the human body: an orientation chapter 1 part 1. three essential concepts that unify anatomy and...
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The Human Body: An Orientation
Chapter 1
Part 1
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Three essential concepts that unify Anatomy and Physiology:
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What is Anatomy?
• Structure of body parts
• Relationship of body parts
• Concrete subject
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What is Physiology?
• Function of the machinery
• Processes of the body• Relationship of biology
and chemistry
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Topics of AnatomyLevels 0f Study
• Macroscopic Anatomy– AKA “gross anatomy”– Study of large body
parts visible to the naked eye
– Dissection of animals– Subdivisions include:
• Regional anatomy• Systemic anatomy• Surface anatomy
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Topics of AnatomyLevels 0f Study
• Microscopic Anatomy– Study of structures too
small to be seen with the naked eye
– Subdivisions include:• Cytology – cells• Histology – tissues
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Topics in Anatomy (con’t)
• Developmental Anatomy– Traces structural
changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
– Subdivisions include:• Embryology -
developmental changes before birth
• Pathological Anatomy – structural changes associated with disease.
• Radiographic Anatomy – body structures which can be visualized with x-rays
• Molecular Biology• Anatomical
Terminology
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Some Topics of Physiology• Renal physiology – kidney function and
urine production• Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous
system• Cardiovascular physiology – operation of
heart and blood • Immunology – how the body defends itself
from disease causing agents• Endocrinology, pathophysiology, exercise
physiology
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Complementarity of Structures and Functions
Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level
Organism Level
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Molecular Level
urea
catalase
atoms
Cellular Level
basophil
epithelium
Atoms combine to form molecules Cells are made up of molecules
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Tissue Level Organ Level
tongue
kidney
tongue taste buds
kidney tubules
Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organs are made up of similar types of tissues
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A(n) _____ is a group of cells with a similar structure and function
a) organ
b) molecule
c) organ system
d) tissue
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Slide 1.4
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Integumentary
• Forms the external body covering
• Protects deeper tissue from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a
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Slide 1.5
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides muscle attachment for movement
• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b
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Slide 1.6
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
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Slide 1.7
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control system
• Responds to internal and external change
• Activates muscles and glands
Figure 1.2d
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Slide 1.8
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
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Slide 1.9
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• WastesFigure 1.2f
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Slide 1.10
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
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Slide 1.11
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Slide 1.12
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i
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Slide 1.13
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid – base balance
• Regulation of materials
•Water
• ElectrolytesFigure 1.2j
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Slide 1.14
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Reproductive
• Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k
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Identify four organ systems. Name two organs associated with each
organ system.
• 1.a.
b.
• 2. a.
b.
• 3.a.
b.
• 4. a.
b.
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Organism
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Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings