the honorable barack obama

8/14/2019 The Honorable Barack Obama

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The Honorable Barack ObamaPresident, United States of AmericaWhite House1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20500

Dear President Obama,

We, the undersigned scholars of Graeco-Roman antiquity, respectfullyrequest that you intervene to clean up some of the historical debris left insoutheast Europe by the previous U.S. administration.

On November 4, 2004, two days after the re-election of President George W.Bush, his administration unilaterally recognized the “Republic of Macedonia.”This action not only abrogated geographic and historic fact, but it also hasunleashed a dangerous epidemic of historical revisionism, of which the most

obvious symptom is the misappropriation by the government in Skopje of themost famous of Macedonians, Alexander the Great.

We believe that this silliness has gone too far, and that the U.S.A. has nobusiness in supporting the subversion of history. Let us review facts. (Thedocumentation for these facts [here in boldface] can be found attached and at:http://macedonia-evi...mentation.html)

The land in question, with its modern capital at Skopje, was called Paionia inantiquity. Mts. Barnous and Orbelos (which form today the northern limits ofGreece) provide a natural barrier that separated, and separates, Macedoniafrom its northern neighbor. The only real connection is along the Axios/VardarRiver and even this valley “does not form a line of communication because itis divided by gorges.”

While it is true that the Paionians were subdued by Philip II, father ofAlexander, in 358 B.C. they were not Macedonians and did not live inMacedonia. Likewise, for example, the Egyptians, who were subdued byAlexander, may have been ruled by Macedonians, including the famousCleopatra, but they were never Macedonians themselves, and Egypt wasnever called Macedonia.

Rather, Macedonia and Macedonian Greeks have been located for at least2,500 years just where the modern Greek province of Macedonia is. Exactlythis same relationship is true for Attica and Athenian Greeks, Argos andArgive Greeks, Corinth and Corinthian Greeks, etc.

We do not understand how the modern inhabitants of ancient Paionia, whospeak Slavic – a language introduced into the Balkans about a millenniumafter the death of Alexander – can claim him as their national hero. Alexanderthe Great was thoroughly and indisputably Greek. His great-great-greatgrandfather, Alexander I, competed in the Olympic Games where participation

was limited to Greeks.

http://macedonia-evidence.org/documentation.html)

http://macedonia-evidence.org/documentation.html)



Even before Alexander I, the Macedonians traced their ancestry to Argos, andmany of their kings used the head of Herakles - the quintessential Greek hero- on their coins.

Euripides – who died and was buried in Macedonia– wrote his play Archelaos

in honor of the great-uncle of Alexander, and in Greek. While in Macedonia,Euripides also wrote the Bacchai, again in Greek. Presumably theMacedonian audience could understand what he wrote and what they heard.

Alexander’s father, Philip, won several equestrian victories at Olympia andDelphi, the two most Hellenic of all the sanctuaries in ancient Greece wherenon-Greeks were not allowed to compete. Even more significantly, Philip wasappointed to conduct the Pythian Games at Delphi in 346 B.C. In other words,Alexander the Great’s father and his ancestors were thoroughly Greek. Greekwas the language used by Demosthenes and his delegation from Athenswhen they paid visits to Philip, also in 346 B.C. Another northern Greek,

Aristotle, went off to study for nearly 20 years in the Academy of Plato.Aristotle subsequently returned to Macedonia and became the tutor ofAlexander III. They used Greek in their classroom which can still be seen nearNaoussa in Macedonia.

Alexander carried with him throughout his conquests Aristotle’s edition ofHomer’s Iliad. Alexander also spread Greek language and culture throughouthis empire, founding cities and establishing centers of learning. Henceinscriptions concerning such typical Greek institutions as the gymnasium arefound as far away as Afghanistan. They are all written in Greek.

The questions follow: Why was Greek the lingua franca all over Alexander’sempire if he was a “Macedonian”? Why was the New Testament, for example,written in Greek?

The answers are clear: Alexander the Great was Greek, not Slavic, and Slavsand their language were nowhere near Alexander or his homeland until 1000years later. This brings us back to the geographic area known in antiquity asPaionia. Why would the people who live there now call themselvesMacedonians and their land Macedonia? Why would they abduct a completelyGreek figure and make him their national hero?

