the human body: an orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th body...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 1The Human Body: An Orientation
![Page 2: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Anatomy Concrete structure that can be seen, felt and examined
![Page 3: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Physiology
Function of the body; explains how the body parts work and carry out activities
![Page 4: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
12 Body Systems, pages 6-71. Integumentary 7. Nervous2. Skeletal 8. Endocrine3. Muscular 9. Cardiovascular4. Lymphatic 10. Urinary5. Respiratory 11. Male Reproductive6. Digestive 12. Female Reproductive
![Page 5: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1st Body System: IntegumentaryAnatomy: skin, nail, hair, sweat/oil glands
Physio: 1. first line of defense to protect organism
2. Synthesizes vita D
3. Contains receptors for TOUCH sense
![Page 6: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
2nd Body System: SkeletalAnatomy: bones, cartilage, joints, bone markings
Physio: 1. Protects and supports body organs
2. Provides a framework for muscles
3. Blood cell formation
![Page 7: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
3rd Body System: Muscular
Anatomy: muscles
Physio: 1. Locomotion
2. Facial expression
3. Maintains posture
4. Produces heat
![Page 8: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
4th Body System: Lymphatic System
Anatomy: red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, spleen, lymph nodes
Physio: 1. returns leaked fluids to bloodstream
2. Disposes of debris
3. Stores white blood cells
4. Attacks foreign substances
![Page 9: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
5th Body System: Respiratory
Anatomy: lung, air sac, alveoli, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchus,
Physio: 1. Supplies O2 and removes CO2
2. Gas exchange
![Page 10: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
6th Body System: Digestive
Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, mouth, saliva, rectum, anus, esophagus
Physio: 1. Breaks down food into absorbable units entering bloodstream
2. Distributes to body cells
3. Forms and disposes waste as feces
![Page 11: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
7th Body System: Nervous
Anatomy: brain, nerves, spine
Physio: responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate glands and/or muscles
![Page 12: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
8th Body System: Endocrine System
Anatomy: pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaray, testis
Physio: Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes:
a. Growth c. Metabolismb. Reproduction
![Page 13: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
9th Body System: Cardiovascular
Anatomy: heart, blood vessels
Physio: 1. Transports O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc
2. Heart pumps blood
![Page 14: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
10th Body System: Urinary System
Anatomy: urine, kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
Physio: 1. Eliminates nitrogenous waste
2. Regulates water, elecrolyte and pH balance of blood
![Page 15: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
11th Body System: Male Reproductive System
Anatomy: prostate, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens
Physio: 1. Vital to produce offspring
2. Produce sperm & testosterone
![Page 16: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
12th Body System: Female Reproductive System
Anatomy: mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube
Physio: 1. Production AND development of offspring
2. Produces female sex hormones
3. Production of ovules
4. Formation of the placenta
![Page 17: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
6 Types of Anatomy
1. Gross2. Regional3. Systemic4. Surface5. Microscopic6. Developmental
![Page 18: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Gross Anatomy
The study of large body parts
![Page 19: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Regional Anatomy
A particular area studying all of the parts that make up a specific region of the body
EX: muscles, skin, tissue, bone, joint, cartilage that make up the leg
![Page 20: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Systemic Anatomy
The study of a body system- all of its related organs and/or vessels
![Page 21: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Surface Anatomy
An example of gross anatomy that studies the general form and superficial markings
EX: identifying vessels to determine a pulse
![Page 22: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Microscopic Anatomy
Structures that require a microscope and/or technology to magnify its composition
CYTOLOGY: the study of cells
HISTOLOGY: the study of tissues
![Page 23: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Developmental Anatomy
Structural changes throughout the organism’s life span
![Page 24: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
CHAPTER 1 TEST IS ONTuesday, 8/30= AWednesday, 8/31= B
![Page 25: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
TEST SECURITY
● Long sleeves must be rolled up to elbows● No hoodies/garmets with front pocket● Cell phone NOT be in pocket and/or worn
on the body during testing
![Page 26: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Consequence for CHEATING
● YOU WILL CONFESS YOUR PARENT/GUARDIAN WHAT YOU DID
● A ZERO WILL BE GIVEN FOR THE BREACHED TEST
![Page 27: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Orientation and Directional Terms pg. 12
Superior
Inferior
![Page 28: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Orientation and Directional Terms pg. 12
ventral/anterior dorsal/posterior
![Page 29: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Orientation and Directional Terms, pg. 12
Medial: towards the center; INNER side
Lateral: away from the center; OUTER side
![Page 30: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Orientation and Directional Terms, pg.12
Proximal: closer to shoulder/thigh
Distal: away from shoulder/thigh
![Page 31: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Orientation and Directional Terms, pg.12
Superficial: on the surface; external
Deep: internal
His Holiness- the 14th Dali Lama
![Page 32: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cavities
Cavities are internal spaces made up of a layer of membranes (lining) providing degrees of protection. Types of cavities:
1. Dorsal: protects the nervous sytem made up ofa. Cranial cavity: helmet for the SKULLb. Spinal cavity: cape for the VERTEBRAE
![Page 33: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ventral Body Cavity protects VISCERAL ORGANS
Refers to the BELLY view of an organism as it is lying on its back.
