the hk institute for integrated medical humanities

The 1st International Conference of

The HK+ Institute for

Integrated Medical Humanities

The 1st International Conference of

The HK+ Institute for Integrated Medical Humanities

Date September25,2020

Place KyungHeeUniversity

+Zoom(https://zoom.us/)

Epidemic Disease, Then and Now

Epidemic Disease, Then and Now

The HK+ Institute for Integrated Medical Humanities

26-6,Kyungheedae-ro,Dongdaemun-gu,Seoul,RepublicofKorea,

Humanities213ofKyungHeeUniversity

http://hkimh.khu.ac.kr

https://www.facebook.com/imhkhu/

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbn6qLo_mlYaKcENk74Pv0w

※ This international conference will be released on YouTube, we ask for your interest. This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019S1A6A3A04058286)

Co-organizedby

OpeningAddress

Friday,September25,2020

09:40-09:50OpeningAddress

Park Yunjae(DirectorofIIMH)

09:50-10:00ConglatulatoryAddress

In-Cheol Park(DeanofHumanitiesCollege)

Session 1

10:00-11:00

Choi Sungmin(Moderator,KyungHeeUniversity)

Zangchunmei(China,QingdaoUniversity)

‘ResearchontheBlackDeathofGuDing’sNovel<XinSheng>’

Park Sungho(Korea,KyungHeeUniversity)

‘21stcenturypopularnarrative,infectiousdiseasesandhatred

-FocusingonzombiemoviesandAlienseries’

11:00-11:20 CoffeeBreak

11:20-12:20

Joe tegu(Moderator,KyungHeeUniversity)

Lee Eunyoung(Korea,KyungHeeUniversity)

‘EpidemicDiseaseandReligion-BuddhistReactions toOutbreaksof

DiseaseinthePastandPresent’

Yoon Eunkyung(KoreaKyungHeeUniversity)

‘「Sinchanbyeogonbang」:Joseon’sResponsetoanEpidemic’

12:20-14:50 Lunch

Session 2

15:00-16:00

Lee Sangduk(Moderator,KyungHeeUniversity)

Park Yunjae(Korea,KyungHeeUniversity)

‘TheSecret of K-prevention?HowKoreaHasBeenDealingwithNew

InfectiousDiseasesinthe21thCentury’

Iijima Wataru(Japan,AoyamagakuinUniversity)

‘ComparativeAnalysisontheRoleofCommunityHealthSystemsatthe

ageofAnti-COVID-19’

16:00-16:20 CoffeeBreak

16:20-17:20

Lee Sangduk(ModeratorKyungHeeUniversity)

Yuxinzhong(China,NankaiUniversity)

‘ResponsetoEpidemicDiseaseinAncientChinaandItsCharacteristics’

Mark Harrison(UK,OxfordUniversity)

‘PandemicsandProtest:HistoricalPerspectivesonCovid-19’

17:20- Reception

Program

In Organizing ‘Epidemic Diseases, Then and Now’ Conference

Welcome to the international conference ‘EpidemicDiseases, ThenandNow’heldbyHK+ Institute

atKyungHeeUniversity. This conferencewas supposed todealwith the trendsof studiesonmedical

humanitiesintheworld.However,COVID-19changedeverything.Atfirst,wepostponedtheconference

fromApril toSeptember, expecting theCOVID-19would stop spreadingafter the summer. Itwas just

wishfulthinking.Covid-19isstillabigproblemintheworld.Asscholarsstudyingmedicalhumanities,we

decidedtochangethetopicoftheconferencetoCOVID-19.

Covid-19,thelatestpandemic,isstillthreateningtheworld.Westillneitherhaveanyeffectivemethod

totacklethespreadofthevirusnorknowhowtheworldwillchangeafterthispandemic.Inthisrespect,

ahistoricalapproachwouldbeessentialtoprepareforthepost-coronaera.Themoreweknowhowthe

worldrespondedandovercamethepastepidemicdiseases,themoreeasilywewillfindawaytoescape

fromthesedifficulties.We,however,trynottonarrowouranglejustonhistory,asepidemicdiseaseshave

hadawideeffectoneverypartofthesociety.Everytimeepidemicdiseasesstrokethesociety,literature,

philosophyhadchangedtoagreatorsmallextent.Nodisciplineswerefreefromtheinfluenceofepidemic

diseases.

Asanorganizerofthisconference,Iwouldliketothankthespeakersfortheirinsightfulpresentations.

ResearchprofessorsinourHK+Institutedevotedtheirvaluabletimeinpreparingforthisconference.Thanks

fortheirefforts.Ihopethisconferencehelpsattendeesimaginethepost-corona-eraorwithcorona-era.

2020.9.25

Park Yunjae(KyungHeeUniversity,DirectorofIIMH)

02 + 03EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow

Reasearch on the Black Death of Gu Ding’s Novel <Xin Sheng>


Name ZhangChunmei

Affiliation QingdaoUniversityofTechnology

Books AStudyonRealisticRecognitionofKoreanandChinese

NovelsinManchuria-FocusingonNovelsWrittenbyAn,

SugilandGuDing,PrincetonUniversity,2012

Articles “heRealityofJoseonImmigrantsinManchuriaAppearing

inAhnSu-gil’sNovelsNovel”, TheSocietyofKorean&

ChineseHumanities,2017.

epidemic inHsinkingwith his own uniquewriting techniques. This paper researched theBlack

Deathin<XinSheng>andanalyzedthecreativecharacteristicsofGuDing.

TheBlackDeathdescribedin<XinSheng>islymphaticBlackDeath,themainsymptomsarepus

inthelymphaticsandblackeningofthewholebody.Fleasthatliveonwildmiceorhousemiceare

themainvectoroftheBlackDeath.Atthattime,thegovernmentimplementedmeasuressuchas

epidemicpreventionandburning,vaccination,declarationofinfectedpersons,isolationofcontacts,

andclosureofentertainmentplaceswheremanypeoplegathered.However,peopleworriedthatthe

houseandpropertywouldbeburned,andtheydidnotactivelyreportthepatients.Onlypeoplelike

‘me’whounderstoodthedeadlynatureoftheblackdeathwouldactivelydeclare.GuDingdescribed

thelifeoftheisolatorsaccordingtohisownexperienceofbeingisolated.IntheChihayaHospital

wherepatientswereisolated,awardisolatednearly100suspectedpatients.Althoughtheward

wasoftendisinfected,miceandfleasstillappearedinthewardwheremanypeoplelivedtogether.

