1. THE HUMAN RESPIRATORYSYSTEMTHE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

2. SUBMITTED TODr.PADMAPRIYA .P.VN.S.S TRAINING COLLEGEPANDALAMSUBMITTED BYANJANA VIDYADHARANNATURAL SCIENCEN.S.S TRAINING COLLEGEPANDALAM 3. THE HUMAN RESPIRATORYSYSTEM UNIT 4. FRIENDS DO YOU KNOWWHAT IS RESPIRATORYSYSTEM 5. The Human Respiratory SystemRespiratory system (or ventilatory system) is a biologicalsystem consisting of specific organs and structures usedforthe process of respiration in an organism. Therespiratory system is involved in the intake and exchangeof oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and theenvironment.In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings, respirationtakes place in the respiratory organs called lungs. Thepassage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygenis known as inhalation, and the passage of air out of thelungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation; thisprocess is collectively called breathing or ventilation. Inhumans and other mammals, the anatomical features ofthe respiratory system include trachea, bronchi, 6. bronchioles, lungs, and diaphragm. Molecules ofoxygen and carbon dioxide are passivelyexchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseousexternal environment and the blood. Thisexchange process occurs in the alveoli air sacs inthe lungs.In fish and many invertebrates,respiration takes place through the gills. Otheranimals, such as insects, have respiratory systemswith very simple anatomical features, and inamphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gasexchange. Plants also have respiratory systemsbut 7. but the directionality of gas exchange can beopposite to that in animals. The respiratorysystem in plants also includes anatomicalfeatures such as holes on the undersides of leavesknown as stomata. 8. Key conceptAIR TRACT INSPIRATION EXPIRATION 9. CELLULARRESPIRATIONGLYCOLISIS KREB S CYCLE 10. Respiratory systemAkku and chiku were playing in schoolplayground . 11. Yes ,when you runfast you need moreenergy.What is the linkbetween energyand breathing. 12. This is a processknown asrespiration..Do you know howthese process takesplace 13. No let us study theprocess.. 14. Respiratory systemRespiratory system is the organs in your body thathelps your body that helps you breath.so you candeliver oxygen and take away carbondioxide. 15. Parts of respiratory system Observe the image and videos given.. 16. OBSERVE THE VIDEOS GIVEN1.a 17. 1.b 18. Wow thetrachea is likewater pipeAnd the lungs isexactly look like thehalf of tomato.lethave a look on it 19. Observe the image 20. Parts and functions The respiratory system extends from the nostrils tothe lungs. Nostrils- The opening through which air enters thebody.There are minute hairs and mucosa in thenostrils.They prevent the entry of dust and harmfulgerms into the lungs. Nasal cavity-the chamber following the nostrils.Itopens into the pharynx. Epiglottis-The oesophagus and trachea start at thepharynx ,a common passage for food and air.So thereis a chance for food to enter the trachea.it is theepiglottis that prevent this. 21. Trachea-Starts at the pharynx .It is made up ofincomplete rings of cartilage.There are cilia andmucus in this. Bronchi-Two branches of the trachea.Each openinto a lung on each side. Lungs-Two lungs found on either side of the heartin the the thoracic cavity.These are soft,spongy,and elastic air bag.Lungs are lobularorgans.The right lung has three lobes,the left hastwo lobes. 22. The branching network of bronchi,bronchioles, and alveoliconstitute the lung. Pleura-Double membrane covering the lung.There is a fluidbetween these membranes.The fluid reduces friction whenthe lungs contract and relax. Bronchioles-Branches of the bronchi.carry air into the alveoli. Alveoli-Each bronchiole ends in a group of alveoli.The lung ismade up of alveoli.There are blood capillaries covering thealveoli.Exchange of gases takesplace at the alveoli.The alveoliincrease the surface area of the lungs,thus making exchangeof gases efficient. Diaphragm-It is the largest muscle of the body. 23. Respiratory system consists ofNostrils Nasal cavity PharynxTrachea Bronchi BronchiolesAlveoli 24. Mechanism of breathing Observe the given diagram and the video 25. The pathway of inspirationAtmospheric air External nostrils Nasal cavityNasopharynx Larynx TracheaBronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ductAlveoli.The pathway of Expiration.Alveoli Alveolar ducts BronciolesBronchi Trachea Larynx NasopharynxNasal cavity External nostrils Atmospere. 26. The inflow and out flow of air between atmosphereand te alveoli of the lungs is called breathing It is effected by the expansion and contraction oflungs. During inspiration (inhalation), the diaphragm andintercostal muscles contract. During exhalation, these muscles relax. Thediaphragm domes upwards. This results the pulling of the ribs upwards andoutwards. 27. Now on the basis ofindicators givenformulate inferences 28. INDICATORS How does the structure of the lungs suit theprocess of breathing? What change occurs in the thoracic wall duringbreathing? What are the changes occurring to the air pressurein the thoracic cavity during the change in theshape of the diaphragm? 