THE IBANAG REVOLT (Isabela-Cagayan) 1763

The defeat of the Spaniards in the hands of the british, which destroyed the myth of invincibility of the colonizers, and the rebels’ exploits of silang in ilocos and palaris in pangasinan, fanned the flames of rebellion to Isabela and Cagayan

The natives of ilagan declared their independence on february 2, 1763 and refused to pay the tribute

The revolt spread to Cabagan and Tuguegarao Under the leadership of two local chiefs:1. Juan Marayag2. Dabo The rebels killed some tribte collectors and

commited acts of violence against the friars But the rebellion did not last long, for

Lieutenant Governor Manuel De Arza and his loyal Filipino mercinaries came and suppred it

(Tagalog Religious Revolt) In 1840 to 1841, Apolinario dela Cruz,

better known as Hermano Pule to his followers, staged the first major tagalog religious revolt in the Phillipines

Apolinari dela Cruz wanted to be a priest so he went to a manila to study theology

But he was not allowed to enter a monastic order because he was an indio

Disillusioned, he worked as a servant at the hospital of San Juan de dios.

HERMANO PULE REVOLT

There through self-study, he learned about Catholic doctrines and The Bible

He founded the Cofradia de san Jose, ( Confraternity of St. Joseph) when he returned to Lukban, Quezon in 1840

The most important feast day of the religious group was March 19th the feast of St. Joseph

The Spanish authorities and Friars consequently proceeded to persecute and harass the Confradia members

In self- defense, Pule gathered his followers at Barrios Isabang on the slopes of Mt. Banahaw

Octovio de San Jorge commanded Cofradia’s army 4,000

The Confradia army defeated the government forces of 300 men under Alcalde mayor juan ortega of Tayabas, which was sent to crush their rebel base

The Alcalde mayor was killed in this attack

The initial victory of the cofradia members againts the government forces gave them rich booty of cannons, rifles, and ammunition

To avenge the shameful defeat of spanish army in the hands of the confradia, Governor General Marcelino Oraa, sent a stronger army composed this time of veteran spanish and pampango soldiers to tayabas

On All Saints Day, the spanish/Filipino forces overwhelmed the Confradia defenders and forced them to flee their camp

The more than 100 Filipino revolts and uprisings againts spanish rule ended in dismal failure

The principal causes of failure were:The absence of national consciousness the lack of leaders to unite the whole

archipelago The archipelagic nature of the phillipines

prevented a steady communication among the provinces

FAILURE OF THE REVOLTS

Furthermore, the superiority of Spanish arms ( for example, the use of artillery) in many instances, contributed to the succesful suppresion of the revolts

Lastly, in some occasions, the betrayals and worst, assasinations of rebel leaders by their compariots led to the failure of the revolt

The word “ challege’ should be the more appropriate term rather than “ resistance” of the Muslims in relation to their response to spanish hegemony

The Muslims have been different from those of Luzon and the Visayas in their response to spanish rule on two reasons:

They were unified by a well-established religion

they had a better-organized political system

MUSLIMS’ RESPONSE TO SPANISH RULE

The arrival of the first Spanish expedition in Mindanao was met with stiff resistance

Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa in 1578 led the first Spanish force againts jolo, which was defended by sultan Pagarigan Buddimon, and his Tausog warriors

The muslim Wars (1578-1898) were characterized by peridic punitive expiditions to Mindanao and Sulu, which were initially foiled by the muslim defenders.

INITIAL BATTLES

In 1596, Figueroa obtained the exclusive right to colonize Mindanao

In buwayan, howeve, the spanish forces were fiercely repulsed by Rajah Sirongan and his man

In the battle, Datu Ubal, the brother f Sirongan killed Figueroa

u

The first Spanish attempt to colonize Mindanao aroused great hostility of the Muslims againts Spaniards band Filipino Christians

The first Moro raid was led by the joint forces of Rajah Sirongan and Datu Sali of maguindanao

The muslim counter-expedition was composed of 50 war vessels with 3,000 waririors

THE MORO OUNTER RAIDS

The Muslim marauding expeditions were repeated in 1600 on a grater scale (70 vessels and 4,000 warriors).

