! ubs bsldm b`ht}

}nd ghpbcs bkm gbkkdps hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}# snd pdvcadm:


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Nas ghpbcs bpd }nd Rtpbbk#

unaon gdbks }nb} }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}s bo}ahks bkm sbqakes udpd }nd vpbo}aobc ohggdk}bpqhi }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk hp# ak h}ndp uhpms# }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} ubs }nd dg`hmagdk} hi bo}ahk

`bsdm tvhk }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk+ .Gbq nas gdghpq `d dydp epddk"!+

A} as `dobtsd hi }nas }nb} Ehm hpmdpdm ts ak }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk:

_h }bld unb} }nd Bvhs}cd bssaeks }h qht bkm mdkq qhtpsdcyds }nb} unaon nd ua}nnhcms

iphg qht+.CA^: 5!+

Bkm# bebak:

Ydpacq# ak }nd Bvhs}cd hi Ehm }ndpd as ihp qht }nd `ds} ghmdc+

Ud bpd itp}ndp }hcm ua}n epdb} dgvnbsas }nb} dydpq bo}ahk bkm sbqake hi }nd Nhcq

Vphvnd} as }nhphtencq `bsdm hk Pdydcb}ahk iphg Ehm+ ]nts# }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk sbqs:

Khp mhds nd sbq .bten}! hi .nas huk! Mdsapd+ A} as kh cdss }nbk pdydcb}ahk sdk} mhuk }hnag+.CAAA: ?# =!+

_}acc ghpd dgvnb}ao as }nd ihcchuake Rtpbbkao ydpsd:

Ydpacq# }nhsd unh eayd }ndap vcdmed }h }ndd .H Vphvnd}! mh kh}nake cdss }nbk eayd }ndapvcdmed }h Ehm: ]nd Nbkm hi Ehm as hydp }ndap nbkms+.^CYAAA: 26!+

Itp}ndp# }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk mdsopa`ds }nd bo} hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} bs }nd bo} hi Ehm+A} sbqs# unacd pdidppake }h }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}s bo} hi }nphuake mts} }hubpms }nd dkdgqmtpake }nd `b}}cd hi @bmp:'

Undk }nht }npduds} .b nbkmitc hi mts}!# a} ubs kh} }nq bo}# `t} Ehms.YAAA: 25!+

]nts# b} bkh}ndp vcbod# }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk sbqs:

Nd unh h`dqs}nd Bvhs}cd# h`dqs Ehm+.AY: >6!+

Ndkod# }nd `bsas hi }nd Ascbgao pdcaeahk bkm cbu as# iaps}cq# }nd mayakdcq'pdydbcdmEtambkod d~as}ake ak }nd ihpg hi }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk# bkm# sdohkmcq }nd _tkkbn .Vdpshkbc

Etambkod! hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} unaon as kh}nake dcsd }nbk b vpbo}aobc bkm gbekaiadm

pdicdo}ahk hi }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk+

A} ubs }nas itkmbgdk}bc agvhp}bkod hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}s _tkkbn unaon

ohgvdccdm }nd dbpcq Gtscags }h h`sdpyd d~}pdgd obt}ahk ak pdodayake bkm }pbksga}}ake }nd

Vphvnd}ao ]pbma}ahk .Bnbma}n!+ ]nd Ohgvbkahks ybctdm dydpq sbqake hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}bs }nd epdb}ds} }pdbstpd# s}paydm }ndap t}ghs} }h vpdsdpyd a}# bkm tkmdps}hhm dydpq }dbonake

hi }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk ak }nd caen} hi }nhsd _bqakes+

Ak }nd vpdcagakbpq pdgbpls# A nbyd gbmd a} vcbak }nb} }nd Vphvnd} hi Ascbg ubs }nd

Cbs} Vphvnd}# bi}dp unhg kh hkd as }h pdodayd vphvnd}nhhm# bkm }nb} }nd Cbu unaon


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ntgbka}q nbs pdodaydm }nphten nag as }nd Vdpido} Cbu# bi}dp unaon kh itp}ndp cbu as

kddmdm bkm unaon s}bkms bs }nd Ohmd hi Etambkod ihp ntgbka}q }acc }nd Cbs} Mbq+ Ak ibo}#}nd Nhcq Rtpbbk ocbags# bkm nas}hpq stvvhp}s }nas ocbag# }nb} unb}dydp }nd kdu ihpgs

unaon ntgbk vph`cdgs gaen} }bld bkm nhudydp ohgvcd~ gbq `d }nd asstds ohkiphk}ake

ntgbka}q# }nd Rtpbbkao Etambkod as bcubqs ohgvd}dk} }h gdd} }nd kdu sa}tb}ahk+ Ehm

nagsdci mdsopa`ds }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk bs:

]nd @hhl unaon d~vcbaks bcc }nakes+.^YA: >1!+

]nas ohgvpdndksayd bkm itkmbgdk}bc Etambkod# pdodaydm ak }nd caen} hi }nd Nhcq

Vphvnd}s _tkkbn# bkm bo}dm tvhk# as bcubqs stiiaoadk} bkm bcubqs tkibacake+

]ndpd gbq# nhudydp# `d odp}bak vhak}s hi md}bac unaon gaen} ohgd ak}h d~as}dkodak b odp}bak sa}tb}ahk# bkm }nd etambkod hk }nb} vhak} gaen} `d agvcaoa}bkm kh} d~vcaoa} ak

}nd Rtpbbk bkm }nd _tkkbn+ Ak ston b sa}tb}ahk# }ndpd bpasds }nd kddm ihp Raqbs .hp

Bkbcheq! unaon ohksas}s ak masohydpake }nd agvcadm etambkod hi }nd Rtpbbk bkm }nd

_tkkbn hk }nd vhak} ohkodpkdm+ ]nd uhpl hiRaqbs as }h `d vdpihpgdm `q }nd d~vdp}s hi

Ascbgao cdbpkake bkm a}s Rtpbbkao sbko}ahk as ihtkm ak }nd ydpsds unaon A snbcc vpdsdk}cqrth}d+ ]nd Nhcq Rtpbbk sbqs:

Mh }ndq kh} vhkmdp hydp .}nd }dbonakes hi! }nd Rtpbbk+ .AY: >0!+

B`ht} }nhsd unh obppq ht} }nas uhpl hi vhkmdpake# }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk sbqs:

Nd epbk}d}n uasmhg }h unhg Nd vcdbsd}n< bkm nd }h unhg uasmhg as epbk}dm

pdodayd}n akmddm b `dkdia} hydp'ichuake< t} khkd uacc epbsv }nd Gdssbed sbyd gdk hitkmdps}bkmake+.AA: 091!+

Ud bpd bebak }hcm:

]h unhgshdydp Bccbbn uaccs ehhm# Nd epbk}s nag }nd tkmdps}bkmake hi pdcaeahk+

]nd Nhcq Rtpbbk itp}ndp dgvnbsasds }nas }bibrrtn# }nas tkmdps}bkmake hipdcaeahk `q sbqake:

Ai b ephtv iphg dydpq vbp}q pdgbakdm `dnakm# }ndq ohtcm mdyh}d

}ndgsdcyds }h s}tmads ak pdcaeahk# bkm bmghkasn }nd vdhvcd undk }ndq pd}tpk }h}ndg.A^: 200!+

B} bkh}ndp vcbod# }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk sbqs:

Bkm }nhsd unh bpd iapgcq ephtkmdm ak lkhucdmed sbq: Ud `dcadyd ak ]nd @hhl< }nd

unhcd hi a} as iphg htp Chpm: bkm khkd uacc epbsv }nd Gdssbed d~odv} gdk hitkmdps}bkmake+.AAA: 5!+

_vdblake b`ht} }ndsd gdk hi tkmdps}bkmake# }ndsd Itrbnb# }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk

itp}ndp h`sdpyds:


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Mh }nhsd unh lkhu bkm }nhsd unh mh kh} lkhu s}bkm hk }nd sbgd ihh}ake8

]ndk }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk gblds a} ocdbp bs }h unh# dydk bghke }nd dmtob}dm# as

dk}a}cdm }h `d ohksamdpdm b }ptd sonhcbp hi pdcaeahk+ A} as dgvnb}ao ak vhak}ake ht} }nb} }nd

tkmdps}bkmake hi pdcaeahk# }nd uasmhg# }nd iapg ephtkmake ak lkhucdmed# mhds kh}ohksas} gdpdcq ak pdbmake odp}bak `hhls+ Kbq a} pb}ndp sbqs:

Ydpacq# }ndq bchkd bpd .}ptd! sonhcbps .hi pdcaeahk! unh idbp Ehm+

]nts }nd `bsao rtbcaiaob}ahk as idbp hi Ehm+ Hkcq }nhsd unh# samd `q samd ua}n}ndap vtpsta} hi ihpgbc dmtob}ahk# otc}ayb}d }ndap svapa}tbca}q# unhsd ndbp}s `dohgd }nd

sdb}s hi }nd idbp hi Ehm# unh# ak dydpq bo}ahk bkm ak dydpq sbqake# pdgdg`dp }ndap

boohtk}b`aca}q `dihpd Ehm# unh# ak snhp}# pdgbak b`shp`dm ak }nd pdgdg`pbkod hi Ehm# '}ndq bchkd bpd ohksamdpdm `q }nd Nhcq Rtpbbkbs gdk hi tkmdps}bkmake+ ]nas as unb}ud bpd }hcm ak b ydpsd unaon pdbms:

Ydpacq# ak }nd opdb}ahk hi }nd ndbydks bkm }nd dbp}n# bkm ak }nd bc}dpkb}ahk hi }nd

kaen} bkm mbq# }ndpd bpd saeks ihp gdk hi tkmdps}bkmake# ' }nhsd unh pdgdg`dp Ehms}bkmake# sa}}ake bkm pdocakake hk }ndap samds bkm unh vhkmdp hk }nd opdb}ahk hi }nd

ndbydks bkm }nd dbp}n+ .AAA: 216#212!+

]ndap b`shpv}ahk ak }nd pdgdg`pbkod hi Ehm tc}agb}dcq pdydbcs }h }ndg }ndpdbca}ads `dnakm }nakes# tk}ac }ndq opq ht}:

H htp Chpm" ]nht nbs} kh} opdb}dm bcc }nas ak ybak" Echpq `d }h ]ndd" Vpdsdpyd ts

iphg }nd mhhg hi iapd+.AAA: 212!+

Tkmdps}bkmake hi pdcaeahk bkm }nd epbsv hi }nd vph`cdgs hi Ascbgao Cbu ihpg

vbp} hi }nb} pdbc hvdkake tv hi }nd ndbp} pdidppdm }h jts} khu+ ]nd kd~} s}dv as }ndpdbcasb}ahk hi }nd naendp ydpa}ads# cald }nd B}}pa`t}ds hi Ehm# d}o+

]nas as }nd ephtv unh nbyd `ddk obccdm }nd Bncdz'Zalp .a+d+# vdpshks unh }ptcq

epbsv }nd Gdssbed! ak }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk# unaon# bs ud nbyd sddk `dihpd# mdsopa`ds a}shuk sdci bs Bz'Zalp .sdd ^Y: 1!+ A} as }ndsd Bncdz'Zalp# }ndsd vdpshks unh ohg`akd

svapa}tbc acctgakb}ahk ua}n }nd pdcaeahts lkhucdmed hi b ydpq naen cdydc# unhg }nd Nhcq

Rtpbbk pdebpms b`hyd }nd pds}+ Ak ibo}# a} akya}ds }nd edkdpbc Gtscags }h }bld }ndg bs}ndap }dbondps bkm }h boodv} }ndap cdebc mdmto}ahks# ihp a} ocdbpcq cbqs mhuk }nd vpakoavcd:

' Dkrtapd iphg }nd Bncdz'Zalp ai qht mh kh} lkhu+

]nd Nhcq Rtpbbk as ocdbp bkm vcbak+ Ud nbyd kh} `ddk vdpga}}dm }h ak}dpvpd} a}s}dbonakes ak }nd caen} hi htp huk ca}}cd dmtob}ahk bkm gdbedp tkmdps}bkmake+ Ihp# `q

ak}dpvpd}ake }ndg ak }nd caen} hi htp vpd'ohkodaydm hvakahks bkm vpdjtmaods# ud dbpk

kh}nake `t} ndcc# bs }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} gbmd a} ocdbp ak }nd Nbma}n rth}dm `dihpd+ Bebak#

`dobtsd hi }nd cbol hi ohgvpdndksayd yasahk# ud snbcc b} `ds} nbyd b vbp}abc yadu hi }ndvph`cdg+ ]nb} gts} cbkm ts ak uphke ohkoctsahks+ ]ndk }nd bkagbc sdci .Kbis'bc'

Bggbpbn! ua}nak ts as bcubqs akocakdm }h gasonadi+ A} bcubqs sddls }nd vb}n hi vnqsaobc


9/43


10/43

Onbv}dp 22

BPPBKEDGDK] BKM OHGVACB]AHK

HI

]ND NHCQ RTPBBK

Qht gaen} nbyd ndbpm }nb} }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk ubs kh} mdcaydpdm }h }ndNhcq Vphvnd} jts} hkod bs b ohgvcd}d `hhl# `t} ubs pdydbcdm }h nag à} `q

à} bkm vadod `q vadod# }nphten }nd BponbkedcJa`pbac.vdbod `d ua}n nag!+

]nd Nhcq Vphvnd} .Ehm `cdss nag"!# nbm ohgvcd}dm ihp}q qdbps hi nas

bed bkm ubs dkebedm ak b svdoabc ihpg hi ohggtkahk ua}n Ehm ak }nd

shca}tmd hi }nd Obyd hi Napb# undk }nd bkedc iaps} bvvdbpdm `dihpd nag bkmmdcaydpdm }h nag }nd iaps} pdydcb}ahk unaon pdbms:

Pdbm" Ak }nd kbgd hi }nq Chpm bkm Ondpasndp# Unh opdb}dm# ' opdb}dm gbk# ht} hi b.gdpd! och} hi ohkedbcdm `chhm: Pdbm" Bkm }nq Chpm as Ghs} @htk}aitc# ' Unh }bten}

.}nd tsd hi! }nd Vdk# ' }bten} gbk }nb} unaon nd lkdu kh}+

.ÔYA:2'4!

Bi}dp bk ak}dpybc# obgd }nd sdohkm pdydcb}ahk:

H }nht upbvvdm tv .ak }nq gbk}cd!" Bpasd bkm mdcaydp }nq ubpkake" Bkm }nq Chpm mh

}nht gbekaiq" Bkm }nq ebpgdk}s lddv ipdd iphg s}bak" Bkm bcc b`hgakb}ahk sntk" Khp

d~vdo} ak eayake# bkq akopdbsd .ihp }nqsdci!"

.C^ÂY: 2'9!

]ndpdbi}dp ohggdkodm }nd edkdpbc vpdbonake bkm }nd akya}b}ahk udk}

ihp}n }h boodv} }nd Mayakd Gdssbed+ ]nd gdg`dps hi }nd vhudpitc }pa`d hi

}nd Rtpbasn udpd akya}dm }h bssdg`cd bkm }h ndbp }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}s iaps}

sdpghk hk }nd Ghtk}+ ]nd gdssbed hi }nd Tka}q hi Ehm ubs vphocbagdmbchtm# bkm vhcq}ndasg bkm akiamdca}q udpd ohkmdgkdm ak }nd ghs}

tkbgàethts }dpgs+

Ak }nd gdbk}agd# pdydcb}ahks ohk}aktdm }h ohgd+ ]nd Nhcq Vphvnd}

uhtcm pdgdg`dp }ndg nagsdci bkm uhtcm }dbon }ndg }h nas Ohgvbkahks#


11/43


12/43

uhpl }h a}s cheaobc iakasn# B`t @blp }nd ]pt}nitc# Ascbgs iaps} Obcavn#pdkmdpdm }nd sdpyaod hi eayake }nd sdvbpb}dcq upa}}dk onbv}dps }nd ihpg hi b

ohkshcamb}dm ohgvacb}ahk+

Maiidpdk} vhp}ahks hi }nd Rtpbbk upa}}dk `q maiidpdk} vdhvcdohk}aktdm }h pdgbak# nhudydp# ak }ndap vhssdssahk+ ]nd vdhvcd hi maiidpdk}

vcbods bcsh ohk}aktdm }h ihcchu }ndap chobc vphktkoab}ahks hi Rtpbbkaoydpsds+

]ndk obgd }nd vdpahm hi }nd }napm Obcavn# Hsgbk .Ehm `d vcdbsdm

ua}n nag"!+ Ascbg ubs kh ghpd ohkiakdm }h Gdoob bkm Gdmakb# `t} nbm

ophssdm }nd `htkmbpads hi }nd Bpbàbk vdkakstcb bkm nbm dk}dpdm Deqv}#

Vbcds}akd# _qpab# Apbr bkm Apbk+ Vdhvcd udpd dk}dpake }nd ihcm hi Ascbg ak

dydp'ephuake ktg`dps+ ]nd ak}dpds} ak Rtpbbkao pdoa}b}ahk ubs `dohgake

tkaydpsbc+ Cbped ktg`dps hi vdhvcd nbm hkcq vhp}ahks hi }nd Rtpbbk ak }ndapvhssdssahk+ Gastkmdps}bkmakes ohtcm bpasd }nb} hkcq ston bkm ston b vhp}ahk

