the immune response white blood cell types
DESCRIPTION
The immune response White Blood cell types. Pluripotent stem cells (in bone marrow). Lymphoid cells. Myeloid stem cells. Granular Lymphocytes (NK cells). Mast cells. Basophils. Neutrophils. Cytotoxic T-cell. Eosinophils. T- Lymphocytes (mature in thymus). Helper T-cell. Monocyte. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The immune response
White Blood cell types
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Myeloid stem cells Lymphoid cells
Pluripotent stem cells (in bone marrow)
Monocyte
Mast cellsBasophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Macrophage
Granular Lymphocytes (NK cells)
T- Lymphocytes(mature in thymus)
Dendritic cellsB- Lymphocytes(mature in bone marrow)
Cytotoxic T-cell
Helper T-cell
Suppressor cell
T-memory cell
Plasma b cell
Memory b cell
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Mast cells
• Found in connective tissues of the body• Release histamine to start inflammation
response
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Basophils
• Effectively circulating mast cells• Send signals to activate / recruit other myeloid
cells
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Neutrophils
• Phagocytosis• Most common of the myeloid cells• Perform phagocytosis
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• Phagocytosis• Release chemical to reduce inflammation
response
Eosinophils
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Monocyte• Very inactive until stimulated by antigen with non self
HMC• Will differentiate into either dendritic or macrophage• Very large
Dendritic cells
• Phagocytosis• Antigen presenting cell (engulf
foreign objects and displays antigen markers to T and B cells)
• Found outside body on mucus membranes, etc
Macrophage
• Phagocytosis• Found in blood stream• Antigen presenting cell (engulf
foreign objects and displays antigen markers to T and B cells)
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Natural killer cells
• Cause cell apoptosis on diseased cells• These cells with have foreign antigens on
surface• Secretes two chemical
1. punches hole in cell2. sends signal to self destruct
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Cytotoxic T-Cell
• Destroys Virus infected / cancerous cells (similar to the NK cells)
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Helper T-Cell
• Activate Cytotoxic T cells and Macrophages
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Suppressor / Regulatory T cells
• Stops the immune response (opposite to T-cells)
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T-memory cells
• Remain long after immune response• Numbers increase rapidly when exposed to
previously seen antigen (provide memory for immune system)
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Plasma b cells
• Produce large amounts of antibodies (proteins) which assist in the phagocytosis process
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Memory b cells
• Activate plasma b cells that create antibodies specific to the antigen detected
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Clonal selection
• Both b and t cells under go a process by which their Antigen receptors are randomly altered during every division.
• This creates an array of different antigen binding sites in the body which is important due to binding specificity (much like enzymes)
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The Humoral response Killing foreign cells
Macrophage / Dendritic cells consume pathogens and place their antigen on their own surface
These markers are delivered to the helper T cells in the lymph nodes
Lymph nodes
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In the lymph nodes
The Macrophages / Dendritic cells present the antigens to the Helper T-cells
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Cytotoxic t-cells and Plasma b cells
B-cells will bind with antigens around the body however they will wait motionless unless a Helper T cell finds the same antigen
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Helper T - CellsIf the Helper T cell is presented with the same antigen as a b-cell has found it will send an INTERLUKEN which is a signal for action
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B-cell proliferationOnce given the signal, The b cells clone themselves into more plasma b-cells and start producing antibodies at a rapid rate (10k per second)
The antibodies - Neutralise toxins- Prevent further binding - attract phagocytic cells
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Antibodies
5 classes of antibodies
G,M,A,D,E
G – lots made, can cross membranes easilyM – type made firstE – Attach to mast cells and make them more sensitive. Over production can lead to allergies
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Memory b-cells
Some of the b-cells created are called memory b-cells
These cells are long lasting (up to 10 years) and will act as the “memory” of the immune system
The next time that particular type of antigen enters the body, it only needs to come in contact with one memory b cell and the proliferation process will occur again
This will result in a far faster destruction of the pathogen in future
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When a pathogen enters the body for the first time it will go un challenged until both a helper T cell and a b-cell
find it
After memory b-cells have been created, the pathogen is far more likely to be discovered quickly and
eliminated
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The Cell Mediated ResponseKilling our bad cells
T-cell receptor- Antigen receptor
CD8 receptor- MHC recognition
Cytotoxic T-cells have two receptors
The CD8 receptor helps the cell identify whether a cell belongs to the body or not by checking the cells MHC
The Antigen receptor allows the t-cell to determine whether a pathogen has been present and left its markers on the cell
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Diseased cell
If the CD8 Receptors match – means it is a self cell
If the T-cell receptor matches – means the t cell will wait for a signal from a helper t cell to indicate that this is in fact an antigen that needs to be destroyed
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Diseased cell
If a helper t cell has been presented with an antigen that is the same as the markers on the cell it will send a CYTOKINE to allow the destruction of the cell
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Diseased cell
The cytotoxic t-cell will then use two chemicals to destroy the cell, as well as create many copies of itself which will seek out other identical cells and do the same
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overview
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overview
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overview