Therefore, the insulators’heartswere fullof thefearof theblackdeath, thefearofdoctors, the

expectationofdischarge,thefearofhouseburning,etc.

GuDing,whowasbaptizedbytheMay4thMovement,wasveryconcernedabouttherealsociety.

However,theseverecensorshiplawofJapaneseimperialismledtothreenarrativefeaturesinthe

novel.First,hesympathizedwiththeChinesepoliceandepidemicpreventionofficers,criticizedthe

JapanesedoctorsandnursesinChihayaHospital,anddescribedthefairnessoftheblackdeath,

which infectedboth theChineseand the Japanese,bringing satisfaction to theChinesepeople.

Second,inordernottoviolatetheArtandLiteraryGuidanceOutlineandEightNoDoctrine,thework

simplydescribedthecontradictionsbetweenChinaandJapan,ignoringthetragicconditionsofthe

BlackDeathpatients,andonlydescribedtheconditionsofthequarantined.Third,inordertocreate

“patriotismliterature”,thenovelemphasizedthenecessityofnationalenlightenmentandnational

unity in theprocessofdefeatingtheBlackDeath.TherampantBlackDeathhaddisappeared in

1940,buttheenlightenmentofinfectiousdiseasesandthethemeofunityinordertoovercomethe

epidemicthatGuDingputforwardin<XinSheng>stillhaseducationalsignificanceforuslivingin

moderntimes.

Keywords

BlackDeath;<XinSheng>,PuppetManchukuo;Isolation;Fear;PatriotismLiterature;Enlightenment

andUnity

Abstract

TheCOVID-19hasdevelopedintoaglobalpandemicandhascaused

about eight hundred thousand deaths all over the world. Throughout

the history ofmankind, infectious diseases spread in various countries,

but thescopeofCOVID-19 isunprecedented. In1940, theBlackDeath

spreadalloverHsinking(Changchun),NonganCounty,etc.GuDingcreated

thenovel<XinSheng>basedonhisownexperience.Atthattime, Japan

establishedPuppetManchukuo,andtookHsinkingasitscapital.Inorder

to control the citizens of the three provinces, the Japanese government

issued relevant aggressive policies in the political and economic fields.

UnderthestrictcontrolofliterarypublicationsofJapan’srulers,GuDing

foundedthemagazinesMingmingandYiwenzhi,andputforwardliterary

ideasof“writingandprinting”and“thedirectionofnonedirection”,which

mademanyworksofPuppetManchukuopublished,andhealsoleftalot

ofworks.GuDing’sworksnotonlyshowthedark realityof thepuppet

Manchukuo,butalsoshowatendencytoechothecurrentsituationofthe

puppetManchukuo. In <XinSheng>,GuDingdescribed theBlackDeath

21st Century Popular Narrative, Infectious Diseases and Hatred – Focusing on Zombie Movies and Alien Series

Abstract

The increase in public interest in infectious diseases and pandemic

wasinthe21stcentury.SincetheSARSin2003,theH1N1/09andMERS

pandemic has sparked interest in infectious diseases, and the recent

COVID-19pandemicischangingourlives.Assuch,infectiousdiseasesare

closelyrelatedtoourdailylifeinthe21stcentury.

However, popular narratives have been dealing with the subject of

infectiousdiseasesfromearlierthanthis.<DeathinVenice>(1971),based

on Thomas Mann’s work, was set in Venice, where cholera prevailed.

Cholera also appeared in the Korean movie <Gaebyeok>(1991). These

filmsuseculturalandhistoricalbackgroundsbasedoninfectiousdiseases.

Therearealsomanypopularnarrativescenteringontheinfectiousdisease

itself.Forexample,themini-series<TheStand>(1984)basedonanovelby

StevenKing,and<Outbreak>(1995),amoviewithanEbolamotif.

Name ParkSungho

Affiliation KyungHeeUniversity(IIMH)

Books OldorNow-Today’shumanitiesreadinnewspapers100

yearsago,Greenbee,2016.

Articles “AStudyonMentalDisordersofWomenFigures in ‘Sin-

soseol’(NewNovel)”,JournalofKoreanCulture,2020.

“Neurasthenia of Women Figures and Relocation of

‘Hwabyung’inAdaptedNovelsofMaeilshinbo”,Journalof

theSocietyKoreanLanguageandLiterature,2020.

On the other hand, the popular narrative that actively employs the imagination related to

infectiousdiseaseswithoutusing infectiousdiseasesas thesubjectmatter. Inparticular, in the

past,materialsthatwerenotrelatedtoinfectiousdiseasesweredealtwith,butasthe21stcentury

entered,suchworkswerecreatedtoconstructanewimaginationbyinsertingelementsofinfectious

diseases. Representative examples are the <Alien> series, which deals with the confrontation

betweenalienlifeandhumanity,andthezombiemovies,whichbeganinearnestfromthe<Resident

Evil>series.

TheAlienseriesbeganwith<Alien>,whichwasreleasedin1979.Thisfilm,whichisbasedonan

unknowncreatureencounteredfromtheoutsideworld,wasoriginallyclosetoaspace-horrormovie.

Theidentityofthealien(or“Xenomorph”)wasunknown,andthestoryofsurvivingthisunknown

horrorinanisolatedspacewasthemainoneofthismovie.Inthesubsequentwork,varioussettings

ofalienswereadded,andasaresult,theattributeofacommunityecologywithhighsocialitywas

given.

ThechangeintheAlienseriescamefrom<Alien:Prometheus>(2012).RidleyScott,whodirected

the firstseries,participated in thismovieagain,highlightingthe“”whowasthecreatorof the

Xenomorphsandthehumans.Thisextraterrestrialcreatureoriginallyappeared in<Alien>(1979),

butthenameandidentitywerenotspecificallyrevealedinthiswork.In<Alien:Prometheus>,Ridley

ScottadoptedanarrativethatrevealsthesecretsrelatedtothebirthoftheXenomorphsbynaming

thisextraterrestrialcreature“Engineers”andrevealingpartofitshistory.

Asmentionedearlier,Xenomorphswereoriginallydescribedonlyas“unknowncreatures”whose

identity or ecology was not clearly established. However, in James Cameroon’s <Aliens>(1985)

(releasedas<Alien2>inKorea),theecologyofXenomorphsissettolooksimilartothecombination

ofantsandparasiticbees.Itwassaidthatwhentheworkerskidnaphosts(usuallyhumans),the

queenlayseggsandhatchesthem,makingthehostasanincubator.Theimaginationthatcreated

thisecologystemsfromthecoloniallifeadoptedbybeesandants,andtheuniquereproductive

methodsseeninsometypesofparasiticbees,suchasEvanioidea.TheecologyofXenomorphshad

beenmaintainedinthelater<Alien3>(1992)and<Alien4>(1997).