ihpgdm }nd unhcd Rtpbbk# bkm }nb} }nd h}ndp vhp}ahks udpd kh} vbp} hi a}+

Ndkod# Obcavn Hsgbk eh} sdydpbc ohvads gbmd hi }nd gbktsopav} ohgvacdm

mtpake Obcavn B`t @blps pdeagd bkm sdk} }nhsd ohvads }h }nd maiidpdk}odk}pds hi }nd Ascbgao dgvapd+ ]nd ohvq unaon Obcavn Hsgbk nagsdci tsdm

ihp s}tmq bkm hk unaon# a} as sbam# }nd mphvs hi nas `chhm idcc b} }nd }agd hi nas

gbp}qpmhg# pdgbakdm vpdsdpydm iaps} b} Gdmakb bkm ubs cb}dp }pbksidppdm

iphg }ndpd }h }nd Agvdpabc Ca`pbpq b} As}bk`tc `q }nd ]tplasn _tc}bks+

Bcc }nd ohvads hi }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk unaon d~as} ak }nd uhpcm }hmbq bpd}ptd ohvads hi }nb} gbktsopav}# bkm# kh} hkcq }nd Gtscags# `t} bcsh }nd

hvvhkdk}s hi Ascbg# iakm }ndgsdcyds ohgvdccdm }h bmga} }nb} }nd Nhcq

Rtpbbk nbs gbak}bakdm }nd hpaeakbc vtpa}q hi a}s }d~}# dydk }h b cd}}dp+

Bs pdebpms }nd yhudcs# a} as ots}hgbpq ak }nd Bpbào cbketbed kh} }h

gdk}ahk }ndg ak upa}ake# `dobtsd }ndq bpd hkcq sqg`hcao bkm bpd kh}

d~vpdssdm ak }nd cd}}dp'ihpg+ @t} undk Ascbg svpdbm bghke }nd khk'Bpb`

vhvtcb}ahks# }nhsd khk'Bpb` Gtscags d~vdpadkodm maiiaotc}q ak pdbmake }nd

Rtpbbk+ Ndkod tkmdp }nd hpmdps hi Nbjjbj àk Qtsti# }nd yhudc sqg`hcsudpd akoctmdm ak upa}}dk ohvads boohpmake }h }nd tkaydpsbc ihpg ak unaon

}nhtsbkms hi Gtscags nbm cdbpk} }nd Rtpbbkao }d~} `q ndbp}# bkm unaon ihpg

nbm `ddk }pbksidppdm iba}nitccq `q }nd Vpdsdpydps .a+d+# Ntiibz! iphgedkdpb}ahk }h edkdpb}ahk+ ]nd sdydk s}qcds hi ak}hkb}ahk unaon }nd Nhcq

Vphvnd} .vdbod `d ua}n nag"! ubs nagsdci }bten} `q Ehm# udpd }bten} }h }nd

vdhvcd `q rtbcaiadm }dbondps+ Bcc }nhsd s}qcds nbyd `ddk vpdsdpydm mhuk }h


13/43

}nd vpdsdk} mbq `q ntkmpdms hi }nhtsbkms hi vdhvcd# }nhten }ndpd as hkd s}qcd

unaon as ghpd tkaydpsbc }nbk }nd pds}+

]nts# a} as ocdbp bs mbqcaen} }nb} }nd Rtpbbk d~as}s ak }nd uhpcm }hmbq

ak a}s b`shct}d hpaeakbc vtpa}q# bkm }nb}# kh} hkcq bs b upa}}dk }d~}# `t} bcsh ak

}nd `pbaks hi ntkmpdms hi }nhtsbkms hi Gtscags unaon gblds a} agvhssa`cd

ihp bkqhkd }h diido} }nd onbked# dydk hi b mh}+


14/43

Onbv}dp 222

OHGVACB]AHK HI VPHVND]AO

]PBMA]AHK_ BKM

@AHEPBVNAD_ HI PDVHP]DP_

A} nbs `ddk vphydm ak }nd ihpdehake }nb} }nd `bsas hi tkmdps}bkmake }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk as }nd ak}dpvpd}b}ahk eaydk `q }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} hi Ascbg .vdbod `d ua}n nag"!+

]nd ydpsds hi }nd Rtpbbk gdbk }nb} unaon }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} tkmdps}hhm bkm gbmd ts }htkmdps}bkm# und}ndp }nphten bo}ahk hp }nphten sbqake+ Ohksdrtdk}cq# }nd Ohgvbkahks hi

}nd Nhcq Vphvnd} udpd bcubqs d~}pdgdcq b}}dk}ayd }h dydpq uhpm }nb} nd sbam bkm }padm }h

pdgdg`dp a} }h }nd ydpq cd}}dp+ ]ndq udpd sh obt}ahts ak }nd gb}}dp }nb} ai }ndq dydp

bvvpdndkmdm }nb} }ndq nbm ihpeh}}dk shgd bo}tbc uhpms bkm nbm hkcq pdgdg`dpdm a}ssqkhkqg# }ndq uhtcm bcubqs vhak} a} ht} unacd kbppb}ake b odp}bak Vphvnd}ao ]pbma}ahk .hp

Nbma}n!+ ]nts kh} hkcq ubs }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}s Caid'boohtk} vpdsdpydm ihp ts# `t} bcsh}nd shct}ahks hi }nd ybpahts vph`cdgs hi pdcaeahk bkm cbu unaon }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} .vdbod

`d ua}n nag"! ebyd+

Undk a} ubs dgvnbsasdm }nb} }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk snhtcm `d upa}}dk mhuk# bkmbppbkedgdk}s udpd gbmd boohpmakecq# shgd hi }nd Ohgvbkahks }nhten} hi vt}}ake mhuk

}nd ]pbma}ahks hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} bcsh ak upa}ake+ @t}# `dobtsd Ascbg ubs s}acc ak a}s dbpcq

s}bed# }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} idbpdm }nb} ai nas ]pbma}ahks udpd ohgga}}dm }h upa}ake samd `qsamd ua}n }nd Rtpbbk# vdhvcd gaen} ed} ohkitsdm bkm gaen} ga~ tv `h}n }nakes+ Ndkod

nd ihp`bmd }ndg ak }nd `deakkake iphg mhake sh+ Nhudydp# undk }nb} mbkedp nbm vbssdm

bubq bkm vdhvcd udpd stiiaoadk}cq }pbakdm }h mas}aketasn }nd Rtpbbk iphg }ndNbma}n# nd

bcchudm }ndg }h upa}d mhuk nas _bqakes+ Ak ibo}# nd nagsdci eh} }ndg upa}}dk bs# ihpaks}bkod# undk nd mao}b}dm }nd ptcds hiZblbb}# d}o+# }h Bca+

Bghke }nd Ohgvbkahks }ndpd udpd shgd unh uhtcm vbss }ndap unhcd }agd# sh }h

sbq# b} }nd idd} hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}+ Ochsd }h }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}s pdsamdk}abc phhg bkm }ndghsrtd# }ndpd as b pbasdm vcb}ihpg unaon as obccdm _tiib+ B vbp}q hi s}tmdk}s tsdm }h

hootvq }nas vcb}ihpg vdpgbkdk}cq+ ]ndap uhpl ubs }h cdbpk `q ndbp} unb}dydp }ndq ndbpm

iphg }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}+ Hkd hi }nhsd vdhvcd hi _tiib ubs B`t Ntpbapb# unh ubsdkmhudm ua}n b vhudpitc gdghpq bkm unh pdgdg`dpdm b cbped ktg`dp hi }nd Nhcq

Vphvnd}s ]pbma}ahks bkm pdvhp}dm }ndg+

]nas A nbyd pdcb}dm ua}n b yadu }h gbld qht tkmdps}bkm }nb}# jts} bs bppbkedgdk}s

udpd gbmd }h vpdsdpyd }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk `q gdbks hi upa}ake bkm cdbpkake `q ndbp}#

sagacbpcq mam }nd Ohgvbkahks hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} d~dp} }ndgsdcyds }h vpdsdpyd }nd

Vphvnd}s ]pbma}ahks+ ]ndap gd}nhm ohksas}dm ak cdbpkake }ndg `q ndbp} bkm pdvhp}ake}ndg ua}n bcc }nd obpd unaon }nd sbopdmkdss hi }nd }bsl bkm }ndap mdyh}ahk }h }nd Nhcq

