the human life cycle. cells dividing in an early embryo
TRANSCRIPT
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THE HUMAN LIFE THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLECYCLE
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CELLS DIVIDING IN AN CELLS DIVIDING IN AN EARLY EMBRYOEARLY EMBRYO
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THE THE CELL CYCLECELL CYCLE = = THE DAY-TO-DAY LIFE THE DAY-TO-DAY LIFE OF A CELLOF A CELL
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CELL NUCLEICELL NUCLEI
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CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES IN THE CELL NUCLEUS IN THE CELL NUCLEUS- CHROMOSOMES ARE MADE OF DNA- CHROMOSOMES ARE MADE OF DNA
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CHROMOSOMES CHROMOSOMES DUPLICATE BEFORE DUPLICATE BEFORE CELLS DIVIDECELLS DIVIDE
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A DIVIDING CELLA DIVIDING CELL
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CELL DIVISION - CELL DIVISION - MITOSISMITOSIS
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CELL DIVISION - CELL DIVISION - MITOSISMITOSIS
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INTERPHASEINTERPHASE
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PROPHASEPROPHASE
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METAPHASEMETAPHASE
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ANAPHASEANAPHASE
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TELOPHASETELOPHASE
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CELL DIVISION - CELL DIVISION - MITOSISMITOSIS
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SKIN CELLS ARE SKIN CELLS ARE CONSTANTLY DIVIDINGCONSTANTLY DIVIDING
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BREAST CELLSBREAST CELLSNORMAL CANCEROUSNORMAL CANCEROUS
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COMPARISON OF COMPARISON OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSISMITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
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MEIOSISMEIOSIS – MEIOSIS I – MEIOSIS I
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MEIOSIS – MEIOSIS IIMEIOSIS – MEIOSIS II
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DOWN’S SYNDROMEDOWN’S SYNDROME
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Characteristics of Down’s Characteristics of Down’s SyndromeSyndrome There are over 50 clinical signs of Down syndrome, but it is rare to find all or even most of them in There are over 50 clinical signs of Down syndrome, but it is rare to find all or even most of them in
one person. Some common characteristics and down syndrome facts include:one person. Some common characteristics and down syndrome facts include:
Poor muscle tonePoor muscle tone
Slanting eyes with folds of skin at the inner corners (called epicanthal folds)Slanting eyes with folds of skin at the inner corners (called epicanthal folds)
Hyperflexibility (excessive ability to extend the joints)Hyperflexibility (excessive ability to extend the joints)
Short, broad hands with a single crease across the palm on one or both handsShort, broad hands with a single crease across the palm on one or both hands
Broad feet with short toesBroad feet with short toes
Flat bridge of the noseFlat bridge of the nose
Short, low-set earsShort, low-set ears
Short neckShort neck
Small headSmall head
Small oral cavitySmall oral cavity
Short, high-pitched cries in infancy. Short, high-pitched cries in infancy.
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MATERNAL AGE vs. MATERNAL AGE vs. RATE OF DOWN’S RATE OF DOWN’S
SYNDROMESYNDROME
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KARYOTYPINGKARYOTYPING = a technique to visualize the = a technique to visualize the chromosomes and number of chromosomes in a chromosomes and number of chromosomes in a dividing celldividing cell
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HUMAN FEMALE HUMAN FEMALE KARYOTYPEKARYOTYPE
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HUMAN MALE HUMAN MALE KARYOTYPEKARYOTYPE
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DOWN’S SYNDROME DOWN’S SYNDROME KARYOTYPEKARYOTYPE
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COMPARISON OF COMPARISON OF MITOSIS AND MEIOSISMITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
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NONDISJUNCTIONNONDISJUNCTION = failure of = failure of chromosomes to separate chromosomes to separate during meiosisduring meiosis
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FERTILIZATION AFTER FERTILIZATION AFTER NONDISJUNCTION IN NONDISJUNCTION IN AN EGGAN EGG
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AmniocentesisAmniocentesis = sampling the = sampling the amnionic fluid around the fetus amnionic fluid around the fetus for fetal cellsfor fetal cells
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Chorionic Villi SamplingChorionic Villi Sampling = = sampling the placental cells sampling the placental cells which have the same DNA as which have the same DNA as fetal cellsfetal cells
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KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROMEKLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME (XXY) = due to nondisjunction (XXY) = due to nondisjunction of sex chromosomesof sex chromosomes
Due to fertilization with an egg or sperm that has an extra X chromosome
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TURNER’S SYNDROMETURNER’S SYNDROME (XO) = (XO) = due to nondisjunction of sex due to nondisjunction of sex chromosomeschromosomes
Due to fertilization with an egg or sperm lacking an X chromosome
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Proteins Perform Most Proteins Perform Most Cell FunctionsCell Functions