However, in<Alien:Prometheus>, theseconceptsundergo rapidchanges.Aliens,orprimitive

Xenomorphs,aredepictedaslivingorganismsthathavebeentransformedby“blackliquid”infection

ratherthanasanativeorganismlivinginacolony.Humanswhoinhalethisblackliquidintotheir

bodyundergoaninfectionprocesstocreateamonstercalled“Trilobite”.Thereisalsoabiological


tobecomeazombiebyradiation.However,airtransmissionwasnotwidelyadoptedinlaterzombie

movies. Itusuallyappearstobetransmittedbybodyfluids,andthisseemstoberelatedtothe

factthatthemethodofairtransmissionhaslimitationsinexpressingitinacinematicway.Thisis

becauseinthecaseofbodilyfluidtransmission,theimageoftransmissioncanbeclearlyconveyed

throughthesymbolicactof‘thezombiebites.’

Since the 2000s, infectious diseases have become the main factor in zombie movies. It is

explainedthatsomekindofvirusinfectshumansandturnsthemintozombies,andthese‘victims’

infectothersthroughbloodorsaliva.Theimaginationofinfectingothersthroughbitingisderived

from<Dracula>,butunlikeavampirewithaclearwill,zombiesdifferinthattheyarelikeunconscious

individuals,sotospeak,virusesthemselves.<WorldWarZ>(2013),whichbringstheprincipleofthe

immunesystemtofightagainstthezombievirus,and<IamaLegend>(2007),depictingapocalypse

causedbyazombievirusinsteadoftheworldofvampiresinoriginalfilm,areexamplesthatclearly

showtheinfluenceoftheinfectiousdiseaseonthezombiemovie.

Inthisway,zombiesoriginatingfrommagichavebeencompletelytransformedfrompopular

narratives, especially in the 21st century movies, into products of infectious diseases. In this

process,thezombiesweretransformedintotheresultofinfectionofalivingperson,nottheresult

ofrevivingthedead.Thenarrativethattheinfectedperson,thatis,the“patient”,becomesazombie

andattacksand infectsotherswasalso the resultofanakedportrayalof the fearof infectious

diseasesthatthepublichasinthe21stcentury.

AsaresultofemployingtheimaginationassociatedwithinfectiousdiseasesintheAlienseries

andzombiefilms,ironically,itplayedapartinforminganexclusivenotionofinfectiousdiseases.

Xenomorphs and zombies in thesemovies are beings that must be confronted and eradicated

againstthecharactersinthemovie.Asimpledichotomy,thatifyoudon’tgetridofthem,youdie,is

presentedasarationalmindset.

Theproblemisthattheseexistencesoriginatedfrompathogens,thatis,theyappearedasaresult

ofinfectiousdiseases.Aliensandzombiesthatappearedinpopularnarrativesofthe21stcentury

arethestartingpointof‘humans’.Inotherwords,humansexposedtothevirusaretransformedor

becomehosts.Therefore,inthefilms,“infectedhumans”aresometimesexcluded,isolated,orkilled

bythosewhodonot.Ontheotherhand,theactionsofthecharacterswhoemphasizebeing“the

samehuman”arecriticizedasbeingunrealistic,orevendescribedasaggravatingthesituation.The

imagination that shows that alien transformations vary depending on the infected species. For

example,ifanearthwormisinfected,itproduces“Hammerpede”,andifitisinfectedwithhuman

semen,itproduces“Trilobite”.

Inthesequel,<Alien:Covenant>(2017),theidentityof“blackliquid”willberevealed.Thisisa

biologicalweaponcreatedbyEngineers.Itisusuallyliquid,butwhenitpenetratesintoanorganism,

itdestroysandtransformscellsofvictim.Thesecharacteristicsaresimilartothoseofviruses.Even

inthescenewherethis“blackliquid”destroysEngineers,therearesomeelementsreminiscentof

viruses.Blackliquidisscatteredintheair,causingengineerstoinhaleit,thismethodoftenusedin

popularnarrativesrelatedtobiologicalweapons,like<ResidentEvil>or<Breakout>.

As such, the Alien series introduced the prequel series in the 2010s, actively introducing

imaginationrelatedtoinfectiousdiseases.Throughout<Alien:Prometheus>and<Alien:Covenant>,

theXenomorphistransformedfromanunknownalienlifeintoaby-productofavirus‘engineered’

byEngineers.Thisalsorepresentsthattheobjectoffearthatthepublicacceptshasbeentransferred

tovirusesfromalienlifeformsorunknownparasites.

Thesechangesalsoappearinzombiemovies.Originally,azombieappearedinvoodoo,andis

acorpsethatmovesasifitwerealivebecauseofthemagic.Ascanbeseenfromtheexpression

“undead”,itistobringbackapersonwhohasalreadydied.Insomecases,itissaidthataliving

personisconsideredazombie,butthereisnobigdifferencefromthecaseofacorpseinthatit

followstheordersofavoodooshaman.

Zombiesappear inthepopularnarrative inearnest in<NightofTheLivingDead>(1969).The

zombiesinthismoviehavenothingtodowithmagic.Forunknownreasons,corpsescomebackto

lifeandattackpeople.Butinthismovie,TVnewsmentions“radiationfromVenus”.Itappearsto

bebasedonfearandimaginationofextraterrestrialornuclearwar,butnosettingsordescriptions

reminiscentofinfectiousdiseasesappear.Infact,the“livingdead”inthismoviewasn’tcalleda

zombie fromthebeginning.Therewasonly thesettingthat thecorpsewouldrevive,and itwas

throughcriticismofthemediathatthenameofZombiewasgiven.

It was not until <Resident Evil>(2002) that the zombies in the movie were combined with

infectiousdiseases.There isa “T-Virus”,apathogen that causeszombies,andas it leaks from

theresearchcenter,itisasettingthathascausedazombiepandemic.Thissettingwastakenfrom

<BioHazard>(1996),theoriginalvideogameofthemovie,butitwasonlyinthemoviethatspecific

settingsrelatedtoviruseswereadded.Thezombievirusinthisfilmisinitiallydescribedasspreading

intheformofanaerosol,whichisalsoanimagelinkedto<NightoftheLivingDead>,whichissaid


Epidemic Disease and Religion – Buddhist Reactions to Outbreaks of Disease in the Past

and Present

Abstract

In2020,COVID-19isthreateningtheworld,andKoreaisnoexception.