Vphvnd} bkm Ascbg mdgbkmdm+ Hkd vdpshk pdvhp}dm }h bkh}ndp# hkd edkdpb}ahk pdvhp}dm }h


15/43

}nd h}ndp stooddmake a}+ ]nts b ohk}akthts onbak hi pdvhp}dps ubs `tac}# ' b ohk}akthts

onbak }nphten unaon vbssdm }nd ghs} ybctb`cd }pdbstpd hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}s _bqakes bkmBo}ahks+

Khu# }nd ubq ak unaon }nas onbak hi pdvhp}dps ubs `tac} tv bkm }nd d~}pdgdcq'

opa}aobc gd}nhm unaon ebyd cts}pd }h a}# nbs gbmd }nas onbak hkd hi }nd echpads hi Ascbgaonas}hpq+ ]nd ibo} as# }nb} }nd d~vdp}s hi nas}hpaobc soadkod obkkh} vphmtod bkh}ndp aks}bkod

ak uhpcms nas}hpq undpd }nhsd opa}aobc nas}hpaobc s}bkmbpms udpd h`sdpydm unaon nbyd

ehkd }h gbld }ndNbma}n ca}dpb}tpd ston bk bt}ndk}ao pdohpm bs a} as+

Ai# }hmbq# A bg bsldm }h kbppb}d b Nbma}n }h shgd sonhcbp hi }nb} soadkod# a} uacc

kh} `d dkhten ihp gd }h pdoa}d a}s }d~}+ Pb}ndp# A uacc nbyd }h pdvhp} gq bt}nhpa}q bkm A

uacc nbyd }h vphyd }nb} gq onbak hi pdvhp}dps as ibtc}cdss bkm dkms b} }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}.vdbod `d ua}n nag"!+

Akmddm# }nhsd unh udpd pdsvhksa`cd ihp }nd ohgvacb}ahk hi Nbma}n ca}dpb}tpd#

h`sdpydm b gdbstpd hi obpd `dqhkm unaon ntgbk dkmdbyhp ohtcm kh} eh+ Ak }nd obsd hidbon bkm dydpq Nbma}n }nb} pdbondm }ndg# }ndq d~bgakdm a}s bt}ndk}aoa}q }nhphtencq+

]ndq }ds}dm }nd onbak hi pdvhp}dps }nphten unaon a} ubs }pbksga}}dm+ ]ndq dkrtapdmund}ndp b odp}bak pdvhp}dp nbm sddk bkm gd} }nd h}ndp pdvhp}dp iphg unhg nd ocbagdm }h

nbyd pdodaydm }nd Nbma}n+ ]ndq sbu und}ndp }nd pdvhp}dps udpd vdpshks hi ehhm bkm

pdcab`cd gdghpq+ ]ndq akyds}aeb}dm vad}q bkm idbp hi Ehm ak }nd cayds hi }nd pdvhp}dps+ Ak

snhp}# }ndq dgvchqdm bcc ohkodayb`cd s}bkmbpms ihp bssdssake }nd }ptd uhp}n hi dydpqNbma}n pdvhp}dm bkm boodv}dm a} hkcq bi}dp }ndq nbm `ddk }nhphtencq sb}asiadm+

]nas `pakes ts }h }nd ibo} }nb} }ndpd udpd# bkm }ndpd bpd# ]pbma}ahks .a+d+#Bnbma}n!hi maiidpdk} epbmds ak boohpmbkod ua}n }ndap gdbstpd hi bt}ndk}aoa}q+ ]nas epbmake ubs

mhkd hk }nd `bsas hi maiidpdk} ibo}hps+ Ybpahtscq# }nd ohksamdpb}ahks udpd: .2! }nd ghpbc

ohkma}ahk hi }nd pdvhp}dps bkm }nd cdydc hi }ndap vad}q< .0! }nd vhudps hi gdghpq unaon

}nd pdvhp}dps udpd ihtkm }h vhssdss< .?! ak}dccaedkod bkm obvboa}q }h epbsv pdcaeahts }pt}ns!#

.kh `d}}dp }nbk! }nhsd unh pd`dc+.Y: 46!+

]ndap uhpl ubs sagvcq }h t}acasd }nd eai} hi naendp tkmdps}bkmake .}bibrrtn!

unaon Ehm nbm eaydk }h }ndg }h sqs}dgb}asd }nd cbus eaydk ak }nd Rtpbbk bkm }nd_tkkbn# boohpmake }h }nd pdrtapdgdk}s hi }nd itcc'ephuk Gtscag ohggtka}q+

]nas as }nd uhpl unaon ubs vdpihpgdm `q Agbg Gbcal bkm nas oh'uhpldps bkm

vtvacs b} Gdmakb# bkm `q Agbg B`t Nbkaib bkm nas oh'uhpldps bkm vtvacs ak _qpab bkmApbr+ Cb}dp hk# Agbg _nbida bkm Agbg Bngbm a`k Nbk`bc vdpihpgdm }nd sbgd uhpl ua}n

}nd sbgd nhkds}q bkm dptma}ahk+ ]ndsd epdb} Agbgs pdkmdpdm }nd itkmbgdk}bc sdpyaod }h

Ascbg bkm cdi} `dnakm }ndg b shcam ca}dpb}tpd hk Ascbgao Cbu# hk unaon }nd gaen}q

s}pto}tpd hi Ascbgao bmgakas}pb}ahk ubs `tac}+ Gtscags udpd }nd gbs}dps hi }ndap mds}akadsihp }udcyd odk}tpads+ Mtpake }nas chke vdpahm# a} ubs }nd uhpl hi }ndsd Agbgs unaon

ohk}aktdm }h iddm Gtscag vphepdss bkm Ascbgao caid# kh} hkcq ak pa}tbcs bkm gb}}dps hiuhpsnav# `t} bcsh ak bcc }nd ohkodayb`cd bsvdo}s hi vhca}aos# dohkhgaos# s}b}d'cbu#

ak}dpkb}ahkbc cbu# d}o+ htp unhcd vbs} bkm vpdsdk} as b s}bkmake }ds}aghkq }h }nd ohksdksts

hi Ascbgao cdbpkdm hvakahk }nb} }pt}n as }h `d ihtkm ak }nd ihtp sonhhcs# a+d+# Nbkbia#

_nbida# Gbcala bkm Nbk`bca# bkm unhsh pdyhc}s bebaks} }ndg bo}tbccq pdyhc}s bebaks} }nd@hhl hi Ehm bkm }nd _tkkbn+

]nas gdbks# }nb} ak }nd itkmbgdk}bc d~vhsa}ahk hi }nd Ascbgao Cbu# }ndsd sonhhcsnbyd boohgvcasndm unb} ubs ntgbkcq vhssa`cd# iphg bcc bsvdo}s+ ]nd nhkds} ohtpsd ihp

ts as }h ihcchu }nb} d~vhsa}ahk ak bcc }nd asstds ocbpaiadm }ndpdak+ Ai# nhudydp# ud bpd dydp

ohkiphk}dm ua}n bkq asstd# unaon ohgds ak}h d~as}dkod `dobtsd hi }nd ephuake

ohgvcd~a}q hi ntgbk caid# }nd ohtpsd ihp ts as# }nb} }nhsd bghke ts unh bpd pdbccq obvb`cdhi a} `dobtsd hi }ndap vad}q bkm shtkm cdbpkake# bkm kh} dydpq ]hg# Maol bkm Nbppq#

snhtcm bvvphbon }nd Nhcq Rtpbbkbkm }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}s _tkkbn ihp caen} bkm snhtcm

mdmtod }nd cbu iphg }ndpd# ohkihpgake bcc }nd }agd }h }nd Ascbgaobccq'`bsdm gd}nhmihcchudm bkm }nd vb}n hi akyds}aeb}ahk `cbzdm `q }nd epdb} Agbgs+

A} as# akmddm# b epdb} gasihp}tkd }nb} shgd hi htp `ph}ndps iddc }hmbq }nb} }ndq obk

drtbc# kbq# dydk stpvbss }nd epdb} Agbgs hk }nd `bsas hi }ndap sgb}}dpake hi Ascbgaolkhucdmed mdpaydm iphg ibtc}q }pbkscb}ahks hi }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk bkm shgd vd}}q Dkecasn

`hhls hk Nbma}n# bkm }nb} }ndq bpd obvb`cd hi mdmtoake }nd cdebc etambkod iphg }nd

Rtpbbk bkm }ndNbma}n }ndgsdcyds+ A uasn }ndq ohtcm otc}ayb}d ghpd ntgaca}q bkm ohtcmvphvdpcq bssdss }ndap }ptd obvboa}ads+