The ancient Paionians may or may not have been Greek, but they certainlybecame Greekish, and they were never Slavs. They were also notMacedonians. Ancient Paionia was a part of the Macedonian Empire. So wereIonia and Syria and Palestine and Egypt and Mesopotamia and Babylonia andBactria and many more. They may thus have become “Macedonian”temporarily, but none was ever “Macedonia”. The theft of Philip and Alexanderby a land that was never Macedonia cannot be justified.

The traditions of ancient Paionia could be adopted by the current residents ofthat geographical area with considerable justification. But the extension of the

geographic term “Macedonia” to cover southern Yugoslavia cannot. Even inthe late 19th century, this misuse implied unhealthy territorial aspirations.



The same motivation is to be seen in school maps that show the pseudo-greater Macedonia, stretching from Skopje to Mt. Olympus and labeled inSlavic. The same map and its claims are in calendars, bumper stickers, banknotes, etc., that have been circulating in the new state ever since it declared

its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. Why would a poor land-lockednew state attempt such historical nonsense? Why would it brazenly mock andprovoke its neighbor?

However one might like to characterize such behavior, it is clearly not a forcefor historical accuracy, nor for stability in the Balkans. It is sad that the UnitedStates of America has abetted and encouraged such behavior.

We call upon you, Mr. President, to help - in whatever ways you deemappropriate - the government in Skopje to understand that it cannot build anational identity at the expense of historic truth. Our common international

society cannot survive when history is ignored, much less when history isfabricated.

Sincerely,

NAME TITLE INSTITUTION

Harry C. Avery, Professor of Classics, University of Pittsburgh (USA)Dr. Dirk Backendorf. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz(Germany)Elizabeth C. Banks, Associate Professor of Classics (ret.), University ofKansas (USA)Luigi Beschi, professore emerito di Archeologia Classica, Universita diFirenze (Italy)Josine H. Blok, professor of Ancient History and Classical Civilization, UtrechtUniversity (The Netherlands)Alan Boegehold, Emeritus Professor of Classics, Brown University (USA)Efrosyni Boutsikas, Lecturer of Classical Archaeology, University of Kent (UK)Keith Bradley, Eli J. and Helen Shaheen Professor of Classics, ConcurrentProfessor of History, University of Notre Dame (USA)Stanley M. Burstein, Professor Emeritus, California State University, Los

Angeles (USA)Francis Cairns, Professor of Classical Languages, The Florida StateUniversity (USA)John McK. Camp II, Agora Excavations and Professor of Archaeology,ASCSA, Athens (Greece)Paul Cartledge, A.G. Leventis Professor of Greek Culture, University ofCambridge (UK)Paavo Castren, Professor of Classical Philology Emeritus, University ofHelsinki (Finland)William Cavanagh, Professor of Aegean Prehistory, University of Nottingham(UK)

Angelos Chaniotis, Professor, Senior Research Fellow, All Souls College,Oxford (UK)



Paul Christesen, Professor of Ancient Greek History, Dartmouth College(USA)Ada Cohen, Associate Professor of Art History, Dartmouth College (USA)Randall M. Colaizzi, Lecturer in Classical Studies, University ofMassachusetts-Boston (USA)

Kathleen M. Coleman, Professor of Latin, Harvard University (USA)Michael B. Cosmopoulos, Ph.D., Professor and Endowed Chair in GreekArchaeology, University of Missouri-St. Louis (USA)Kevin F. Daly, Assistant Professor of Classics, Bucknell University (USA)Wolfgang Decker, Professor emeritus of sport history, DeutscheSporthochschule, Koln (Germany)Luc Deitz, Ausserplanmassiger Professor of Mediaeval and RenaissanceLatin, University of Trier (Germany), and Curator of manuscripts and rarebooks, National Library of Luxembourg (Luxembourg)Michael Dewar, Professor of Classics, University of Toronto (Canada)John D. Dillery, Associate Professor of Classics, University of Virginia (USA)

Sheila Dillon, Associate Professor, Depts. of Art, Art History & Visual Studiesand Classical Studies, Duke University (USA)Douglas Domingo-Foraste, Professor of Classics, California State University,Long Beach (USA)Pierre Ducrey, professeur honoraire, Universite de Lausanne (Switzerland)Roger Dunkle, Professor of Classics Emeritus, Brooklyn College, CityUniversity of New York (USA)Michael M. Eisman, Associate Professor Ancient History and ClassicalArchaeology, Department of History, Temple University (USA)Mostafa El-Abbadi, Professor Emeritus, University of Alexandria (Egypt)R. Malcolm Errington, Professor fur Alte Geschichte (Emeritus) Philipps-Universitat, Marburg (Germany)Panagiotis Faklaris, Assistant Professor of Classical Archaeology, AristotleUniversity of Thessaloniki (Greece)Denis Feeney, Giger Professor of Latin, Princeton University (USA)Elizabeth A. Fisher, Professor of Classics and Art History, Randolph-MaconCollege (USA)Nick Fisher, Professor of Ancient History, Cardiff University (UK)R. Leon Fitts, Asbury J Clarke Professor of Classical Studies, Emeritus, FSA,Scot., Dickinson Colllege (USA)John M. Fossey FRSC, FSA, Emeritus Professor of Art History (and

Archaeology), McGill Univertsity, Montreal, and Curator of Archaeology,Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (Canada)Robin Lane Fox, University Reader in Ancient History, New College, Oxford(UK)Rainer Friedrich, Professor of Classics Emeritus, Dalhousie University,Halifax, N.S. (Canada)Heide Froning, Professor of Classical Archaeology, University of Marburg(Germany)Peter Funke, Professor of Ancient History, University of Muenster (Germany)Traianos Gagos, Professor of Greek and Papyrology, University of Michigan(USA)

Robert Garland, Roy D. and Margaret B. Wooster Professor of the Classics,Colgate University, Hamilton NY (USA)



Douglas E. Gerber, Professor Emeritus of Classical Studies, University ofWestern Ontario (Canada)Hans R. Goette, Professor of Classical Archaeology, University of Giessen(Germany); German Archaeological Institute, Berlin (Germany)Sander M. Goldberg, Professor of Classics, UCLA (USA)

Erich S. Gruen, Gladys Rehard Wood Professor of History and Classics,Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley (USA)Christian Habicht, Professor of Ancient History, Emeritus, Institute forAdvanced Study, Princeton (USA)Donald C. Haggis, Nicholas A. Cassas Term Professor of Greek Studies,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (USA)Judith P. Hallett, Professor of Classics, University of Maryland, College Park,MD (USA)Prof. Paul B. Harvey, Jr. Head, Department of Classics and AncientMediterranean Studies, The Pennsylvania State University (USA)Eleni Hasaki, Associate Professor of Classical Archaeology, University of

Arizona (USA)Miltiades B. Hatzopoulos, Director, Research Centre for Greek and RomanAntiquity, National Research Foundation, Athens (Greece)Wolf-Dieter Heilmeyer, Prof. Dr., Freie Universitat Berlin undAntikensammlung der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin (Germany)Steven W. Hirsch, Associate Professor of Classics and History, TuftsUniversity (USA)Karl-J. Holkeskamp, Professor of Ancient History, University of Cologne(Germany)Frank L. Holt, Professor of Ancient History, University of Houston (USA)Dan Hooley, Professor of Classics, University of Missouri (USA)Meredith C. Hoppin, Gagliardi Professor of Classical Languages, WilliamsCollege, Williamstown, MA (USA)Caroline M. Houser, Professor of Art History Emerita, Smith College (USA)and Affiliated Professor, University of Washington (USA)Georgia Kafka, Visiting Professor of Modern Greek Language, Literature andHistory, University of New Brunswick (Canada)Anthony Kaldellis, Professor of Greek and Latin, The Ohio State University(USA)Andromache Karanika, Assistant Professor of Classics, University ofCalifornia, Irvine (USA)

Robert A. Kaster, Professor of Classics and Kennedy Foundation Professor ofLatin, Princeton University (USA)Vassiliki Kekela, Adjunct Professor of Greek Studies, Classics Department,Hunter College, City University of New York (USA)Dietmar Kienast, Professor Emeritus of Ancient History, University ofDuesseldorf (Germany)Karl Kilinski II, University Distinguished Teaching Professor, SouthernMethodist University (USA)Dr. Florian Knauss, associate director, Staatliche Antikensammlungen undGlyptothek Muenchen (Germany)Denis Knoepfler, Professor of Greek Epigraphy and History, College de