2 major cavities that are found in the VBC:
a. Thoracicb. Abdominopelvic
![Page 34: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
VENTRAL CAVITY
a. Thoracic: CHEST area includesi. Pleural cavity- lungs
ii. Superior Mediastinum- esophagus, trachea, etciii. Pericardial Mediastinum- heart
b. Abdominopelvici. Abdomen: digestive
ii. Pelvic: bladder, reproductive, rectum
![Page 35: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants
RUQ LUQRLQ LLQ
![Page 36: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
9 Abdominopelvic Regions: organs
R. Hypochondriac Epigastric L. Hypochondriac
Liver, Gallbladder Stomach Diaphragm
R. Lumbar Umbilical L. Lumbar
Ascend. Colon Small intestine Descend. Colon
R. iliac/inguinal Hypogastric L. iliac/inguinal
Cecum, appendix pubic, bladder
![Page 37: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Planes & SectionsSagittal
Coronal
Transverse
![Page 38: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Sagittal: vertical incision dividing in LEFT and RIGHT sections
![Page 39: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Frontal/Coronal: vertical incision dividing a specimen by its FRONT and BACK sides
![Page 40: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Transverse: a horizontal incision to divide an organism by TOP vs BOTTOM
![Page 41: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Ch. 2Chemistry Comes Alive
![Page 42: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Common ELEMENTS Composing the Human Body
What’s an element? A substance made up only of one type of atom; it is composed by its atomic weight, atomic and mass number.
![Page 43: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
3 Categories of ELEMENTS: Major, Lesser, Trace
4 MAJOR: 96.1% of the bodyELEMENT
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
ATOMIC SYMBOL
O
C
H
N
% BODY MASS
65%
18.5
9.5
3.2
FUNCTIONS
Found in organic and inorganic compounds
Main ingredient in organic compounds
Influences pH of body fluids
Found in proteins and nucleic acids
![Page 44: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
9 Lesser Elements= 3.9%
Element Atomic Symbol
Body Mass %
Functions
Calcium Ca 1.5 Salts in bones, teeth; used for muscle contraction & blood
clotting
Phosphorus P 1.0 Bones, teeth, nucleic acids and ATP
Potassium K .4 Conducts nerve impulse and muscle contraction
![Page 45: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Lesser Elements: 3.9%
Element Atomic Symbol
Body Mass
Functions
Sulfur S .3 Found in muscle proteins
Sodium Na .2 Found in the outer fluid of cells; vital in nerve conduction, muscle contraction, water balance
Chlorine Cl .2 Found in outer fluid of cells
![Page 46: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Lesser Elements: 3.9%
Element Atomic Symbol
Body Mass %
Functions
Magnesium Mg .1 Present bone; metabolic reactions
Iodine I .1 Used to produce thyroid hormones
Iron Fe .1 Found in hemoglobin (oxygenated red blood cells)
![Page 47: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
11 Trace Elements (<.01%) found in enzymes or are required for enzyme action
Element Atomic Symbol
Chromium Cr
Cobalt Co
Copper Cu
Fluorine F
Manganese Mn
Molybdenum Mo
![Page 48: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
11 Trace Elements-
Element Atomic Symbol
Selenium Se
Silicon Si
Tin Sn
Vanadium V
Zinc Zn
![Page 49: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Chemical Reactions, pg. 35
Definition: occurs whenever chemical bonds are
1. Formed2. Rearranged3. Broken
![Page 50: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Temperature, pg. 38
Increasing temperature will increase the force of their collisions; therefore, chemical reactions occur faster at higher temps.
![Page 51: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Concentration, pg. 38
Higher percentage of reacting particles, allowing for successful interactions
![Page 52: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Catalysts, pg. 38
Also known as enzymes, primarily function as a method to speed up chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy
![Page 53: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Part 2- BIOCHEMISTRY, pp 38-56
Def: study of chemical composition & reactions of living organisms.