Ak ohkkdo}ahk ua}n }nd vph`cdg hi masohydpake }nd Ascbgao etambkod hk shgd

kducq'opdb}dm asstd# A gbq oa}d bk akoamdk} hi gq huk caid+ Hkod shgd ghmdpk'dmtob}dmqhtke gdk iphg }nd Hsgbkab Tkaydpsa}q hi Nqmdpb`bm# Akmab# obgd }h gd# vpdsdk}dm }h

gd b ktg`dp hi rtds}ahks# bkm mdgbkmdm }nb} A snhtcm# ak dbon obsd# eayd }nd pdvcq iphg


28/43

}nd Nhcq Rtpbbk+ Undk A nbm mhkd sh# }ndq bsldm gd nhu ohtcm }nd Rtpbbk stvvcq

etambkod hk bkq asstd unaon mam kh} d~as} b} }nd }agd undk a} ubs pdydbcdm8 Bs bkaks}bkod# }ndq bsldm gd }h s}b}d iphg }nd Rtpbbk und}ndp a} ubs# hp kh}# vdpgassa`cd ihp b

Gtscag }h ua}kdss }nd vcbq b} }nd Oakdgb+ A }hcm }ndg }nb} A nbm kdydp `ddk }h b Oakdgb#

bkm }nb} A ubk}dm iaps} }h lkhu iphg }ndg unb} a} bo}tbccq ubs+ ]ndq }hcm gd nhu b vch}

as iaps} ia~dm tv# }ndk b s}hpq ak akydk}dm# }ndk a} as bo}dm `q }nd bo}hps bkm }nd bo}ake asiacgdm bkm snhuk hk }nd sopddk `q gdbks hi dcdo}paoa}q+ A bsldm }ndg kh} }h pdcb}d b

unhcd s}hpq `t} }h eayd bk bvvphvpab}d mdiaka}ahk+ Bi}dp b `padi masotssahk# ud bepddm hk

mdiakake b Oakdgb vdpihpgbkod bs b vcbq `bsdm hk bk akydk}dm }bcd+ A }ndk bsldm }ndgund}ndp }ndq udpd pdbmq }h b`amd `q }nd mdoasahk ai }nd Rtpbbk ihp`bmd }ndg+ ]ndq ebyd

}ndap mdiaka}d vphgasd+ ]ndk A pdbm }h }ndg }nd ihcchuake ydpsd iphg }nd Rtpbbk:

@t} }ndpd bpd# bghke gdk# }nhsd unh vtponbsd amcd }bcds .hp# }nhsd unh svdkm

ghkdq hk }nd vcbq `bsdm hk }bcd!# ua}nht} lkhucdmed .hp gdbkake!# }h gascdbm gdk

iphg }nd Vb}n hi Ehm bkm }h nhcm a} ak pamaotcd: ihp ston }ndpd uacc `d b ntgacab}akeVdkbc}q+.^^^A: 9!+

Bcc vpdsdk} `hudm `dihpd }nd Rtpbbkao ydpmao} bkm pdvdk}dm bs vphgasdm+

A nbyd oa}dm }nas akoamdk} }h vhak} ht} }nb} }nd Nhcq Rtpbbkas akmddm }nd @hhl hi

Vdpido} Etambkod+ Ai bkqhkd mayds mddv ak}h a}s gdbkakes# nd obk masohydp }nd etambkod

ohk}bakdm }ndpdak hk dydpq ohkodayb`cd asstd+ @t} }nas aksaen} ohgds hkcq undk hkd

bortapds svdoabcasdm }pbakake ak }nd sonhhcs hi }ndGtj}bnamAgbgs+


29/43

Onbv}dp Y2

AJ]ANBM BKMGTJ]BNAM

]nas ascbkm hi ]pakambm dkjhqs @pa}asn Bmgakas}pb}ahk bkm as ehydpkdm

`q @pa}asn Cbu+ ]nhsd unh uasn }h dk}dp bkq ston Ehydpkgdk} sdpyaod ndpd

unaon ohkodpks a}sdci ua}n }nd bmgakas}pb}ahk hi cbu bpd `htkm }h rtbcaiq

}ndgsdcyds ak b lkhucdmed hi }nd @pa}asn Cbu+ Ihp aks}bkod# dydk nd unh as

mdsaphts hi nhcmake }nd jh` hi b Vhcaod _dpedbk} gts} s}tmq }nd sdo}ahks hi

Opagakbc Cbu `dihpd nd obk `d bvvhak}dm ak nas jh`+ ]nts dydpq vhcaod

_dpedbk} ak }nd ohchkq obk ocbag }h vhssdss }nd lkhucdmed hi Cbu+ @t}# obk

qht dydp ohkodayd }nb} `dobtsd hi }nb} lkhucdmed hi Cbu unaon b vhcaod_dpedbk} gaen} vhssdss# }nd Ehydpkgdk} obk dydp ohksamdp nag dcaea`cd ihp

}nd vhs} hi }nd Jtmed hi }nd _tvpdgd Ohtp} hp }nb} hi }nd B}}hpkdq'Edkdpbc+

Ai b _dpedbk} ohtcm drtbc b @bppas}dp'b}'Cbu hp bk C+C+M+# }nd Cakohcks Akk

bkm }nd Ibotc}ads hi Cbu b} }nd epdb} Tkaydpsa}ads uhtcm kh} nbyd d~as}dm+

Kh hkd obk `d eaydk }nd paen} hi ak}dpvpd}ake }nd gbk'gbmd cbus#

unaon ohk}aktd }h onbked bkm }h `d bgdkmdm iphg mbq'}h'mbq# tkcdss nd as b

itccq'rtbcaiadm @bppas}dp'b}'Cbu# kbq# tkcdss nd nbs gbs}dpdm }nd naendp

st`jdo}s# bs# ihp aks}bkod# }nd Vnachshvnq hi Cbu# }nd Nas}hpq hi Cbu# _hoabc

Vsqonhcheq bkm _hoahcheq# d}o+# bkm obk s}bkm tv bs ak }nd }ptd sdksd b

Mho}hp hi Cbu+ @t}# unb} b va}q# }nb} vdhvcd obk biihpm }h `dcadyd }nb} }nd

uhpl hiAj}anbm# a+d+# hi ak}dpvpd}ake }nd pdydbcdm Cbu hi Ehm bkm hi

mdmtoake kdu cbus iphg a}# obk `d mhkd `q ^# Q# Z+ _ton b ghks}phts

steeds}ahk sagvcq s}beedps }nd agbeakb}ahk# bkm a} obk vhssa`cq ohgd hkcq

iphg }nhsd unh nbyd `t} b sobk} pdebpm ihp Ehm bkm Nas Cbu"

]nd uhpm Aj}anbmnbs `ddk mdpaydm iphg }nd phh} JNM# bkm ca}dpbccq

gdbks s}payake ua}n itcc d~dp}ahk+ Ak Ascbgao cdebc }dpgakhcheq# a} mdkh}ds

}nd dkmdbyhtp hi onhhsake# ak }nd caen} hi }nd Rtpbbk bkm }nd _tkkbn#`d}uddk }uh hp ghpd maiidpake cdebc ak}dpvpd}b}ahks bkm hi mdmtoake# iphg

}nd Rtpbbk bkm }nd _tkkbn# bkq kdu ptcakes ihp gdd}ake kdu cdebc

sa}tb}ahks+ Hkd unh vdpihpgs Aj}anbm as obccdm Gtj}bnam+ ]nd cdbpkdm

gdk hi Ascbg nbyd cbam mhuk odp}bak rtbcaiaob}ahks# ak }nd caen} hi }nd

Rtpbbk bkm }nd _tkkbn# unaon b vdpshk gts} vhssdss ihp bo}ake bkm ihp`dake boodv}dm bs b Gtj}bnam+ Bccbgb _nbn Ubcatccbn hi Mdcna .hk unh `d