France (Paris)Ortwin Knorr, Associate Professor of Classics, Willamette University (USA)



Robert B. Koehl, Professor of Archaeology, Department of Classical andOriental Studies Hunter College, City University of New York (USA)Georgia Kokkorou-Alevras, Professor of Classical Archaeology, University ofAthens (Greece)Ann Olga Koloski-Ostrow, Associate Professor and Chair, Department of

Classical Studies, Brandeis University (USA)Eric J. Kondratieff, Assistant Professor of Classics and Ancient History,Department of Greek & Roman Classics, Temple UniversityHaritini Kotsidu, Apl. Prof. Dr. fur Klassische Archaologie, Goethe-Universitat,Frankfurt/M. (Germany)Lambrini Koutoussaki, Dr., Lecturer of Classical Archaeology, University ofZurich (Switzerland)David Kovacs, Hugh H. Obear Professor of Classics, University of Virginia(USA)Peter Krentz, W. R. Grey Professor of Classics and History, Davidson College(USA)

Friedrich Krinzinger, Professor of Classical Archaeology Emeritus, Universityof Vienna (Austria)Michael Kumpf, Professor of Classics, Valparaiso University (USA)Donald G. Kyle, Professor of History, University of Texas at Arlington (USA)Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Helmut Kyrieleis, former president of the GermanArchaeological Institute, Berlin (Germany)Gerald V. Lalonde, Benedict Professor of Classics, Grinnell College (USA)Steven Lattimore, Professor Emeritus of Classics, University of California, LosAngeles (USA)Francis M. Lazarus, President, University of Dallas (USA)Mary R. Lefkowitz, Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities, Emerita,Wellesley College (USA)Iphigeneia Leventi, Assistant Professor of Classical Archaeology, University ofThessaly (Greece)Daniel B. Levine, Professor of Classical Studies, University of Arkansas(USA)Christina Leypold, Dr. phil., Archaeological Institute, University of Zurich(Switzerland)Vayos Liapis, Associate Professor of Greek, Centre d’Etudes Classiques &Departement de Philosophie, Universite de Montreal (Canada)Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Professor of Greek Emeritus, University of Oxford (UK)

Yannis Lolos, Assistant Professor, History, Archaeology, and Anthropology,University of Thessaly (Greece)Stanley Lombardo, Professor of Classics, University of Kansas, USAAnthony Long, Professor of Classics and Irving G. Stone Professor ofLiterature, University of California, Berkeley (USA)Julia Lougovaya, Assistant Professor, Department of Classics, ColumbiaUniversity (USA)A.D. Macro, Hobart Professor of Classical Languages emeritus, TrinityCollege (USA)John Magee, Professor, Department of Classics, Director, Centre for MedievalStudies, University of Toronto (Canada)

Dr. Christofilis Maggidis, Associate Professor of Archaeology, DickinsonCollege (USA)



Jeannette Marchand, Assistant Professor of Classics, Wright State University,Dayton, Ohio (USA)Richard P. Martin, Antony and Isabelle Raubitschek Professor in Classics,Stanford UniversityMaria Mavroudi, Professor of Byzantine History, University of California,

Berkeley (USA)Alexander Mazarakis Ainian, Professor of Classical Archaeology, University ofThessaly (Greece)James R. McCredie, Sherman Fairchild Professor emeritus; Director,Excavations in Samothrace Institute of Fine Arts, New York University (USA)James C. McKeown, Professor of Classics, University of Wisconsin-Madison(USA)Robert A. Mechikoff, Professor and Life Member of the International Societyof Olympic Historians, San Diego State University (USA)Andreas Mehl, Professor of Ancient History, Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg(Germany)

Harald Mielsch, Professor of Classical Archeology, University of Bonn(Germany)Stephen G. Miller, Professor of Classical Archaeology Emeritus, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley (USA)Phillip Mitsis, A.S. Onassis Professor of Classics and Philosophy, New YorkUniversity (USA)Peter Franz Mittag, Professor fur Alte Geschichte, Universitat zu Koln(Germany)David Gordon Mitten, James Loeb Professor of Classical Art andArchaeology, Harvard University (USA)Margaret S. Mook, Associate Professor of Classical Studies, Iowa StateUniversity (USA)Anatole Mori, Associate Professor of Classical Studies, University of Missouri-Columbia (USA)Jennifer Sheridan Moss, Associate Professor, Wayne State University (USA)Ioannis Mylonopoulos, Assistant Professor of Greek Art History andArchaeology, Columbia University, New York (USA).Richard Neudecker, PD of Classical Archaeology, DeutschesArchaologisches Institut Rom (Italy)James M.L. Newhard, Associate Professor of Classics, College of Charleston(USA)