Ithasalsofacedhygienecrisesthreedistincttimesduringthisepidemic.

Twoofthecrisesweredirectlyrelatedtoreligiousactivities.Large-scale

groupinfectionsoccurredinaChristianchurchandamongstmembersofa

newreligioussect.Religiousactivitiesbybothorganizationscontributedto

thelargeclusterofinfections.

ItwouldbeinterestingtoseehowBuddhistshavereactedtoepidemics

both in the past and at present. Ekottara Āgama, Sutta-Nipāta and

Paramatthajotikā depict how Gautama Buddha dealt with an epidemic.

Once,BuddhawasinvitedtothecityofVesaliwhenitwassufferingfrom

an epidemic outbreak. Buddha accepted the invitation even though it

wasduringhisperiodofsummer retreat.AsBuddhaarrivedat thecity,

commonfactorinthesepopularnarrativesistheconfrontationwiththepeoplesufferingfromthe

infectiousdisease,ortheresultofit,ratherthantheconfrontationwiththeinfectiousdiseaseitself.

Theapproachtootherizingpatientswithinfectiousdiseasesratherthantheinfectiousdisease

itselfhasappearedseveraltimesintheCOVID-19outbreak.Intheearlydaysofthecrisis,some

conservativemedia and politicians deliberately used the names of “Wuhan Corona” or “Wuhan

Pneumonia”insteadoftheofficialname,COVID-19.Itwastheresultofputtingthetitleofcoping

withinfectiousdiseasesontopofpoliticalhatredtowardtheChinese.Thesameistrueofthecase

wherethewordzombieiscombinedwiththe“left”,whichreferstoaspecificpoliticalorientation,

tocreatea“Jwa-Zom(leftzombies)”.TherearemanycasesontheInternet inwhichpeoplewith

certainpoliticalorientationsareregardedas‘infectedbeings’,andtherejectionofthemratherthan

conversationsordiscussionswiththemisavalidresponse.

Ofcourse,itishardtoseethatthiswasmadeasaresultofadoptingtheimaginationrelated

toinfectiousdiseasesintheAlienseriesorzombiemovies.Rather,itwouldbeaccuratetoseethat

thefilmsaboveactivelyadoptedandspecificallyportrayedthisexclusivefearofinfectiousdiseases.

However,itshouldbenotedthatinthesefilms,diseasesandpatientsarenotdistinguished,and

theexclusivefearofpatientsispresentedastheonlywaytoresolvethesituation.Itisatimewhen

weneed to reflectonwhetherweareuncritically reproducing thenotionof“confrontation”with

infectiousdiseasesthroughthispopularnarrative.

Name LeeEunyoung


Articles “CanWeEnhanceMan’sMoralityUsingMedicalTechnol-

ogy?-ACriticalViewfromBuddhistMoralPerspective”,

TheJournalofhumanities,2020.

“A Study of the Golden Rule in Buddhism”, Journal of

Eastern-AsiaBuddhismandCulture,2020.

“A Buddhist Approach to One Health”, The Journal of

HumanitiesandSocialSciences,2020.


thereitwasrainingheavily,causingfloodingthatsweptawaycorpsesandotherfilth.Seeingthis,

BuddhaaskedAnandatoreadtheRatanasuttatothepeople.Additionally,Buddhaandhisdisciples

sprinkledcleanwateraroundthecity.

Thisepisodedemonstratesthefollowingthreepoints.Firstly,Buddhaconsideredpeople’slives

andsafetytobemore importantthanhispersonalreligiouspractice.Secondly,Buddhaeffected

improvement in thehygieneandsanitarypracticesof thecity.Thirdly, theBuddhacaredfor the

psychologicalstabilityofthepeoplewhosufferedfromfearandanxietycausedbytheepidemic.

HowhaveKoreanBuddhists beendoingduring theCOVID-19pandemic?KoreanBuddhists

aregenerallyverycooperativetowardsgovernmentauthorities.Therefore,KoreanBuddhistorders

shutalltheirtemplesandstoppedallreligiousactivitiesinvolvingmassparticipation.Theyeven

postponedtheirbiggestannualevent,thecelebrationofBuddha’sbirthday.Thiswasfollowedby

thecancellationoftheBuddhistlanternparade,thelargestBuddhistannualeventinwhichover

threehundredthousandpeoplenormallygather,despitehavingalreadybegunpreparationsforthe

event.AllgatheringsweresubstitutedwithSNS(SocialNetworkService)gatheringsandfollowers

wereencouragedtoavoidface-to-facemeetingsandtotakecareoftheirpersonalhygiene.Five

thousand monks from the Jogye order donated the disaster relief fund. Buddhist monasteries

deliveredpacked lunches to themedics andgovernment officers fighting against thepandemic

throughoutthemonthofMarch.TheyalsoencouragedtheirfollowerstoreadBhaisajyaguruSutra(藥

師經)andRatanasutta(寶石經).AllthesearesucceedingofthepatriotictraditionofKoreanBuddhism

andremindfollowersofBuddha’sactivitiesinVesāli.

Howshouldreligiousorganizationsbehaveduringapandemic?Religiousorganizationsshould

first distinguish physical hygiene from psychological hygiene. They must entrust the former

to medical specialists and follow those specialists’ instructions. Maintaining social distance,

hygienepractices,andrapiddiagnosisandcureofepidemicdiseasemustbedirectedorpracticed

bygovernmentauthoritiesandmedics.Religiousorganizationsmust trynot to interfere insuch

activitiesbytheauthoritiesandmedics.Theyshouldalsoencouragetheirfollowerstofollowthe

instructionsofgovernmentauthorities.Instead,religiousorganizationsoughttofocusoneffortsto

improvethepsychologicalhygieneofthepeople.

ThereisaBuddhistsaying,“Youshouldnotbehitbythesecondarrow.”Thefirstarrowrefers

todisease,wounds,orfailureinourlives.COVID-19isthefirstarrow.Itisthedutyofmedicaland

hygienespecialiststoremovethisfirstarrow.Itiswrongtobelievethatreligiousfaithandactivities

cancurediseasesassuchabeliefcanbehighlydangerousandharmfulduringapandemic.

Thesecondarrowreferstoreactionssuchasgrief,anxiety,stress,ordepression.Itistheroleof

religiontoremovethissecondarrow.Ifpeoplearesufferingpsychologically,theycan’tbehealthy,

even if the pandemic is controlled. As the pandemic continues aftermore thanhalf a year, the

needforpsychologicalhygieneisbecomingincreasinglypressing.WhileBuddhistandsomeother

religiousorganizationsareverycooperativetowardsgovernmentpoliciestocontroltheCOVID-19

pandemic,theyalsoneedtomakeeffortstoimprovepsychologicalhygieneamongsttheirfollower.