30/43

Ehms Gdpoq"! nbs gdk}ahkdm }nhsd rtbcaiaob}ahks ak md}bac ak nas odcd`pb}dm`hhl:Ntjjb}tccbnac'`bcaenb+ A gbq stggbpasd }ndg ndpd ak }ndap gakagtg

ihpg ihp }nd `dkdia}# dsvdoabccq# hi }nhsd sagvcd'gakmdm `ph}ndps bkm sas}dps

hi gakd unh nbyd `ddk gascdm ak}h }nd `dcadi }nb} }ndq obk bo} bs Gtj}bnams

ak }ndap akmdvdkmdk} obvboa}ads+ Cd} }nhsd unhg }nd vphgv}akes hi vdpshkbc

ibkoads cdbm }ndg ak}h vhsake bs Gtj}bnams ua}nht} paen}# bkm unh ohkmdgk

}nd epdb} sdpyaods pdkmdpdm `q }nd Agbgs sagvcq `dobtsd }ndap ndbp}s bpd

epavvdm `q tk'Ascbgao }nakes bkm }ndq obkkh} `dbp }nd Ascbgao masoavcakd

sqs}dgb}asdm bkm ohmaiadm `q }nd cb}}dp# vbtsd ihp b unacd ak bk b}}a}tmd hi

jts} ohksamdpb}ahk bkm }nakl+ ]nd ihcchuake bpd }nd gakagtg pdbshkb`cd

rtbcaiaob}ahks# ak }ndap Ascbgao samd# unaon bGtj}bnamsnhtcm vhssdss:'

.2! Nd snhtcm `d bk d~vdp} ak Bpb`ao cbketbed# ca}dpb}tpd bkmvnachcheq# sh }nb} nd gbq `d b`cd }h mdoamd vphvdpcq `d}uddk }nd

maiidpdk} ohkkh}b}ahks hi }nd sbgd uhpm+

.0! Nd snhtcm `d b naen'ocbss sonhcbp hi }nd Rtpbbk# bkm nas s}tmqhi a} snhtcm `d sh d~}dksayd bkm ak}dksayd }nb} undkdydp nd nbs }h

ohksamdp b eaydk vph`cdg# nd snhtcm `d obvb`cd hi lddvake `dihpd

nas gakms dqd }nd unhcd suddv hi Rtpbbkao }nhten} bkm bcc }nd

pdcdybk} ydpsds+

.?! Nd snhtcm nbyd }nd ]pbma}ahks hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} ak nasgdghpq# sh }nb} undkdydp nd nbs }h ihots nas gakm hk bkq

vph`cdg# nd gbq nbyd bcc }nd ohkkdo}dm ]pbma}ahks# dydk }nhsd

ohkkdo}dm akmapdo}cq# `dihpd nag# ocdbpcq bkm yayamcq# }h etamd nas

}nhten}'vphodss paen}cq bkm ohgvpdndksaydcq+

.=! Nd snhtcm itp}ndp `d bk d~vdp} hi }nd soadkods hi nas}hpaobcopa}aoasg .Paubqb}! bkm cheaobc opa}aoasg .Mapbqb}!# sh }nb} nd gbq

`d b`cd }h yadu }nd uhp}n bkm ohkkh}b}ahk hi ybpahts ]pbma}ahks#

tkmdp s}tmq b} }nd }agd# ak }ndap vphvdp vdpsvdo}ayd+

.4! B`hyd bcc# nd snhtcm vhssdss vad}q bkm }ptd Ascbgao onbpbo}dp# bkmnas ndbp} snhtcm `d ag`tdm ua}n unb} }nd Rtpbbk obccs idbp hi

Ehm+

Khu# gq Ipadkms" ai }ndpd as b vdpshk unh ocbags }h `d b Gtj}bnam# `t} unh

mhds kh} vhssdss dydk hkd'}dk}n hi }ndsd rtbcaiaob}ahks# unb} dcsd


31/43

obk qht sbq b`ht} nag `t} }nb} nd as ephvake ak }nd mbpl# bkm unb}

dcsd obk `d }nd pdstc} hi nas s}tg`cake `t} gasetambkod+

Bccbgb _nbn Ubcatccbn hi Mdcna# }nd odcd`pb}dm vnachshvndp#

}ndhcheabk# cdeas}# }pbma}ahkas} bkm ohggdk}b}hp# `dihpd unhsd cdbpkake bkmvad}q `hudm }nd Bpb` bkm khk'Bpb` Tcdgb# ihtkm bcc }nd rtbca}ads hi b

Gtj}bnam ak nas vdpshk+ Qd} nas sdksd hi pdsvhksa`aca}q bkm idbp hi Ehm

ua}nndcm nag iphg mdocbpake nasAgbgb} bkmAj}anbm# bkm ak bcc ntgaca}q# nd

ohk}aktdm }h pdebpm nagsdci bs b ihcchudp .Gtrbcam! hi Agbg B`t Nbkaibs

sonhhc hi Cbu bkm ohk}aktdm }h s}pdss `dihpd }nd Gtscags hi Akmab }nb} }ndq

snhtcm s}aol }h }nd Nbkbia sonhhc# unaon nbm etamdm }nd Gtscag

ehydpkgdk}s ihp odk}tpads bkm nbm `ddk mdydchvdm ak}h b vdpido} sqs}dg+

Rbcbbmbn bkm ]brcddm bpd }uh pdcb}dm Bpb`ao uhpms+ ]nd uhpm

Rbcbbmbn gdbks b phvd hp b onbak unaon as `htkm }h }nd kdol hi shgdhkd}h gbld nag ihcchu `dnakm+ ]brcddmohkkh}ds }nd bo} hi ihcchuake+ Bs bpdcaeahts }dpg# a} nbs pdidpdkod }h }nd ibo} }nb} }nd sdpybk}s hi Ehm# unh bpdcakldm }hed}ndp `q h`dmadkod }h Ehm# pdodayd }nd Ohggbkmgdk}s hi Ehm

}nphten ston bkm ston b onbak+

]nb} as# undk shgdhkd sbqs }nb} nd as }ndGtj}bnamhi Agbg'd'Bzbg#

a} gdbks }nb} }nd onbak }nphten unaon nd as pdodayake }nd Ohggbkms hi Ehm

as }nb} unaon vbssds }nphten Agbg'd'Bzbg }h }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} Gtnbggbm

.vdbod `d ua}n nag"!+ A} kdydp gdbks }nb} nd as ihcchuake }nd ohggbkms hiB`t Nbkaib+ Kbq# }nd Ohggbkm as }nb} eaydk `q Ehm# }nd gbkkdp hi epbsv as

}nb} }bten} `q }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}# }nd ak}dpvpd}b}ahk as }nb} eaydk `q }nd

Ohgvbkahks# }nd bppbkedgdk} as }nb} ia~dm `q }nd Nbkbia sonhhc+ ]nd uhpl

hi }ndBbcag bkm }ndGti}a as }h ihcchu }nas onbak# }h bortapd nas lkhucdmed

hi }nd Ascbgao Cbu ak ohkihpga}q ua}n a} bkm }h etamd }nd vdhvcd ak }ndap

cdebc biibaps+

_tvvhsd# }hmbq# shgdhkd dkrtapds iphg gd ohkodpkake shgd vhak} hi

Ascbgao cbu+ Unb} snbcc A mh8 A nbyd kh paen} }h eayd nag shgd

ohggbkmgdk} hk gq huk `dnbci hp }dcc nag shgd}nake ak }nd caen} hi gqhuk ohgghksdksd+ Gq itko}ahk as gdpdcq }h mdcaydp }nd cbu unaon Ehm nbs

eaydk }h etamd }nd vdhvcd hk }nd `bsas hi }nb} pdydbcdm Etambkod+ ]nas

itko}ahk as bcsh `bsdm hk odp}bak bt}nhpa}q bkm odp}bak rtbcaiaob}ahks+ Ihp

aks}bkod:'


32/43

.2!Ai A bg rtds}ahkdm b`ht} bkq vph`cdg pdcb}ake }h }nd Rtpbbkao}d~}# A obk bksudp bt}nhpa}b}aydcq# `dobtsd A vhssdss b ohk}akthts

bt}nhpa}q pdbonake tv }h }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} Gtnbggbm .vdbod `d

ua}n nag"!+

.0!Ai A bg rtds}ahkdm b`ht} bkq vph`cdg pdcb}ake }h }nd Rtpbbkaod~dedsas hp }nd soadkods pdcb}ake }h }nd Nbma}n ca}dpb}tpd# A obk

bksudp bt}nhpa}b}aydcq# `dobtsd A vhssdss b ohk}akthts cakl hi

bt}nhpa}q pdbonake tv }h }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}+

.?!_agacbpcq# ai A bg rtds}ahkdm b`ht} bkq vph`cdgs pdcb}ake }hAscbgao Cbu# ak boohpmbkod ua}n }ndNbkbia hpGbcala hp _nbida hp

Nbg`bca sonhhcs# A obk bksudp bt}nhpa}b}aydcq# `dobtsd A vhssdss

ohk}akthts onbaks hi bt}nhpa}q vbssake }nphten }nd ihtp Agbgs bkm

pdbonake tv }h }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} .vdbod `d ua}n nag"!+