Carole E. Newlands, Professor of Classics, University of Wisconsin, Madison(USA)John Maxwell O'Brien, Professor of History, Queens College, City Universityof New York (USA)James J. O'Hara, Paddison Professor of Latin, The University of NorthCarolina, Chapel Hill (USA)Martin Ostwald, Professor of Classics (ret.), Swarthmore College andProfessor of Classical Studies (ret.), University of Pennsylvania (USA)Olga Palagia, Professor of Classical Archaeology, University of Athens(Greece)Vassiliki Panoussi, Associate Professor of Classical Studies, The College of

William and Mary (USA)Maria C. Pantelia, Professor of Classics, University of California, Irvine (USA)



Pantos A.Pantos, Adjunct Faculty, Department of History, Archaeology andSocial Anthropology, University of Thessaly (Greece)Anthony J. Papalas, Professor of Ancient History, East Carolina University(USA)Nassos Papalexandrou, Associate Professor, The University of Texas at

Austin (USA)Polyvia Parara, Visiting Assistant Professor of Greek Language andCivilization, Department of Classics, Georgetown University (USA)Richard W. Parker, Associate Professor of Classics, Brock University(Canada)Robert Parker, Wykeham Professor of Ancient History, New College, Oxford(UK)Anastasia-Erasmia Peponi, Associate Professor of Classics, StanfordUniversity (USA)Jacques Perreault, Professor of Greek archaeology, Universite de Montreal,Quebec (Canada)

Yanis Pikoulas, Associate Professor of Ancient Greek History, University ofThessaly (Greece)John Pollini, Professor of Classical Art & Archaeology, University of SouthernCalifornia (USA)David Potter, Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Greek and Latin. The Universityof Michigan (USA)Robert L. Pounder, Professor Emeritus of Classics, Vassar College (USA)Nikolaos Poulopoulos, Assistant Professor in History and Chair in ModernGreek Studies, McGill University (Canada)William H. Race, George L. Paddison Professor of Classics, University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill (USA)John T. Ramsey, Professor of Classics, University of Illinois at Chicago (USA)Karl Reber, Professor of Classical Archaeology, University of Lausanne(Switzerland)Rush Rehm, Professor of Classics and Drama, Stanford University (USA)Werner Riess, Associate Professor of Classics, The University of NorthCarolina at Chapel Hill (USA)Robert H. Rivkin, Ancient Studies Department, University of MarylandBaltimore County (USA)Barbara Saylor Rodgers, Professor of Classics, The University of Vermont(USA)

Robert H. Rodgers. Lyman-Roberts Professor of Classical Languages andLiterature, University of Vermont (USA)Nathan Rosenstein, Professor of Ancient History, The Ohio State University(USA)John C. Rouman, Professor Emeritus of Classics, University of NewHampshire, (USA)Dr. James Roy, Reader in Greek History (retired), University of Nottingham(UK)Steven H. Rutledge, Associate Professor of Classics, Department of Classics,University of Maryland, College Park (USA)Christina A. Salowey, Associate Professor of Classics, Hollins University

(USA)Guy D. R. Sanders, Resident Director of Corinth Excavations, The American



School of Classical Studies at Athens (Greece)Theodore Scaltsas, Professor of Ancient Greek Philosophy, University ofEdinburgh (UK)Thomas F. Scanlon, Professor of Classics, University of California, Riverside(USA)