Name YoonEunkyung


Articles “The Concept of Healing in Korean Medicine-Focusing

ontheTextsDonguibogamandDonguisusebowon”,The

JournalofHumanities,2020.

manifestedasspecializedmedicaltextsthatweredistributedacrossthenation.InSejong’speriod,

『Byeokonbang』,acompilationofepidemicdiseaserelatedcontentsfromthe『Hyangyakjibseong-

bang』andthe『UibangYuchwi』waspublishedinhangul.DuringJungjong’srule,threemorebooks

werepublishedinresponsetoepidemicoutbreaks,the『Unhaebyeokonbang』,『SokByeokonbang』,

and『BunmunokyeokYihaebang』.OnthefourthyearofKingGwanghae’srule,ordersweregivento

royalphysicianHeoJun,knownforhisauthorshipofthe『DongUiBogam』,toputtogetheranupdat-

edtextonepidemicswhichresultedinthepublicationof『Sinchanbyeokonbang』.Attheendofthe

sameyearofitspublicationin1613,anotherbookwaspublishedtodealwithanewepidemicthat

wasbelievedtohaveoriginatedfromTangChinacalledthe『Byeokyeokshinbang』,alsoauthored

byHeo. Later in response toanoutbreakduringHyojong’s rule, the 『Byeokonshinbang』,which

followedthecontentsofHeo’s『Sinchanbyeokonbang』waspublishedinhangul.

The frequency of epidemics texts publication from14th to 17th century Joseon indicates the

frequencyofepidemicoutbreaksinthecountry.Theywereconciseincontentforquickapplication

inurgenttimes,whichcontainedpracticalknowledgesuchassimpleformulasthatcouldbeeasily

acquired.Whilemostoftheearlierbookswerefocusedontreatmentmethods,theywereseenas

lacking insomeaspects,namelypreventivemeasures,whichweresupplementedin laterbooks.

InthecaseofHeo’s『Sinchanbyeokonbang』, itsprecedingtext fromJungjong’speriodwasseen

asinsufficienttodealwiththelateroutbreak,andthusordersweregiventhatresultedinamore

comprehensivetextonepidemics.

Theresulting『Sinchanbyeokonbang』writtenbyHeoJunisconsistedoftheoriesoncausation

rangingfromweather,stateofQi,peoples’livinghabits,andviciousspirits,alongwithsymptoms

andtreatmentmethodsoftheepidemicdisease.Naturally,amongmethodsfordealingwithep-

idemics, there is amixtureofmedicineandshamanism fromcontemporaryperspectives. In the

chapter‘WaysofAvertingMisfortuneinanEpidemic[瘟疫禳法]’,itissuggestedthattheleaderofan

affectedvillageprayonsacredgroundstowardoffevilqi,orcertaincharacterswrittenwithcinnabar

beplacedoneithersidesofanentrance,orcharacterswritteninredbewornandswallowedbythe

person.Inthechapter‘WaysofDefeatingEpidemicDisease[瘟疫辟法]’,itissuggestedthatacertain

formulabesoakedinliquorandtakenfrequentlytowardoffQioftheviciousspirit,orwornaround

thechestinaredpouch.ChantingthenamesoftheGodsofthefourseasthreetimesinapurified

stateofmindwhentheroostercriesisalsodescribedtobeveryeffectiveindefeatingallsortsof

evilspiritsandepidemicdiseases.Inthechapteron‘HowtoPreventTransmission[不傳染法]’,oneis

instructedtoenteranaffectedhouseholdthroughtheleftside,andtostandorsitinthepresence

Abstract

Declaredasa‘pandemic’bytheWorldHealthOrganizationonMarch

11th,COVID19isaffectingcountlessnumberofpeopleacrosstheglobe.

While responses are varied in each country, the common issues are

centeredaroundpreventivemeasures fromvaccines toquarantine,as is

the case with fast-spreading infectious diseases. Here in South Korea,

wereadnewsheadlinesabout thenumberofnewlydiagnosedpatients

andvictimsofCOVID19eachday,whichhasbecome thebarometer for

thegovernment’sabilitytodealwiththeon-goingepidemic.Instructions

andcautionsaresenttoeachpersonviaphonemessagestopreventthe

diseasefromspreadingfurther.Whilediseasestodayareoftenpersonal

problemstobedealtwith,epidemicdiseasesareamatterofpublichealth

and therefore the collective responses of the people, often lead by the

governmentbecomescrucialtoitscontainment.

InJoseonKorea,epidemicdiseaseswerefrequentandfatal,posinga

greatthreattothepreservationofsocietyandsovereignpower.Thegovern-

menttookmeasurestocontaintheepidemicandtotreatitsvictims,which

『Sinchanbyeogonbang』: Joseon’s Response to an Epidemic


ofapatientincertaindirectionssothatonedoesnotreceivethefoulenergythatthepatientemits

throughthemouthandvaginaofmaleandfemalepatients,respectively.

Questionsonwhetherthesesuggestionswereaffectivearebeyondthescopeofthispresentation.

WhatIwouldliketofocusonistheunderstandingofepidemicdiseasesofthetime,namelywhat

causesmassinfectionofthepeople.Inthechaptersthatexplainthecausesofepidemicdiseases,

majortheoriesthatareemployedarethoseoftheFiveCircuitsandtheFourSeasons,whereduring

theFirephaseitislikelythatepidemicdiseasesflourish,andmismatchofthefourseasonstothe

24seasonaldivisionsresultsinepidemicdiseases.Thisperspectiveisnotexclusivetoepidemic

diseases,butcommontoallpathologiesofEastAsianMedicinewherepeopleareconsistentlyunder

nature’sinfluence,andtowhoserelationshipdeterminestheperson’sbodilystate.However,the

otherelementthatwasunderstoodascausingepidemicdiseases-viciousspirits-playedarather

specificroleinhowthepeopleandthesocietyrespondedtoepidemicoutbreaks.

Asmentionedearlier,abigpartofdefendingoneselfandthecommunityfromepidemicdiseases

was towardoff vicious spirits. Thesewere spirits thatdidnothaveaplace to return to,which

insteadclungtocorruptenergythatwaspresentintheairandcausedharmtopeopleintheformof

infectionsdiseases.Therefore,toprotectoneselfandsocietyfromtheharmsofevilspirits,specific

measuressuchasaforementionedshamanisticpracticessuggestedinthe『Sinchanbyeokonbang』

werenecessary.Butwhataboutonasocietallevel?Whatmeasuresweretakenbythegovernment

whichsharedthebeliefthatepidemicdiseaseswerecausednotonlybyenvironmentalfactorsbut

maliciousspirits?