A bg ndpd `dihpd qht+ Gq ghmd hi caid bkm gq onbpbo}dp bpd `dihpd

qht+ ]nd dyamdkod hi nas}hpq b`ht} }nd bt}nhpa}b}ayd cdbpkake bkm vad}q hi gq

}dbondps as `dihpd qht+ ]nd ohggbkms unaon A bg mdcaydpake }h qht }hmbq

bkm }nd }dbonake unaon A bg d~vcbakake }h qht as kh}# ak pdbca}q# iphg gd+ A}

as }nd ohggbkm bkm }nd }dbonake sdk} }h ntgbka}q `q Ehm }nphten }nd Nhcq

Vphvnd} Gtnbggbm .vdbon `d ua}n nag"!++ Ak }nd iadcm hi Cbu# A lkhu }nb}

dydpq sdo}ahk hi cbu unaon as ihtkm ak Ndmbqb# hp Ib}n'tc'Rbmddp# hp

Mtppd'Gtln}bp# hp _nbga# hp bkq h}ndp sagacbp `hhl nbs `ddk aksdp}dm }ndpd

bi}dp }nd t}ghs} akyds}aeb}ahk# bkm A bg pdbmq b} bcc }agds }h vphyd a}+

Bi}dp bcc# unb} }ndsd `hhls hi Ascbgao Cbu .Iarn! bpd8 ]ndq bpd }nd

nbkm'`hhls md}bacake }nd Cbu unaon }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} `phten} }h ntgbka}q+

]ndq bpd }nd ohgvdkmatgs undpd dbon bkm dydpq hkd hi ts obk iakm b pdbmq'

gbmd bkm ocdbp'ot} pdvcq }h nas cdebc vph`cdg+

Dydk }nhten a} gbq vphchke }nd masotssahk cd} gd pd's}b}d }nd

bpetgdk} A nbyd `ddk d~vhtkmake sh ibp+ Cd} gd s}b}d }nb}:'

.2! ]nd Nhcq Rtpbbk as }nd `bsao `hhl# }nd ephtkm'uhpl hiAscbgao Cbu+ ]nd d~vcbkb}ahk bkm d~vhsa}ahk hi a}s

}dbonakes# ak }nd caen} hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}s ]pbma}ahks# as

obccdmAcg't}']bisap .hp# }nd _oadkod hi Ohggdk}bpq!+ ]ndpd

d~as} ktgdphts `hhls hk }nb} st`jdo}# bghke unaon }nd


33/43

`d}}dp lkhuk ocbssaos bpd: ]bisap ]b`bpa# ]bisap @bamua#

]bisap Lbsnsnbibkm ]bisap Gbbcag't}']bkzddc+

.0! ]nd d~vcbkb}ahk bkm md}bacdm d~vhsa}ahk hi }nd Rtpbbkao}dbonakes `q }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}# ak nas _bqakes bkm Bo}ahks#

ihpgs }nd sdohkm `bsao shtpod hi Ascbgao lkhucdmed+ Khu}nb} soadkod unaon mdbcs ua}n }nd ohccdo}ahk hi }nhsd _bqakes

bkm Bo}ahks hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} as obccdm }nd _oadkod hi

Nbma}n+ ]ndpd bpd ktgdphts `hhls hk }nb} st`jdo}# }nd ghs}

udcc'lkhuk ocbssaobc uhpls `dake: }nd _anbn hi @tlnbpa#

Gtscag# B`t Mbtm# ]apgaza# A`k Gbjbn# Gtb}}b hi Agbg

Gbcal# Gtskbmhi Agbg Bzbg# Gtskbmhi Agbg Bngbm#

d}o+# d}o+ ]ndpd bpd sdydpbc ohgvdkmatgs undpd }nd

]pbma}ahks nbyd `ddk bppbkedm bcvnb`d}aobccq# d+e+ Lbkz'tc'

Tggbcbkm @anbp'tc'Bkubp+ ]ndpd bpd shgd ohgvacb}ahksbppbekdm ak b }napm ubq# d+e+#Gbbka'tc'B}nbp+

.?! ]nd soadkod unaon mdbcs ua}n }nd `ahepbvnads hi }ndpdvhp}dps hi ]pbma}ahks ihp }nd bssdssgdk} hi }ndap uhp}n# as

lkhuk bs }nd _oadkod hiBsgb'tp'Pajbc# bkm }ndpd bpd gbkq

ocbssaobc `hhls pdcb}ake }h a}+

.=! ]nd soadkod unaon mdbcs ua}n }nd epbmtb}ahk hi ]pbma}ahks aslkhuk bs }nd soadkod hiTshhc'd'Nbma}n+

.4! ]nd soadkod unaon mdbcs ua}n }nd Vpakoavcds Rtpbbk bkmNbma}n as lkhuk bs }nd Tshhc'd'Iarn# bkm }ndpd bpd sdydpbc

ocbssaobc uhpls bkm ktgdphts d~vcbkb}hpq `hhls hk }nb}

st`jdo}+

.9! Undk }nd cbus bpd ia~dm tv bkm mdmtodm iphg }nd RtpbbkbkmNbma}n boohpmake }h }nd ptcds hiTshhc'd'Iarn# bkm }ndq

bpd bppbkedm bkm sqs}dgb}asdm ak }nd ihpg hi b Cbu'Ohmd#

}nd soadkod as obccdm Acg'tc'Iarn+ ]ndpd bpd b ktg`dp hi

ocbssaos bkm ktgdphts nbkm'`hhls hk }nb} st`jdo}+

Ak gdk}ahkake }nas ocbssaiaob}ahk hi Ascbgao soadkods# gq vtpvhsd as }h

eayd jts} bk amdb }h gq sagvcd'gakmdm `ph}ndps bkm sas}dps unh bpd `dake

}nphuk ak}h ohkitsahk ohkodpkake }nd Ascbgao cdebc sonhhcs `q odp}bak

tkohksoadk}ahts vdhvcd# unh uasn }h ds}b`casn }ndap huk ndedghkq bkm

cdbmdpsnav# bkm ndkod }ndq vphvbeb}d bcc shp}s hi ohkitsahk+ _hgd hi }ndg


34/43


35/43

Bkm unb}shdydp }nd Bvhs}cd eayd}n qht# }bld a}+ Bkmunb}shdydp nd ihp`ammd}n# b`s}bak .iphg a}!+.CA^: 5!+

.4! ]nd sonhcbp hi Tshhc'd'Iarn ia~ds tv }nd Vpakoavcds hiAscbgao Cbu }h dcb`hpb}d }nd vpbo}aobc }dbonakes hi Ascbg ihp

}nd Iba}nitc# ak h`dmadkod }h }nd ihcchuake Rtpbbkaoakjtko}ahk:

Ai b vbp}q iphg dydpq ephtv pdgbakdm `dnakm# .}ndq ohtcm

mdyh}d }ndgsdcyds }h }nd }bsl hi! ebakake shtkm lkhucdmedak pdcaeahk+ .A^: 00!+

.9! ]nd Agbgs hi Iarn# undk }ndq sqs}dgb}azd }nd cdebcakjtko}ahks hi Ascbg# ak }nd caen} hi }nd Tshhc'd'Iarn# mh sh

gdpdcq }h obppq ht} }nd Rtpbbkao akjtko}ahk# unaon ihpgs

}nd pdgbakake vbp} hi }nd ydpsd jts} rth}dm# kbgdcq:

Bkm }nb} }ndq gbq ubpk }ndap ihcl undk }ndq pd}tpk }h}ndg# sh }nb} }ndq gbq `dubpd+.A^: 200!+

]nhsd Agbgs hkcq itp}ndp }nd gassahk hi }nd Nhcq Vphvnd} .vdbod `d

ua}n nag"! pdidppdm }h ak }nd ihcchuake ydpsd:

H Gdssdkedp" Gbld lkhuk }nb} unaon nb}n `ddk pdydbcdm tk}h }nddiphg }ndq Chpm+.Y: 95!+

Undk }ndq }dbon Ascbgao etambkod }h }nd vdhvcd# }ndq mh sh ak

h`dmadkod }h }nd Nhcq Vphvnd}s ohggbkm:

Ch" Ydpacq# cd} nag unh as vpdsdk} mdcaydp }nd Gdssbed }h nag unh as

b`sdk}+

Undk }nd Agbgs sqs}dgb}azd }nd Ascbgao cbus }h sbyd gdk iphg

ibccake ak}h dpphps bkm }h gbld }nd vb}n hi }ndap tkmdps}bkmake sghh}n# }ndq

hkcq bo} ak boohpmbkod ua}n }nd ihcchuake Rtpbbkao ohggbkm:

Obcc tk}h }nd ubq hi }nq Chpm ua}n uasmhg bkm ibap d~nhp}b}ahk#

bkm pdbshk ua}n }ndg ak }nd `d}}dp ubq+ Ch" ]nq Chpm as @ds} Bubpd

hi nag unh s}pbqd}n iphg nas ubq# bkm Nd as @ds} Bubpd hi }nhsdunh eh bpaen}+.^YA:204!+


36/43

Cd} ts yadu }nd vph`cdg ohkopd}dcq+ _tvvhsd b Gtscag ehds }h bk

Ascbgao sonhcbp bkm rtds}ahks nag b`ht} }nd Ascbgao cbu hk shgd vhak} hi

odpdghkabc bkm uhpsnav hp hk shgd vhak} hi ntgbk biibaps# unb}# mh qht

}nakl snhtcm `d }nd vphodmtpd unaon }nb} sonhcbp snhtcm bmhv}8 Mh qht }nakl

}nd ihcchuake vphodmtpd obk `d bmhv}dm bs }nd khpgbc pht}akd ak bcc ston

obsds8 Undk b rtds}ahkdp ohgds }h bk Bbcag# bkm vt}s }h nag b rtdpq# }nd

Bbcag ohkodpkdm }blds tv }nd Nhcq Rtpbbk# s}tmads a} }nhphtencq ihp

iakmake ht} }nd pdcdybk} ydpsd hp ydpsds# snhus }nd ydpsd hp ydpsds }h }nd

rtds}ahkdp# d~vcbaks }nd ydpsd hp ydpsds ak }nd caen} hi

caketas}ao# cheaobc hp nas}hpaobc vpakoavcds< ' }ndk nd s}tmads }nd unhcdNbma}n

ca}dpb}tpd ohgvpasake ntkmpdms hi }nhtsbkms hi ]pbma}ahks# vaols ht} }nd

pdcdybk} ]pbma}ahks# d~bgakds }ndap bt}ndk}aoa}q ak }nd caen} hi Nas}hpaobc bkm

Cheaobc Opa}aoasg# ia~ds tv }nd vpakoavcds ihp vpdidppake hkd Nbma}n }h

bkh}ndp< ' }ndk nd ia~ds tv }nd bootpb}d cdebc ihpg hi }nd rtdpq# bvvcads }ndlkhucdmed nd nbs h`}bakdm iphg }nd Rtpbbk bkm }ndNbma}n ak boohpmbkod

ua}n odp}bak ybcam vpakoavcds# ihpgtcb}ds }nd Ascbgao cbu hk }nd vhak}:' bkm

d~vcbaks }nd unhcd vphodmtpd }h }nd rtds}ahkdp bkm vphyds }h nag a}s ybcama}q

iphg }nd vhak} hi yadu hi }nd Rtpbbk bkm }nd _tkkbn+ ]ndk }nd rtds}ahkdpgaen} iddc }nb} nd nbm dsobvdm ]brcddmbkm }nb} nd nbs pdodaydm etambkod

mapdo} iphg }nd Rtp'bbk bkm _tkkbn# Bo}tbccq# dydk ua}n ston b vphodmtpd#

}nd dkrtapdp hp rtds}ahkdp nbs bo}tbccq scavvdm ak}h ]brcddm# ihp }nd

lkhucdmed nd nbs h`}bakdm as }nphten }nd gdmatg hi }nb} sonhcbp+ +

Dydk ai qht obk ohksamdp ston b vphodmtpd idbsa`cd ak dbon bkm dydpq

obsd# mh qht }nakl }nb} dydpq Gbtcya as pdbccq obvb`cd hi bmhv}ake bkm

uhplake boohpmake }h }nb} vphodmtpd8 Mhds dydpq Gbtcya vhssdss }nb} ybs}

cdbpkake bkm }nb} mddv aksaen} kdodssbpq ihp }nd bmhv}ahk hi }nb} vphodmtpd8

Mhds dydpq Gtscag vhssdss }nb} tkmdps}bkmake undpd`q nd obk bsshoab}d

nagsdci ak }nd sonhcbpcq dkmdbyhtp hi }nd Gbtcya }h `d b`cd }h ocbag# dydk

ihpgbccq# }nb} nd nbs pdodaydm }nd etambkod mapdo}cq iphg }nd Rtpbbk bkm }nd_tkkbn bkm nbs dsobvdm ]brcddm8ff

Obk }nd ydpmao} hi }nd Rtpbbk `d ibcsaiadm undk a} sbqs:

Obk }nd cdbpkdm bkm }nd khk'cdbpkdm `d dydp drtbc8

]dcc gd# gq Ipadkms"# as a} ntgbkcq vhssa`cd ihp qht }h ia~ tv }nd

b`hyd'gdk}ahkdm vphodmtpd bs b khpgbc bkm kdodssbpq pht}akd8


37/43

Bkm# cd} gd bsl qht# unb} mh qht mh undk qht bpd ohkiphk}dm ua}n

bkq vph`cdg ohkkdo}dm ua}n }nd gbk'gbmd Cbu unaon ehydpks qhtp ohchkq+

Undk qht nbyd b cbu'sta}# mh qht obcc tvhk qhtp @bppas}dp }h d~vcbak }h qht

bcc }nd `bolephtkm hi }nd pdcdybk} sdo}ahks hi }nd cbu# }ndap hpaeak# }ndap

nas}hpq# }ndap maiidpdk} ak}dpvpd}b}ahks `q cdebc bt}nhpa}ads# }nd ybpahts ptcakes

eaydk `q Jtmeds iphg }agd }h }agd# sh hk bkm sh ihp}n8 Udcc# qht hkcq

d~vcbak }nd obsd }h }nd @bppas}dp bkm masotss a} ua}n nag bkm cdbyd ht} bcc }nd

b`hyd'gdk}ahkdm rtds}ahks bs appdcdybk}+

Bebak# a} as }nd itko}ahk hi }nd @bppas}dp }h s}b}d }nd cbu bkm }h dgvchq

a} bkm ak}dpvpd} a} ihp vcdbmake nas obsd+ Mh qht }nakl }nb} }nd Ehydpkgdk}

obk bootsd nag hk }nb} `bsas hi bo}ake bs b cdeascb}hp bkm b cbu'eaydp8 Hp# mh

qht }nakl }nb} }nd bt}nhps hi cbu'`hhls bkm ohggdk}b}hps hi cbu obk `d

pdbshkb`cq bootsdm hi }blake }nd bt}nhpa}q ak}h }ndap nbkms8

Ai }nd bksudp as ak }nd kdeb}ayd# bkm a} obk hkcq `d ak }nd kdeb}ayd# nhu

obk bkqhkd bootsd }nd Agbgs hi tstpvake }nd bt}nhpa}q hi Ehm hp Nas

Vphvnd} .vdbod `d ua}n nag"!8 Cd} gd mdocbpd# bkm mdocbpd ghs}

dgvnb}aobccq# }nb} ai }nd Agbgs }hhl bubq }nd bt}nhpa}q hi bkqhkd a} ubs

hkcq }nd bt}nhpa}q hi }nhsd gasonadi'gbldps unh bpd bcubqs ht} }h opdb}d

ohkitsahk ak }nd pbkls hi Gtscags bkm hi }nhsd nbci'dmtob}dm vdhvcd unh#

`dobtsd hi }ndap sdci'ohkoda} bkm h}ndp ibtc}s# cald }h vhsd bs bt}nhpa}ads }h

gasetamd vdhvcd+ ]nd Agbgs hkcq bo}dm bs }nd svhldsgdk hi Ehm bkm Nas

Nhcq Vphvnd} bkm unhshdydp ihcchus }ndap mapdo}ahk }h'mbq bo}tbccq ihcchus

kh}nake dcsd `t} }nd etambkod hi }nd Rtpbbk bkm }nd _tkkbn+ ]nd uhpl hi}nd Agbgs as b mdghks}pb}ahk hi ]nd pdcaeahk .hi Ascbg! as dbsq+ ]nbkls }h

}nd epdb} cb`htps hi }nd Agbgs hi ]bisap bkm Nbma}n bkm Iarn# }h'mbq }nd

lkhucdmed pdcb}ake }h dydpq mdvbp}gdk} bkm dydpq `pbkon hi }nd Ascbgao

Ubq hi Caid as hvdk }h ts# vphvdpcq sqs}dgb}asdm bkm sagvcaiadm# ohgvcd}dcq

vpdsdpydm bkm vph}do}dm:'

.2! ]nd Rtpbbkao }d~} as vpdsdk}# vpdsdpydm }h }nd ydpqcd}}dp

the history of the codification of islamic law

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