2 Major Classes of chemicals:
A. Organic- carbon is present; large and covalently bonded
B. Inorganic- carbon is absent; ex: water, salts, acids and bases
![Page 54: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
WATER, pp 38-39
● Most abundant inorganic compound =60-80% in volume of the human body
● Hydrogen bonded molecules allow for 5 unique properties:a. High heat capacityb. High heat vaporizationc. Polar solvent propertiesd. Reactivity e. Cushioning
![Page 55: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
High Heat Capacity, pg 38
Water temperature slowly changes its temperature to prevent homeostatic imbalance of shocking the system. The water’s temp in the blood redistributes heat among body tissues
![Page 56: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
WATER is cooool! High Heat of Vaporization
● Vaporization is same as evaporation● Liquid → Gas● Homeostatic Balance: Perspiration evaporates from
skin, resulting in efficient cooling
![Page 57: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Polar Solvent Properties, pg. 38
● All internal cells are bathed in a solution● Water’s negative region attracts a solute’s positive
region● HYDRATION LAYERS form around colloids, such as
blood and cerebral spinal fluid (csf)
![Page 58: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Reactivity, pg. 39
Water is THE REACTANT in chemical reactions
2 Types of Chemical Reactions:
● Hydrolysis- water splitting● Dehydrating synthesis- water is removed in a
decomposition reaction
![Page 59: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Cushioning, pg.39
A liquid protective shield to protect against trauma.
Classic example: CSF
![Page 60: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
2nd Inorganic Compound- SALT, pg. 39
● Made up of H+ and OH-● It is categorized as an Electrolyte (salts that carry an
electrical charge)● Salt in human body:
○ Calcium phoshate- hardens teeth & bones○ Sodium-Potassium pump- muscle contraction &
nerve impulse rely on the electrical charge
![Page 61: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Electrolytes……. fyi
● Found in Na, K, Ca, Cl-, Mg● Sources:
○ FOOD○ BEVERAGES
■ Coconut water■ Produce: lime, lemon, orange, sweet potato, all
squash, tomato
![Page 62: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Acids, pg 39
● Known as PROTON DONORS● pH scale= 1-6● Releases H+ (hydrogen ions) ● EX in the body
○ HCl= hydrochloric acid (stomach acid) helps digestion occur
![Page 63: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Base, pp. 39-40
● PROTON ACCEPTORS● pH scale= 8-14● Releases OH- (hydroxyl ions)● EX in the body
○ Bicarbonate ion= found in blood○ ammonia = waste product in urine
![Page 64: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
4 types of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. Carbohydrate2. Lipid3. Protein4. Nucleic Acid
![Page 65: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Carbohydrate- pp43-44, fig. 2.15MONO (1)
SACCHARIDE
GlucoseSimple sugarFructoseGalactoseDeoxyriboseRibose
Molecular Structure (a)
DI (2)
SACCHARIDE
SucroseMaltoseLactose
Molecular Structure (b)
POLY (MANY)
SACCHARIDE
glycogen Molecular Structure (c)
![Page 66: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Lipids- pp.45-46, fig2.16
Triglyceride Molecular Structure (a)
● Protects/insulates organs● Major source of stored energy
Phospholipid Molecular Structure (b)
Cell membrane
Steroid Molecular Structure (c)
Cholesterol sex hormonesBile salts adrenocortical hormoneVita D
Eicosanoid Compounds made from EFA; Prostaglandins used in: blood clotting, bp, inflammation and labor contractions
![Page 67: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Proteins- pp47-51, fig.2.17 and Table 2.3
Fibrous
Collagen Most abundant protein in the body; found in parts that have connective tissue: bone, tendons and ligaments
Keratin Hair, nails, and allows skin to be water-resistant
Elastin Coupled with collagen provides durability & flexibility in ligaments
![Page 68: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Proteins-pp. 47-51, table 2.3
Globular
Catalyst Speeds up chemical reactions
Hemoglobin A transport protein that carries O2 in blood
Albumin Maintains blood pH
Antibodies Recognize and fight pathogens
![Page 69: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Nucleic Acids- pp53-55, fig 2.22 & Table 2.4
DNA Molecular structure (a)
Double stranded
Genetic materialSynthesizes proteinMitosis
RNA Single strand Assists in making proteins
ATP Fig. 2.23
![Page 70: The Human Body: An Orientationrothal.weebly.com/uploads/4/0/6/3/40633057/a_p_chapter_1_2.pdf6th Body System: Digestive Anatomy: stomach, small/ large intestines, trachea, ... prevent](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042212/5eb5321ff2c6a9162f74823d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
ATP- pp55-56, fig. 2.23
● Adenosine TriPhosphate● Chemical energy released in cellular respiration● Energy comes from breaking a phosphate tail bond