Joseonwasaconfuciansocietythatvaluedancestrallineageandheldworshipritualsto‘feed’

thedeceased.Amongthemanyritualsthatwereheldbythegovernment,therewasthe‘Yeoje[厲祭]’

whosepurposewastoconsoleandcalmthe‘viciousspirits[厲鬼]’responsibleforcausingepidemic

diseases.Thereceivingspiritswerethosewhocouldnotbefedthroughtheirownancestralworship

duetountimelyorforced,tragicdeath,whichturnedthemintobitter,maliciousspiritsthatwould

causeharmtothelivingoutofspite.Becausethesedeathswerecausedbywarfare,hunger,orother

largescaleeventsleadbyorfailedtoberemediedbythegovernment inwhichthepoorestand

mostvulnerablepeoplewereforcedtoparticipate,itwasbelievedthatthesespiritsbroughtabout

harmonasocietalscale,asaformofprotestorrevenge.Assuch,outbreakssuggestedthatthe

Kinghadfailedhispeopletoturnthemintoevilspiritsthatendangeredthelivingones.Therefore

itwascrucialthatthegovernmentheldregularritualstocalmthesespirits,notjustforthesakeof

respondingtotheangryspiritsdirectly,buttocomfortandreassurethelivingpeoplebyshowing

themthattheKing’sbenevolenceextendedasfarastherealmofthedeceased.Theuniqueformof

the‘Yeoje[厲祭]’supportsthisaspectoftheritual,mainlyinthattheorationusedintheritualwas

intheformofaKing’smessagetohissubjects,ratherthanaddressedtotheGodsasinothertypes

ofrituals.

Insuchcontext, theshamanisticcontents inthemedicaltext『Sinchanbyeokonbang』 isshed

newlight.Thatcertaincontentsare‘medical’whileothersare‘superstitious’(andthereforenotap-

plicableformoderndayepidemics)wouldnotbeanappropriateassessmentofthetext.Rather,we

needtounderstandthese‘superstitious’ritualsassiteswhereintheconnectionbetweenpolitics,

society,moralityandthebodybecomesvisible,wherethephenomenonofdiseasewhichwouldbe

categorizedasspecificallybelongingtotherealmofmedicinebycontemporarystandardsbecause

ithappenedinthebody,isunderstoodandpracticedotherwise.

『Sinchanbyeokonbang』wasagovernmentissuedbookthatwaswrittenbyroyalphysicianHeo

Juntoprovideup-to-dateknowledgeonwaystodealwiththeepidemicdiseaseforpeopletobetter

dealwiththeepidemicthathadtakenholdofthecountry.Fromitsperspectiveonthecausalfactors

ofthedisease,namelyviciousspirits,wecanseethatepidemicoutbreaksweretakentohavea

moralaspect.Physicalsymptomsanddiseasetransmissionweredealtwithbymeansofmedicinals

andpreventiveactions,whilethecauseofthediseasewasaddressedwithaversionandcalming

rituals.Thisprobablyfunctionedasawaytoestablishleadershipofthevillageleaderandsolidarity

amongtheaffectedvillagers,similartothegovernment-lead‘Yeoje[厲祭].’


Name ParkYunjae


Books “Between Mission and Medicine: The Early History of

SeveranceHospital,”EncounteringModernity:Christianity

in East Asia andAsianAmerica,Honolulu:University of

HawaiiPress,2014.

Articles “SanitizingKorea:Anti-CholeraActivitiesofthePolicein

EarlyColonialKorea”SeoulJournalofKoreanStudies23-

2,2010.

“TheWorkofSherwoodHalland theHaijuTuberculosis

SanatoriuminColonialKorea,”KoreanJournalofMedical

History22-3,2013.

“CommercializationofMedicineintheLate19thandEarly

20thCenturyinKorea,”KoreaJournal55-2,2015.

inKoreaevensaidthatKoreawasneverheldinsuchhighregardintheglobalcommunitybefore.I

thinkthisisthefirsttime.Itissaidthatsuccessfuldiseasefightinghasbeenpossiblethankstode-

votedmedicalstaffandKoreanpeople’smaturesenseofcivicawareness.Takingastepfurther,I’d

liketoarguethatwehaveestablishedaninfectiousdiseasepreventionsystemsometimesdubbed

asK-preventionsysteminthecourseoffightingnewinfectiousdiseasesinthe21stcentury,and

thesystemhasplayedakeyroleinmanagingthecurrentpandemic.Particularly,I’dliketopointout

thattheexperienceofMERSoutbreakin2015wascrucialtobuildingtheK-preventionsystem.I’d

liketoalsodiscussfuturetaskstofurtherdevelopadisease-fightingsystem.

Abstract

AscoronavirusbegantospreadfromChinainJanuary2020,thelevel

ofwarningandcautionroseinKoreaduetoitsproximitytoChina.From

mid-February,hundredsofnewconfirmedcaseswerereportedeachday.

ManycountriesbannedentryofKoreanpeople.Koreabecameknownas

adangerouscountry.However,soontheworldbegantopayattentionto

Koreaasitfoughtthepandemicwithearlydiagnosis,earlytracking,and

earlytreatment.Koreabegantokeepthepandemicundercontrolwithout

extensivelockdownsadoptedinChinaorEurope.GlobalmedianotedKo-

rea’ssituationandbegantomakepositivereporting.Oneeditorialwriter

The Secret of K-Prevention? How Korea Has Been Dealing with New Infectious Disease in the 21th Century?


Name IIJIMAWataru

Affiliation AoyamagakuinUniversity

Books Kansensho toWatashitachi no Rekishi, Korekara (Japa-

nese)(InfectiousDiseaseandourlife,past,present,and

future),Shimizushoin:Tokyo,2018.

KansenshonoChugokushi(Japanese) (Epidemics inChi-

neseHistory),Chuokoron:Tokyo,2009.

Articles “A Hidden Journey of Insect Flower: Globalization of

Pyrethrum in the Twentieth Century”, Aoyama-Shigaku

(JournalofHistory,AoyamagakuinUniv.),2018.

“A Hidden History of Malaria in 20th Century Japan”,

EpidemicsandPandemicsinHistoricalPerspective,Cen-

taurusPress,2016.