29. Consolidation The structure of the lungs is most suitable for theprocess of breathing.It is the alveoli of the lungsthat exchange of gases takes place.Since there area number of alveoli ,there is an increased surfacearea for the lungs. Also the muscles between the ribs and thediaphragm help the process of inspiration andexpiration. The changes that occur to the thoracic wall andthe diaphragm help the processes of inspirationand expiration. 30. The changes that occur to the thoracic wall andthe diaphragm help the processes of inspirationand expiration, Diaphragm is a muscular wall that separate thethoracic and abdominal cavities in mammals. When the diaphragm lowers , the thoracic cavityexpands and the pressure inside it lowers.Then airrushes into the lungs(inspiration). 31. When the diaphragm rises,the thoracic cavitycontracts and the pressure inside itincreases.Then air is pushed out of thelungs(expiration).Are the components ofinhaled and exhaled airis the sameyou havegot the answer byobserving the tablegiven 32. Components Inhaled air in percent Exhaled air in percentOxygen 21 14Carbondioxide 0.03 5Water vapour 0.03 2.06Nitrogen 78.94 78.94 33. Consolidation The amount of oxygen in the expired air is less thanthat in the inspired air.it is because some oxygen inthe inspired air is absorbed into blood. The amount of carbondioxide in the expired air ismore .it is because during the exchange of gases ,somecarbondioxide in the blood diffused into the air in thelungs. When energy is produced in the cells,water is formedas a by-product.a portion of this water joins theexpired air.that is why the amount of water is more inthe expired air. Nitrogen is neither absorbed or expelled.so there is nodifference in the amount of nitrogen. 34. Oxygen into the cell Observe the video 35. Observe the images 36. Description Blood is the medium of transport of respiratory gases Blood transport oxygen from the lungs to the differentbody tissues. Red coloured ,iron containing respiratory pigmentcalled haemoglobin is present in blood After the pulmonary gas exchange, oxygen istransported to various body tissues through theblood. The blood in the pulmonary artery has less oxygenand more carbondioxide. In the alveolus,the concentration of oxygen is morethan that in the blood within the capillaries.so oxygendiffuses into the blood from the alveolus. 37. When the oxygen enters the blood ,thehaemoglobin in blood combines with that oxygento form oxyhaemoglobin. Haemoglobin combines easily with oxygen. Oxyhaemoglobin is an unstable compound,so itgives up oxygen very easily also. There is no nucleus or other cell organelles in thered blood cells,so they can contain a good amountof haemoglobin. 38. Cellular respiration Observe the structure of mitochondria 39. A mitochondrion has a covering of twomembranes. They are the inner membrane and the outermembrane. The inner membrane has folds called cristae. The substance within the inner membrane iscalled matrix. Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix ATP synthesis takes place in the cristae. 40. Observe the illustration of cellularrespiration 41. Description The production of energy within the cell is calledcellular respiration. Cellular respiration has two stages namely, 1.glycolysis .2. Krebs cycle . In gycolysis glucose molecules breakdown to formpyruvic acid . Glycolisis takesplace in the cytoplasm Krebs cycle takes ,place in the mitochondria,oxygen isneeded. 42. During glycolysis 4 ATP molecules of energy is producedfrom a glucose molecule.From this 2ATP is utilized forthe glycolysis reaction and the net amount of energy is2ATP. ATP is adenosine triphosphate and ADP is adenosinediphosphate. Pyruvic acid is formed as a result of glycolysis in thecytoplasm. The pyruvic acid formed in the cytoplasm enters themitochondrion 43. Due to the series of chemical reaction taking place in themitochondrion,energy is produced along with the by-productswater and carbondioxide. Pyruvic acid Energy + CO2 +Water Excess water leaves the body in the form ofurine,sweat,and as water vapour in te exhaled air.thesereactions were discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs .So thesereactions are together known as krebs cycle. 44. The transport of carbondioxide Analyse the figure 45. Cellcarbondioxideformed by cellularrespirationTo the tissue fluidTo the bloodBy dissolving in the water of plasmaAs bicarbonate by dissolvingintothe water of the red blood cellsAs carbaminohaemoglobin bycombining with haemoglobin 46. To the alveoli in the lungs To the outsidethrough the nostrils 47. Consolidation Carbondioxide is formed in cells during cellularrespiration. This carbondioxide reaches the tissue fluid. The carbondioxide enters blood from the tissue fluid. Carbondioxide dissolves in the water in the bloodplasma forming carbonic acid Carbondioxide dissolves in the water in the red bloodcells forming bicarbonate 48. Carbondioxide combines with haemoglobin to formcarbaminohaemoglobin These substance reach the alveoli through blood. They turn again into carbondioxide. The carbondioxide is exhaled through the nostrils 49. Now I understandhow ourrespiratory systemworks..thankuYou are welcome.. 50. Thanku