In 1602, the joint forces of Rajah Sirongan and Datu buisan of mindanao successfully raided the bicol and Southern Tagalog regions, the Calamanianes and cuyo

Due to the failure of the earlier expiditons, Governor Juan Cerezo de Salamanca decided to establish a military base in Zamboanga

In 1636, a fort was built ubder the supervision of Father Melchor de Vera, a Jesuit

A year after the construction of Fort Pilar, Tagal, a brother of kudarat (Corralat) of maguindanao raided the visayas

FORT PILAR

Kudarat, the son of Datu Buisan became the Sultan Of maguindanao in 1620

At first, he tried to foster friendship with the spaniards and also with the Dutch, who were then aiming for colonial foothold in southeast Asia

The Spaniards in 1627 began to gain victories againts the Moros

Governor General Hurtado de Corcueca with 250 Spanish soldiers and 100 Pampangos in eleven sampans left Manila and proceeded to Zamboaga

SULTAN KUDARAT

Kudarat began his protracted struggle againts spanish domination with the aid and support, given later by the maranaws and other muslims groups

Calling the Maranaw datus to a meeting he admonished them:

“ Allow yourselves to be subjects today and tomorrow you will be at the oars; I at least will be a pilot, the biggest favor they will allow chief. Do not allow their sweet words, and their promises facilitate their deceit, which little by little enable them to control everything.”

On June 24,1645 a treaty was signed by Kudarat and francisco Atienza, the Commandant of Zamboanga

Sultan Kudarat, the charismatic leader of the Mguindanaos and worthy successor of the great Sirongan was the first among his people

to declare a jihad (holy war) againts the spaniads

Governador-General Corcuera returned to Mindanao in January 1638, and began his spirited offensive against Jolo

The Maranaos became the next target of Corcuera in 1639

The Maranaous fiercely fought the Spaniards, and at one time they almost annihilated a second Spanish edition launched against them, led by Pedro de Castro

SULTAN AMD MARANAW RESISTANCE

During the second half of 18th entury, the Muslims intensified their attacks on Christin communities in the Visayas and luzon

Toward the last half of the 19th century, the Muslim raids declined

One reason for the decline was the establishment of more spanish forts and watchtowers along the coasts of Mindanao, the Viayas and North Western Luzon

HEIGHT AND DECLINE OF MORO RAIDS

In 1848, Govenor Narciso Claveria, backed by steamships defeated the samals at Balanguingui

In 1850, Governor Antonio de Urbiztondo attacked and captured Jolo

In 1874 Governor Jose Malcmpo with powerful invasion forces, ocupied the city

He established a permanent outpost in Jolo that held out until the last days of Spanish Rule

The captured of Jolo forced Sultan Jamalil A’lam to sue for peace and relocate his capital to Maimbung

In dire need of funds for his sultanate and to finance future resistance againts spanish occupation, Sultan A’ lam leased on january, 1878 his territory of sabah, in North Borneo to Baron gutav Von Overbeck and Alfred Dent, proprietors of British North Borneo Trading Company

LEASE OF SABA

The Moro Wars proved that even if on the several instances the Muslims were defeated, they were able to consolidate their forces and retaliated, as opportunity wanted it against their enemies

In fact, they carried offensives in their enemies’ territories

The Moros wee bold and daring warriors, who knew how to maximazine the terrain to their advantage

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MORO WARS

During their time they also knew how to exploit the Southeast Asian political situation, and this greatly aided them in forming alliances and mutual agreements with others, which strengthened their positions

Briefly, the Moro response to spanish domination is very clear: the Muslims preferred to perish as freeman in battle than be subjected to vassalage