InthehistoryofCOVID-19,thecontrolofthesituationinChinaisaveryimportantelementofthe

firststage,“introduction”.AfterthesevereimpactintheEuropeancountriesincludingtheUK,and

thesituationsinKoreaandJapanwerealsoundercontrolaroundJuneandJuly.Butthesituationin

theUS,India,SouthAmericancountriesisnowongoingtheprocessofthespreadofinfection.As

aresultofthis,Isupposethatnowwestillarethe“development”stageintheeventofCOVID-19.

TheGameChanger,“turn”,thethirdstagewillbebasedonthevaccineandneweffectivedrug

forCOVID-19.Weareverymuchworriedthatwedonotknowwhendoesthis“turn”willstart.

Q2. COVID-19, dose change society or not, in the perspective and context of the history of in-

fectious diseases?

Thisisaverybigquestionandalsothisisanimportantquestionwhathistoriansshouldanswer.

Butmysuggestionisnotclearandnoncommittal.

YES,thepandemicofCOVID-19exactlyhaschangedtheworldsuchaseconomy,politics,and

culture.Asyouknow,thePrimeMinisterofJapanalsoresigned,oneofthemainreasonsforhis

stresswasthefailureoftheanti-COVID-19policy.

ButIamconservative,maybetheanswerisNO.COVID-19doesnotchangeanything.Thean-

ti-COVID-19campaignthatisadvancedalloftheworldisverysimilartoassameasthoseofthe

influenzapandemicfor100yearsago.Nowwedonothavegoodmeasuresanti-COVID-19,wedo

nothaveanyothermethodswithoutthemethodsbasedonpublichealth.Thelockdownwasalso

advancedfor100yearsago,butthelevelandscaleisverydifferent.

YESorNo,Iamstillthinkingaboutthefour-partstructureofCOVID-19.Itislikelytosaythat

COVID-19didnotchangeeverything,buthumanbeingschangesociety,economy,andcultureby

usingtheimpactofCOVID-19.

Q3. Why does the Japanese accept the “self-restraint” movement as the anti-COVID-19?

AfterthepandemicinWuhanandHubeiprovince,theChinesegovernmentselectedseverelock-

downasthemainmethodofanti-COVOD-19.Thepopulationsareverylargeinthesedistricts,over

11millioninWuhancity,and60millionintheHubeiprovince.Thisnumberisassameasthoseof

thepopulationofKoreaandtheUK.WhythelockdowninChinawasasuccess,isaverygoodtopic

forustoexamine.Hugeeconomicsupportbytheothercitiesandprovinces,highconcentrationof

Abstract

Q1. What stage now are we in the history of COVID-19?

Nooneknowswhen/howwillthespreadofCOVID-19end.Mysug-

gestion is thatnowweareat thedevelopmentstage.According to the

four-partstructureofChinesepoetry:verypopularthoughtinEastAsia,

introduction(起),development(承),turn(転),andconclusion(結),Isuppose

thatnowwearethe“development”stage.

BecauseCOVID-19startedinWuhan,HubeiprovinceinChinaaround

January2020anditspreadtoKorea,Japan,andmanycountriesinEurope

aroundMarch.ThesituationofChinawasgettingbetterandcontrolledin

April,thelockdowninWuhanwasalsofinishedinthefirstweekofApril.

Comparative Analysis on the Role of Community Health Systems at the age of Anti-COVID-19


medicalstaffincludingmilitarydoctors,theroleofthepersonalmonitoringsystembasedonthe

mobilephone.TheChinesesystemmustbestandardizedinothercountriesbecausewedonothave

agooddrugandvaccinesyet.

MypointisifwemakeacomparativeanalysisofthesituationofChinawiththecasesofIndia,

SouthAfrica,thehugescaleoflockdown,whythecasesofIndiaandSouthAfricaarenotasuccess.

Accordingtomypreliminaryresearchinacoupleofcountries,thePhilippinesisalsooneofthecases

withnosuccess.

AndhowtoexaminethecaseofJapan.Asyouknow,fromthenumberofpatients,deathrate,

andotherindexes,thesituationofJapanisnotthemostsuccessfulcaseassameasTaiwanand

Vietnam,butalsoitisnotthefailurecaseassameastheUS.Itisveryinterestingandimportantthat

theJapanesegovernmentdeclaredanemergencyfromApriltoMay,andaskedtheordinarypeople

includingforeignerstochangetheirbehaviorand“Stayathome”.

TheJapanesegovernmentdidnotselectthelockdownassameasChina,andotherEuropean

countries.Noregulations,nofine,butmanypeopleinJapanacceptthegovernmentdemandand

changedtheirbehavior.ThismethodisveryeffectivetocontrolCOVOD-19.InJune,thenumberof

thepatientsmildlydecreased,inJulyandAugust,theindexofthesituationswasnotmuchbetterby

re-openingtheactivities,butthesituationisprobablycontrolledby“self-restraint”.

Themainmethodofanti-COVOD-19inJapanhasbeen“self-restraint”,自粛inJapanese.Itis

noteasytotransfertoEnglishandotherlanguagesincludingChineseorKoreans.Thebackground

ofthisactionistraditionalJapanesediscipline,itisverysophisticated,butnoteasytocontinuefor

alongtime.

Inmypaper,Iwanttotouchmoreonthischaracteristicaspectoftheanti-COVID-19campaign

inJapan.IemphasizedthattheJapanesestyleismoresophisticated,butnoteasytocontinuefora

longtime.So,whenwilltheendofCOVID-19come/howwillcome,isthemostimportantissues

inJapan.

Response to Epidemic Disease in Ancient China and Its Characteristics

Abstract

Pestilenceshaveexistedsinceantiquityandrunthroughthehistoryof

humanbeings.Chinaisnoexception.AsearlyasYinandShangDynasties

overthreethousandyearsago,therehavebeendefiniterecordsofepidemic

disease.Althoughsuchrecordsareinconspicuousinamultitudeofbooks

inChinahistory,carefuluntanglingandthinkingrevealsmultipletracesof

pestilencesinthelonghistoryandenablesustofurtherponderoverthe

influencefactorsandhistoricallogic,soastoexplorethestateandmode

Name YuXinzhong

Affiliation NankaiUniversity

Books Public Health and Epidemic Prevention Mechanisms

in Qing Dynasty and Their Evolution in Modern China,

Beijing:BeijingNormalUniversityPress,2016.

The Epidemics and Society in Jiangnan during Qing

Dynasty: A Study on the Social History of Medical

Treatment,ChinaRenminUniversityPress,2003.