Bernhard Schmaltz, Prof. Dr. Archaologisches Institut der CAU, Kiel(Germany)Rolf M. Schneider, Professor of Classical Archaeology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen (Germany)Peter Scholz, Professor of Ancient History and Culture, University of Stuttgart(Germany)Christof Schuler, director, Commission for Ancient History and Epigraphy ofthe German Archaeological Institute, Munich (Germany)Paul D. Scotton, Assoociate Professor Classical Archaeology and Classics,California State University Long Beach (USA)Danuta Shanzer, Professor of Classics and Medieval Studies, The University

of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Fellow of the Medieval Academy ofAmerica (USA)James P. Sickinger, Associate Professor of Classics, Florida State University(USA)Marilyn B. Skinner, Professor of Classics, University of Arizona (USA)Niall W. Slater, Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Latin and Greek, EmoryUniversity (USA)Peter M. Smith, Associate Professor of Classics, University of North Carolinaat Chapel Hill (USA)Dr. Philip J. Smith, Research Associate in Classical Studies, McGill University(Canada)Susan Kirkpatrick Smith Assistant Professor of Anthropology Kennesaw StateUniversity (USA)Antony Snodgrass, Professor Emeritus of Classical Archaeology, University ofCambridge (UK)Theodosia Stefanidou-Tiveriou, Professor of Classical Archaeology, AristotleUniversity of Thessaloniki (Greece).Andrew Stewart, Nicholas C. Petris Professor of Greek Studies, University ofCalifornia, Berkeley (USA)Oliver Stoll, Univ.-Prof. Dr., Alte Geschichte/ Ancient History,UniversitatPassau (Germany)

Richard Stoneman, Honorary Fellow, University of Exeter (England)Ronald Stroud, Klio Distinguished Professor of Classical Languages andLiterature Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley (USA)Sarah Culpepper Stroup, Associate Professor of Classics, University ofWashington (USA)Nancy Sultan, Professor and Director, Greek & Roman Studies, IllinoisWesleyan University (USA)David W. Tandy, Professor of Classics, University of Tennessee (USA)James Tatum, Aaron Lawrence Professor of Classics, Dartmouth CollegeMartha C. Taylor, Associate Professor of Classics, Loyola College inMaryland

Petros Themelis, Professor Emeritus of Classical Archaeology, Athens(Greece)



Eberhard Thomas, Priv.-Doz. Dr.,Archaologisches Institut der Universitat zuKoln (Germany)Michalis Tiverios, Professor of Classical Archaeology, Aristotle University ofThessaloniki (Greece)Michael K. Toumazou, Professor of Classics, Davidson College (USA)

Stephen V. Tracy, Professor of Greek and Latin Emeritus, Ohio StateUniversity (USA)Prof. Dr. Erich Trapp, Austrian Academy of Sciences/Vienna resp. Universityof Bonn (Germany)Stephen M. Trzaskoma, Associate Professor of Classics, University of NewHampshire (USA)Vasiliki Tsamakda, Professor of Christian Archaeology and Byzantine Historyof Art, University of Mainz (Germany)Christopher Tuplin, Professor of Ancient History, University of Liverpool (UK)Gretchen Umholtz, Lecturer, Classics and Art History, University ofMassachusetts, Boston (USA)

Panos Valavanis, Professor of Classical Archaeology, University of Athens(Greece)Athanassios Vergados, Visiting Assistant Professor of Classics, Franklin &Marshall College, Lancaster, PAChristina Vester, Assistant Professor of Classics, University of Waterloo(Canada)Emmanuel Voutiras, Professor of Classical Archaeology, Aristotle Universityof Thessaloniki (Greece)Speros Vryonis, Jr., Alexander S. Onassis Professor (Emeritus) of HellenicCivilization and Culture, New York University (USA)Michael B. Walbank, Professor Emeritus of Greek, Latin & Ancient History,The University of Calgary (Canada)Bonna D. Wescoat, Associate Professor, Art History and AncientMediterranean Studies, Emory University (USA)E. Hector Williams, Professor of Classical Archaeology, University of BritishColumbia (Canada)Roger J. A. Wilson, Professor of the Archaeology of the Roman Empire, andDirector, Centre for the Study of Ancient Sicily, University of British Columbia,Vancouver (Canada)Engelbert Winter, Professor for Ancient History, University of Munster(Germany)

Timothy F. Winters, Ph.D. Alumni Assn. Distinguished Professor of Classics,Austin Peay State University (USA)Michael Zahrnt, Professor fur Alte Geschichte, Universitat zu Koln (Germany)Paul Zanker, Professor Emeritus of Classical Studies, University of Munich(Germany)

the honorable barack obama

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