Articles “TreatmentofNightsoilandWaste inModernChina”, in

Angela Ki Che Leung and Charlotte Furth eds., Health

andHygieneinChineseEastAsia:PoliciesandPublicsin

the LongTwentiethCentury,DurhamandLondon:Duke

UniversityPress,2010.

“From Avoiding Disease to Preventing Disease: The

Evolving Concept of Disease Response in Late Qing

Dynasty”,ChineseStudiesinHistory,2014.


oflifeexistenceinlightofvariousrelationshipsincludingthosebetweenhumanbeingsandnature,

nationandsociety.

Althoughforalongtime,thistopicescapedthenoticeofhistorians,researchonmedicalsocial

historyinChinahasbeenspringingupsince1980sor1990sundervariousdomesticandforeign

influencefactors,particularlythedirectimpetusfromSARSin2003,andhasevolvedgraduallyinto

oneoftheremarkablefrontierresearchfieldsinChina.Disease,especiallyepidemicdisease,heath

practiceandepidemicpreventionattractedthemostattentioninsuchresearchandrelatedresearch

resultshavebeenobtained.Inthesestudies,theimportantepidemicsinChinahistoryweresorted

out, the response toepidemicsand theexperienceobtainedwere investigatedandsummarized

fromdifferentperspectivesandahighvaluewassetontheresponseandexperience.Undoubtedly,

thesestudiesarehelpful forustounderstandtheachievementsoftraditionaldiseasecontrol in

China.However,mostofthecurrentstudieslackanoverallperspective,deliberateelevationanda

lackofrigorisobservedinevaluationonepidemicpreventionachievements,andthecharacteristics

oftraditionalresponsetopestilencesinChinaareseldomdiscussedandsummarizedasawhole.

Therefore, with the attitude of historicism, this paper investigated the traditional response to

epidemicdiseaseandtheexperienceinChinafromanoverallperspective,inhopeofanalyzingthe

epidemicpreventionachievementsinancientChinaastheywereonthisfoundation.

In summary, the following three characteristics can be seen for traditional response to

epidemics.Firstofall,althoughthenationalwayspaidattentiontopestilencesandtheirtreatment,

acompletesystemofinstitutionalprovisionswasnotinplace,whichwasdifferentfromthecase

inotherdisasters,andtreatmentwasmainlyperformedvoluntarilybythesociety.Andthen,rich

andsignificantexperienceinrespondingtoepidemicswasaccumulatedthroughthelonghistoryof

China,butitwasemotionalandfragmentedwithoutsystematicreviewandsummary,andfailedto

giverisetoholisticknowledgeaboutepidemictreatment.Finally,withregardtoquarantine,thekey

toepidemicpreventionandtreatment,althoughtherewasavoidance,isolationandevenquarantine

outofintuitionandinstinctorforspecificpurposes,suchbehaviorwasnotencouragedorsupported

bymainstreamofthesocietyandideology,resultinginitsfailuretodevelopintheoryorpractice.

Inconclusion,richexperienceanddiversifiedmeasureswereaccumulatedbothinhealthpractice

andintreatmentofepidemicsinancientChina,whichareundoubtedlyourpreciousculturallegacy.

However,ithastobeadmittedthattheseexperienceandmeasuresdidnotdevelopintosystematic

understanding.Ononehand,intraditionalresponsetoepidemics,thesocietywasrelativelymore

proactive.Despitesomeachievements,thenationdidnottaketheresponsibilityinstitutionally,so

therewasnotmuchtobeproudoffromanationalperspective.Ontheotherhand,eventhoughrich

experiencewasaccumulatedinresponsetoepidemics,thereseemedtobealackofdrivingforce

topromotethesocietytosummarizeandimprovetheknowledgeaboutandmeasuresforepidemic

preventionandtreatment,andasfarasthekeyissueofinfectionwasconcerned,itspreventionand

controlwashinderedbyaforcethatcouldnotbeignored.Thatis,therewasanapparenttension

betweenthesocietyandthenationinresponsetoepidemics.

Keywords

Epidemicdisease,historyresearch,Chinesemedicine,socialscience


Name MarkHarrison

Affiliation OxfordUniversity

Books Society,MedicineandPoliticsinColonialIndia,Routledge,

2018.

Contagion: How Commerce Has Spread Disease, Yale

UniversityPress,2012.

The Medical War: British Military Medicine in the First

WorldWar,OxfordUniversityPress,2010.

Abstract

Itisoftensaidthatepidemicsandpandemicsseverelytestthesocieties

theyeffectbystrainingtheboundsofsocialcohesion.Accordingtowhat

hasbecomeconventionalhistoricalwisdom,majoroutbreaksofinfectious

diseasebringtothesurfacelatentsocialtensions,whichsometimeserupt

indramaticforms,includingriotingandattacksonsymbolsofauthority.

Somerecentscholarshipchallengesthisview,arguingthatsocialunrest

istheexceptionratherthantheruleandthatepidemicsoftenencourage

greatersocialcoherence.Thisraisesthequestionofwhysomesocieties

areabletowithstandepidemicsbetterthanothersandwhichconditions

tendtoproducesocialdisorderor-morespecifically-socialprotest.

My lecture briefly considers someof the key factorswhich have led

to social protest in previous epidemics/pandemics, before going on to

consider the currentpandemic in the light of historical examples.Since

Covid-19startedtospreadwithinandthenoutsideofChina,therehave

beenmanyprotestsaroundtheworldbuttheirnatureandintensityhas

variedenormously.Insomecases,theyhavefocusedontheinadequacy

ofgovernment interventionand inotherson itsoverbearingnature.The

lectureconsiderssomeofthereasonsforthesedifferencesandwhatwe

canexpectinfuture.

Presenter and Moderator

Name University e-mail

ParkYunjae KyungHeeUniversity [email protected]

ZhangChunmei QingdaoUniversityofTechnology [email protected]

ParkSungho KyungHeeUniversity [email protected]

LeeEunyoung KyungHeeUniversity [email protected]

YoonEunkyung KyungHeeUniversity [email protected]

IijimaWataru AoyamagakuinUniversity [email protected]

Yuxinzhong NankaiUniversity [email protected]

MarkHarrison OxfordUniversity [email protected]

ChoiSungmin KyungHeeUniversity [email protected]

JoeTegu KyungHeeUniversity [email protected]

LeeSangduk KyungHeeUniversity [email protected]

Pandemics and Protest: Historical Perspectives on Covid-19

The 1st International Conference of The HK+ Institute for Integrated Medical Humanities


the hk institute for integrated medical humanities

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